Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes: Microbial Ecology, Diversity and Functions of Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria

Front Cover
Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes: Microbial Ecology, Diversity, and Functions of Ammonia-Oxidizi ...
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Anammox process: An innovative approach and a promising technology
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Mechanism of anammox process
1.3. Role of microorganisms in anammox
1.4. Role of various parameters on anammox
1.4.1. Ammonium
1.4.2. Nitrite
1.4.3. Organic matter
1.5. The limitations and solutions of the anammox system
1.6. Conclusion
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 2: Abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea in industrial wastewater treatment systems
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Key enzymes involved
2.3. Physiology and cellular structure
2.3.1. Physiology of AOA
2.3.1.1. Kinetics stoichiometry of ammonia oxidation
2.3.2. Physiology of AOB
2.4. Diversity in WWTPs
2.4.1. Diversity of AOA
2.4.2. Diversity of AOB
2.5. Mechanism of action of AOA and AOB
2.5.1. Mechanism of AOA
2.5.2. Mechanism of AOB
2.6. Competition and symbiotic relationships between AOMs
2.7. AOA at low DO or in special WWTPs
2.8. Factors influencing AOB abundance and diversity
2.8.1. Ammonia levels
2.8.2. FNA and nitrite
2.8.3. Process conditions and regime
2.9. Quantification techniques
2.9.1. DNA extraction
2.9.2. Quantitative PCR and reverse transcriptional qPCR
2.9.3. High throughput sequencing
2.9.4. Phylogenetic analysis
2.10. Environmental factors affecting AOA and AOB
2.10.1. Ammonia concentration
2.10.2. Temperature
2.10.3. Oxygen and aeration pressure
2.10.4. Organic loading
2.10.5. Salinity
2.10.6. DO
2.10.7. Sulfide
2.11. Future perspectives
2.12. Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Autotrophic nitrification in bacteria
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Symbiotic nitrogen fixers
3.2.1. Molecular mechanism of endosymbionts
3.2.2. Molecular mechanism of nodule formation
3.2.3. Mechanism of exchange of nutrients and nitrogen
3.3. Events of nitrogen fixation
3.3.1. Nitrification
3.3.2. Nitrate and nitrite synthesis during nitrification
3.3.3. Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase
3.3.4. Nitrous oxide production during nitrification
3.4. Genetic regulation of nitrogen fixation
3.5. Understanding the balance between Photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation
3.5.1. Nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria
3.5.2. Nitrogen fixation by rhizobia
3.5.2.1. Nitrogenase and its mode of action
3.5.3. Role of abiotic factors in BNF
3.6. Conclusion and future aspect
References
Chapter 4: Omics: A revolutionary tool to study ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and their application in bioremediation
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Chemolitho-autotrophic ammonia oxidation
4.3. Role of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in nitrogen cycling
4.4. Commercial significance and application of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
4.5. Difficulties associated with nitrification and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
4.6. Isolation of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria from the environment
4.7. Cultivation of new ammonia oxidizers
4.8. Genomics and metabolic models
4.9. Terminology of environmental proteomics
4.10. Microbial culture proteomic studies techniques
4.11. Potential applications of environmental proteomics
4.12. Enzymology of ammonia-oxidation
4.13. Ammonia-oxidizers in the environment and production of N2O
4.14. Remediation of recalcitrant pollutants
4.15. Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Emission of nitrous oxide
5.2.1. Potential sources
5.2.2. Yield
5.3. Niche differentiation
5.3.1. Oligotrophy
5.3.2. pH
5.4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Aerobic and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
6.2.1. Ecology
6.2.2. Environmental regulators of ammonia oxidation
6.2.3. Strategic functional, anatomical, and biological differentiations among ammonia oxidizers
6.3. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria
6.3.1. Ecology
6.3.1.1. Geographical distribution
6.3.1.2. Geochemical importance and important environmental constituents
6.3.2. Physiology of anammox bacteria
6.4. Microbial interactions and their contribution to enhanced nitrogen removal
6.5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Recent advances in biological nitrogen removal from wastewater: Special focus on reactor configuration and nan ...
