This book presents a detailed and practical description of various processes – dewatering, desalting, and distillation – that prepare refinery feedstocks for different conversion processes they will go through. Relevant process data are provided, and process operations are fully described. This accessible guide is written for managers, professionals, and technicians as well as graduate students transitioning into the refining industry.
Key Features:
• Describes feedstock evaluation and the effects of elemental, chemical, and fractional composition.
• Details the equipment and components and possible impacts due to composition.
• Explores the process options and parameters involved in dewatering, desalting, and distillation.
• Considers next-generation processes and developments.
Author(s): James G. Speight
Series: Petroleum Refining Technology Series
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 270
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
Chapter 1 Refinery Operations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Refinery Configuration
1.2.1 The Topping Refinery
1.2.2 The Hydroskimming Refinery
1.2.3 The Conversion Refinery
1.3 Refinery Feedstocks
1.3.1 Conventional Crude Oil
1.3.2 Foamy Oil
1.3.3 High-Acid Crude Oil
1.3.4 Opportunity Crude Oil
1.3.5 Tight Oil
1.3.6 Heavy Crude Oil
1.3.7 Extra Heavy Crude Oil
1.3.8 Tar Sand Bitumen
1.3.9 Alternate Terminology
1.4 Alternate Feedstocks
1.4.1 Coal Liquids
1.4.2 Shale Oil
1.4.3 Bio-oil
1.5 Feedstock Evaluation
1.5.1 Crude Oil Assay
1.5.2 Elemental Composition
1.5.3 Chemical Composition
1.5.4 Fractional Composition Using Solvents
1.5.4.1 Asphaltene Separation
1.5.4.2 Fractionation
1.5.4.3 Adsorption Methods
1.5.4.4 General Methods
1.5.4.5 USBM–API and SARA Methods
1.5.4.6 ASTM Methods
1.5.5 Fractionation by Distillation
1.5.5.1 Gases and Naphtha
1.5.5.2 Middle Distillates
1.5.5.3 Vacuum Residua
1.6 Potential for Corrosion and Fouling of Equipment
References
Chapter 2 Dewatering and Desalting
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Dewatering
2.2.1 Process Description
2.2.2 Equipment
2.3 Desalting
2.3.1 Process Description
2.3.2 Equipment
2.4 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks
2.5 Potential for Corrosion and Fouling of Equipment
References
Chapter 3 Feedstock Blending
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Blending
3.2.1 Process Description
3.2.2 Equipment
3.3 Incompatibility and Instability of Blends
3.4 Factors Affecting Incompatibility of Blends
3.4.1 Acidity
3.4.2 Asphaltene Content
3.4.3 Density/Specific Gravity
3.4.4 Elemental Composition
3.4.5 Metals Content
3.4.6 Pour Point
3.4.7 Viscosity
3.4.8 Volatility
3.4.9 Water Content, Salt Content, and Bottom Sediment and Water
3.5 Determining Incompatibility of Blends
3.6 Potential for Corrosion and Fouling of Equipment
References
Chapter 4 Distillation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Feedstock Evaluation
4.3 Distillation
4.3.1 Distillation at Atmospheric Pressure
4.3.2 Distillation at Reduced Pressure
4.4 Distillation Towers
4.4.1 Tray Tower
4.4.2 Packed Tower
4.5 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks
4.6 Potential for Corrosion and Fouling of Equipment
4.7 The Future
References
Chapter 5 Ancillary Distillation Processes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ancillary Processes
5.2.1 Azeotropic Distillation
5.2.2 Batch Distillation
5.2.3 Extractive Distillation
5.2.4 Flash Vaporization
5.2.5 Pressure-Swing Distillation
5.2.6 Reactive Distillation
5.2.7 Rerunning
5.2.8 Steam Distillation
5.2.9 Stripping
5.2.10 Stabilization and Light Ends Removal
5.2.11 Superfractionation
5.3 Potential for Corrosion and Fouling of Equipment
References
Chapter 6 Importance in the Refinery
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Dewatering and Desalting
6.3 Corrosion and Fouling
6.3.1 Corrosion
6.3.2 Fouling
6.4 Types of Corrosion and Fouling
6.4.1 Acidic Corrosion
6.4.2 Carbon Dioxide Corrosion
6.4.3 Carburization
6.4.4 Cooling Water Corrosion
6.4.5 Crude Oil Quality
6.4.6 Temperature-Dependent Corrosion
6.4.6.1 Low-Temperature Corrosion
6.4.6.2 High-Temperature Corrosion
6.4.7 Sulfidic Corrosion
6.5 Corrosion and Fouling Management
References
Glossary
Index
