Diagnostic cystoscopy is the gold standard procedure in assessing anatomical variations and/or bladder pathologies. For example, for a clinician to adequately rule out carcinoma in situ of the bladder the clinician must directly visualize the whole bladder. Mastering this skill is thus incredibly important for the training MD and training advanced practice provider (Nurse Practitioner or Physician Assistant). Once mastered, this readily available reference will serve to benefit said clinician in differentiating benign and malignant pathologies.
This text is designed as a comprehensive review by experts in the field of urology on the cystoscope, including both the flexible and rigid instrument, technical use, and certainly bladder pathologies. The rigid cystoscope includes three parts: the scope/lens, bridge, and sheath. These three parts may seem self-explanatory, however there are array of varying options within these three parts that have specific indications for use. Thus, being very familiar with these instruments is vital in being a great cystoscopist. This book will prepare all practitioners to improve and perfect their skills as cystoscopists.
Perhaps most significantly, this book will cover numerous topics in normal anatomy, benign and malignant urethral pathology, and benign and malignant bladder pathology. Dialogue on each presented topic includes a brief pathological discussion, associated clinical significance such as common signs or symptoms, suggested treatment for said topic, additional references for further reading, and photographs. Photographs are included on every topic, with a minimum of one image and a maximum of five for reference.
A comprehensive reference on diagnostic cystoscopy has been needed for quite some time. This book will satisfy this need for both the developing and experienced cystoscopist.
Author(s): Bradley C. Tenny, Michael O'Neill
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 152
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cystoscopy
1.1 Parts of the Cystoscope
1.1.1 Rigid Cystourethroscope
1.1.2 Flexible Cystourethroscope
1.2 Operative Technique
1.2.1 Positioning
1.2.2 Physical Exam
1.2.3 Passage of the Scope
1.3 Clinical Pearls
1.3.1 Indications for Diagnostic Cystoscopy
1.3.2 Pre-procedural Considerations
1.3.2.1 Consent and Preop Urine Assessment
1.3.2.2 Decreasing Pain
1.3.3 Complications of Diagnostic Cystoscopy
1.4 Innovations in the Field
References
Chapter 2: Normal Anatomy
2.1 Male Urethra
2.1.1 Descriptive Anatomy
2.1.2 Cystoscopic Anatomy
2.2 Female Urethra
2.2.1 Descriptive Anatomy
2.2.2 Cystoscopic Anatomy
2.3 Bladder
2.3.1 Descriptive Anatomy
2.3.2 Cystoscopic Anatomy
2.4 Normal Anatomical Variants
2.4.1 Common Urethral Anatomical Variants
2.4.1.1 Hypospadias
2.4.1.2 Epispadias/Exstrophy
2.4.1.3 Urethral Valve
2.4.1.4 Enlarged Prostatic Utricle
2.4.2 Common Bladder Anatomical Variants
2.4.2.1 Ureteral Duplication with/without Ectopic Orifice
2.4.3 Ureterocele
References
Chapter 3: Benign Urethral Pathology
3.1 Urethritis
3.1.1 Pathophysiology
3.1.2 Clinical Presentation
3.1.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
3.1.4 Suggested Treatments
3.2 Urethral Stricture Disease
3.2.1 Pathophysiology
3.2.2 Clinical Presentation
3.2.2.1 Cystoscopic Images
3.2.3 Suggested Treatments
3.2.3.1 Immediate Dilation
3.2.3.2 Direct Vision Incisional Urethrotomy (DVIU)
3.2.3.3 Reconstructive Surgery/Urethroplasty
3.3 Bladder Neck Contracture
3.3.1 Pathophysiology
3.3.2 Clinical Presentation
3.3.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
3.3.4 Suggested Treatments
3.4 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
3.4.1 Pathophysiology
3.4.2 Clinical Presentation
3.4.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
3.4.4 Suggested Treatments
3.5 Prostate Abscess/Infection
3.5.1 Pathophysiology
3.5.2 Clinical Presentation
3.5.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
3.5.4 Suggested Treatments
3.6 Urethral Diverticulum and Urethral Fistula
3.6.1 Pathophysiology
3.6.2 Clinical Presentation
3.6.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
3.6.4 Suggested Treatments
3.7 Urethral Tumors (Benign)
3.7.1 Pathophysiology
3.7.2 Clinical Presentation
3.7.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
3.7.4 Suggested Treatments
3.8 Urethral Trauma
3.8.1 Pathophysiology
3.8.2 Clinical Presentation
3.8.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
3.8.4 Suggested Treatments
3.9 Medical Devices/Artificial Urinary Sphincter
3.9.1 Pathophysiology
3.9.2 Clinical Presentation
3.9.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
References
Chapter 4: Malignant Urethral Pathology
4.1 Malignant Urethral Lesions
4.1.1 Pathophysiology
4.1.2 Clinical Presentation
4.1.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
4.2 Suggested Treatments
4.3 Prostate Cancer
4.3.1 Pathophysiology
4.3.2 Clinical Presentation
4.3.2.1 AUA guidelines on PSA screening (Table 4.2)
4.3.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
4.3.4 Suggested Treatments
References
Chapter 5: Benign Bladder Pathology
5.1 Acute Cystitis
5.1.1 Pathophysiology
5.1.2 Clinical Presentation
5.1.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
5.1.4 Suggested Treatments
5.2 Inflammatory Tumors/Polyps
5.2.1 Pathophysiology
5.2.2 Clinical Presentation
5.2.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
5.2.4 Suggested Treatments
5.3 Hemorrhagic Cystitis
5.3.1 Pathophysiology
5.3.2 Clinical Manifestations
5.3.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
5.3.4 Suggested Treatments
5.4 Metaplasia of the Bladder/Flat Lesions
5.4.1 Pathophysiology
5.4.2 Clinical Presentation
5.4.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
5.5 Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
5.5.1 Pathophysiology
5.5.2 Clinical Presentation
5.5.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
5.5.4 Suggested Treatments
5.6 Bladder Trabeculations
5.6.1 Pathophysiology
5.6.2 Clinical Presentation
5.6.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
5.6.4 Suggested Treatments
5.7 Bladder Diverticulum
5.7.1 Pathophysiology
5.7.2 Clinical Presentation
5.7.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
5.7.4 Suggested Treatments
5.8 Bladder Fistula (Vesicovaginal and Vesicoenteric)
5.8.1 Pathophysiology
5.8.2 Clinical Presentation
5.8.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
5.8.4 Suggested Treatments
5.9 Bladder Lithiasis
5.9.1 Pathophysiology
5.9.2 Clinical Presentation
5.9.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
5.9.4 Suggested Treatments
5.10 Retained Foreign Bodies
5.10.1 Pathophysiology
5.10.2 Clinical Presentation
5.10.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
5.10.4 Suggested Treatments
References
Chapter 6: Malignant Bladder Pathology
6.1 Carcinoma In Situ
6.1.1 Pathophysiology
6.1.2 Clinical Presentation
6.1.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
6.1.4 Suggested Treatments
6.2 Bladder Cancer (Papillary and Sessile Lesions)
6.2.1 Pathophysiology
6.2.2 Clinical Presentation
6.2.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
6.2.4 Suggested Treatments
6.3 Extrinsic Malignant Invasion
6.3.1 Pathophysiology
6.3.2 Clinical Presentation
6.3.3 Cystoscopic Image(s)
6.3.4 Suggested Treatments
References
Index