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Chemolithotrophs and their diversity
7.2.1. Obligate chemolithotroph bacteria
7.2.2. Facultative chemolithotroph bacteria
7.2.3. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
7.2.4. Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria
7.2.5. Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria
7.2.6. Methane-oxidizing bacteria or methanotrophs
7.2.7. Ferrous-oxidizing bacteria
7.2.8. Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria
7.3. BNR technologies for wastewater treatment
7.3.1. Nitrification/denitrification
7.3.2. Nitritation/denitritation
7.3.3. Sidestream partial nitritation/anammox
7.3.4. Mainstream partial nitritation/anammox
7.3.5. Nitrogen recovery
7.3.6. Phototrophic systems
7.3.7. Microbial electrochemical cells
7.4. Advances in the nitrification process
7.4.1. Sequencing batch reactor
7.4.2. Activated sludge models
7.5. Effect of nanomaterials on microbial nitro-transformation
7.6. Conclusion and future perspective
References
Chapter 8: Diversity of nitrogen-removing microorganisms
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Nitrogen removal by microorganisms that use sulfur compounds as electron donor
8.2.1. Autotrophic denitrifying sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
8.2.2. Growth conditions of ADSOB
8.2.3. Metabolic pathways involved in sulfur compound oxidation
8.2.4. Molecular tools for assessing microbial diversity in SDAD processes
8.2.5. Technologies used to carry out the SDAD process to treat wastewaters
8.2.6. Relevant operating conditions in the SDAD process to treat wastewaters
8.2.7. Projections of using the SDAD process to remove nitrogen in wastewaters
8.3. Nitrogen removal by microorganisms that use hydrogen as electron donor: Hydrogenotrophic denitrification
8.3.1. Nitrate removal pathway and hydrogen as electron donor
8.3.2. Microorganisms and microbial community involved in the process
8.3.3. Basis of operational conditions
8.3.4. Possibilities and available technologies for large-scale application
8.4. Nitrogen removal by anaerobic nitrate-dependent methanotrophic microorganisms
8.4.1. Nitrogen removal pathways and ecosystem distribution of the different types of microorganisms
8.4.2. Activity and factors affecting the enrichment of these microorganisms
8.4.3. Molecular tools for assessing microbial diversity
8.4.4. Application possibilities in sewage and industrial wastewater treatment plants-Main operating conditions description
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9: An overview of the anammox process
9.1. Introduction
9.2. The evolution of anammox reaction stoichiometry
9.3. The existing problems and countermeasures for anammox process application
9.3.1. The rapid start-up and recovery of anammox-based process
9.3.2. The retention of anammox sludge in the reactor
9.3.3. The further improvement of NRE
9.4. The status of several main anammox-related processes
9.4.1. Nitritation process
9.4.2. Pure anammox process
9.4.3. PNA process
9.4.3.1. One-stage PNA and two-stage PNA
9.4.3.2. The comparison of the one-stage and two-stage PNA process
9.4.4. Simultaneous nitrogen removal and phosphorus recovery process
9.4.5. Denitratation/anammox process
9.4.6. DAMO/anammox process
9.5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Aerobic and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: A resilient challenger or innate collaborator
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Physiology and ecology of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
10.2.1. Ecology of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
10.2.2. Physiology of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
10.2.3. Biodiversity of aerobic and anaerobic oxidizing bacteria
10.2.4. Species diversity
10.3. Factors affecting aerobic and anaerobic oxidizing bacteria
10.3.1. Ammonia levels
10.3.2. Organic carbon
10.3.3. Temperature
10.3.4. Salinity
10.3.5. DO levels
10.3.6. pH
10.3.7. Sulfide levels
10.3.8. Phosphate
10.4. Role of aerobic and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in wastewater treatment plants
10.5. Application of anammox in wastewater treatment
10.5.1. Advantages
10.5.2. Disadvantages
10.6. Ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms: Key players in the promotion of plant growth
10.6.1. Autotrophic nitrification
10.6.2. Heterotrophic nitrification
10.6.3. Diversity of ammonia oxidizers
10.7. Mechanism of ammonia oxidation by ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms
10.8. Function and activity of ammonia-oxidizing microbes in different soil types
10.8.1. pH
10.8.2. Bioavailability of nutrients
10.8.3. Temperature
10.8.4. Soil water content
10.9. Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: A technique to boost the nitrogen-rich agricultural ecosystems efficiency by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (an ...
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Role of anaerobic ammonium oxidation in nitrogen cycle
11.3. Diversity and richness of anammox bacteria
11.4. Uncovering anammox bacteria and its reaction
11.5. Role of anammox in agricultural soil
11.5.1. Anammox in paddy soil
11.5.2. Anammox in arable high grounded soil
11.5.3. Anammox in special sites
11.5.3.1. Rhizosphere
11.5.3.2. Surface soil
11.6. Factors affecting anammox
11.6.1. Nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium
11.6.2. Salinity and pH of the soil
11.6.3. Rhizosphere effect
11.7. Outlook for anammox research and concluding remarks
11.8. Future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12: Genomics of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and denitrification in wastewater treatment plants
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Nitrogen cycle
12.3. Role of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) in nitrogen cycle
12.4. Factors that influence AOM abundance and distribution
12.5. Other ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in wastewater treatment
12.6. Genetic regulation for ammonia oxidation by AOMs
12.6.1. Genes involved in the oxidation of ammonia to hydroxylamine
12.6.2. Genes involved in the oxidation of hydroxylamine to nitric oxide and further to nitrite
12.6.3. Genes involved in the direct oxidation of ammonia to nitrate
12.7. Gene amoA as a functional marker for AOM
12.7.1. Evolutionary relation of AMO and pMMO
12.8. Denitrification
12.8.1. Nitrate reduction to nitrite
12.8.2. Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide
12.8.3. Nitric oxide reduction to nitrous oxide
12.8.4. Nitrous oxide reduction to molecular nitrogen
12.9. Nitrifier denitrification
12.10. Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Genomic modules of the nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial population in the aerated wastewater tre
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Microbial association and biofilm formation in the aerated bioreactors
13.3. Mutualism between the microbial communities
13.4. Factors influencing the microbial shift
13.4.1. Substrate availability
13.4.2. Carbon-nitrogen (C/N) ratio
13.4.3. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration
13.4.4. Temperature
13.4.5. pH
13.5. Population dynamics of the bacterial groups
13.5.1. Functional plasticity and functional redundancy
13.6. Microbial community in the biofilm
13.7. Heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification
13.8. Functional genomics of the microbial community
13.8.1. Nitrifiers
13.8.2. Comammox
13.8.3. Anammox
13.8.4. Denitrifiers
13.9. Molecular approaches and bioinformatics tools-Dynamics of the microbial population
13.10. Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Influence of the different operational strategies on anammox processes for the sustainable ammonium wastew
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Microorganisms involved in the anammox process
14.3. Mechanism of anoxic removal of ammonia
14.4. Factors affecting Anammox process and operational strategies
14.4.1. Temperature
14.4.2. pH
14.4.3. Dissolved oxygen (DO)
14.4.4. Nitrogen loading
14.4.5. Carbon sources
14.4.6. Organic toxicants
14.4.6.1. Alcohol and aldehydes
14.4.6.2. Phenols
14.4.6.3. Antibiotics
14.4.7. Effect of toxic metals on anammox process
14.4.7.1. Copper
14.4.7.2. Zinc
14.4.7.3. Cadmium
14.5. Recent advancement in anammox process
14.6. Diverse applications of anammox process
14.7. Future prospectus of anammox process
14.8. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15: Anammox processes in marine environment: Deciphering the roles and applications
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Overview of the anammox process
15.3. Anammox bacteria in marine environment
15.4. Anammox processes in different marine ecosystems
15.4.1. Marine sediment
15.4.2. Oxygen minimum zone
15.4.3. Marine sponges
15.4.4. Arctic sea ice
15.5. Role of anammox in marine environment
15.5.1. Anammox and marine biogeochemical cycles
15.5.2. Marine nitrogen cycling and anammox: A global perspective
15.6. Application of anammox process in marine environment and its potential
15.6.1. Application in marine aquaculture
15.6.2. Application in wastewater treatment
15.7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Diversity and versatility of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Evolution and classification of ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms (AOMs)
16.2.1. AOB and AOA
16.2.2. Ammonium oxidizer in Comammox
16.2.3. Anaerobic ammonium oxidizer in anammox
16.2.4. Heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria (HNB) as ammonium oxidizers
16.3. Diversity, specificity, and adaptability of AOB
16.3.1. Diversity of AOB
16.3.2. Specificity of AOB
16.3.2.1. pH and Temperature
16.3.2.2. DO concentration
16.3.2.3. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) and Sludge residence time (SRT)
16.3.3. Adaptability in cohabitation with other species
16.4. Tolerance and inhibition of AOB
16.4.1. Ammonia
16.4.2. Carbon
16.4.3. Other inhibitory substances
16.5. Recent applications and challenges of AOB
16.5.1. Novel and Hybrid reactors involving AOBs
16.5.2. Challenges on employing AOB
16.6. Future research prospects employing the versatile ammonium oxidizers
16.7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Role of ammonia oxidizers in performing simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process in advanced
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Theory of SND and practical applications in different WWTPs/technologies
17.3. Advantages of SND over anammox and other biological nitrogen removal processes
17.3.1. Nitrification-denitrification
17.3.2. Nitritation-Denitritation
17.3.3. Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) (or aerobic denitrification)
17.3.4. Nitritation-ANAMMOX
17.3.5. CANON process
17.4. Types and characteristics of different ammonia oxidizers and nitrate reducers encouraging SND mechanism prevailing ...
17.5. Operational parameters/factors that control the diversity of nitrifiers (ammonia and nitrite oxidizers) and denitri ...
17.5.1. Carbon source: Readily biodegradable COD, soluble COD, soluble BOD5
17.5.2. C/N ratio
17.5.3. Floc size and PHB storage
17.5.4. Dissolved oxygen control
17.5.5. ORP
17.5.6. pH
17.5.7. Temperature
17.5.8. HRT and SRT
17.6. Effect of free ammonia (FA), nitrate concentrations, and some metals on AOBs
17.7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Diversity and functional role of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in soil microcosms
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Diversity and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in soil
18.2.1. Diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in different ecological niches
18.2.1.1. Agricultural soil
18.2.1.2. Grassland and forest soil
18.2.1.3. Cold habitats
18.2.2. Determination of soil AOB diversity
18.2.2.1. Culture-dependent method
18.2.2.2. Culture-independent method
18.3. Factors affecting ammonia oxidation in soil
18.3.1. Ammonia concentration
18.3.2. Soil pH
18.3.3. Temperature
18.3.4. Moisture content
18.3.5. Fertilizers and manures
18.3.6. Contaminants
18.3.7. Salinity
18.4. Molecular biology of ammonia oxidation in bacteria
18.5. Economic importance of AOBs
18.6. Conclusion and prospects
References
Chapter 19: Anaerobic ammonia oxidation: From key physiology to full-scale applications
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Anammox bacteria: Diversity and cell biology
19.3. Physiological parameters and the metabolic pathway involved in anammox
19.4. Possible reaction mechanism for the anammox process and the factors influencing the reaction
19.5. Anammox culture in the laboratory
19.6. Full-scale applications of the anammox process
19.7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: Ammonification in the oral microbiome with plausible link to diet and health and their systemic role
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Ammonification and chemolithotrophs
20.2.1. Gluconeogenesis
20.2.2. Role of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
20.2.3. Ammonia flux
20.2.3.1. Measurement of ammonia flux
20.3. Oral microbiome
20.3.1. The oral microbiota
20.3.2. Streptococcus mutans group
20.3.3. Role of enzymes
20.3.4. Halitosis
20.3.5. Impact on daily life
20.4. Plausible link to diet and health
20.5. Contemporary scenario and future perception
20.5.1. Quorum sensing (QS)
20.5.2. Inhibition mechanism
20.6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Nitritation kinetics and its application in wastewater treatment
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Factors affecting kinetics of ammonia oxidation microorganisms and nitritation performance
21.2.1. Aerobic ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms
21.2.2. Temperature
21.2.3. Free ammonia, and free nitrous acids and pH
21.2.4. Aeration control
21.2.5. DO concentration
21.3. Unit processes of nitritation
21.3.1. Suspended growth systems
21.3.2. Attached growth systems
21.3.3. Hybrid systems
21.4. Conclusions and perspectives
References
Index
Back Cover