Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes: Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater through Bio-nanotechnology

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Contents
Contributors
1 - Nanoadsorbents for scavenging emerging contaminants from wastewater
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Emerging contaminants
1.3 Occurrence of emerging contaminants in aquatic systems
1.4 Exposure pathways of emerging contaminants in the environment
1.5 Treatment technologies for removal of ECs
1.6 Conventional treatment methods
1.7 Emerging methods
1.7.1 Biological treatment method
1.7.2 Advanced oxidation process
1.8 Nanoadsorbents
1.9 Classification of nanoadsorbents
1.10 Methods for preparation of nanoadsorbents
1.11 Properties of nanoadsorbents
1.12 Mechanisms of nanoadsorption
1.13 The π-π interaction
1.14 Electrostatic interaction
1.15 Hydrophobic interaction
1.16 Hydrogen bonding
1.17 Factors affecting adsorption process
1.17.1 pH
1.17.2 Ionic strength
1.17.3 Dissolved organic matter
1.18 Conclusions
References
2 - Treatment aspect of an emerging pollutant from Pharmaceutical industries using advanced oxidation process: past, curre ...
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Treatment technologies
2.2.1 Recovery process
2.2.2 Phase changing technologies
2.2.2.1 Adsorption
2.2.2.2 Membrane technology
2.2.3 Biological process
2.3 Advanced oxidation process
2.3.1 Nonphotochemical methods
2.3.1.1 Ozonation
2.3.1.2 Ozone and hydrogen peroxide (Peroxone)
2.3.2 Catalytic ozonation
2.3.3 Fenton system
2.3.3.1 Sulfate-based AOPs
2.3.4 Photochemical methods
2.3.4.1 O3 + UV Method
2.3.4.2 H2O2 +UV light Method
2.3.4.3 H2O2 +UV+ O3 Method
2.3.4.4 Photolysis
2.3.4.5 UV/persulfate
2.3.4.6 Photo-Fenton Method
2.3.4.7 Photocatalysis
2.3.4.8 Other AOPs
2.4 Future prospects
References
3 - Membrane bioreactor (MBR) as an advanced wastewater treatment technology for removal of synthetic microplastics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Microplastic generation and pollution
3.3 Effect of Synthetic microplastic pollution
3.4 Technical implementation of membrane bioreactor (MBR) for elimination micro plastic pollutants
References
4 - Strategies to cope with the emerging waste water contaminants through adsorption regimes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Uptake of pollutants from water via adsorption
4.3 Adsorbents and there use in purification of waters
4.4 Various emerging pollutants and their effects
4.4.1 Heavy metals
4.4.2 Dyes
4.4.3 Pharmaceuticals
4.4.4 Fluoride
4.4.5 Arsenic
4.4.6 Other emerging pollutants
4.5 Adsorption strategies for removal of emerging pollutants from waste waters
4.6 Adsorption of pollutants using hydrothermal carbonization: an environment safe procedure using carbon adsorbents
4.7 Use of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) in adsorption
4.7.1 Dye adsorption
4.7.2 Pesticide(s) adsorption
4.7.3 Antibiotics/drugs adsorption
4.7.4 Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC)
4.8 Metals and metal ions adsorption by HTCs
4.9 Adsorption of metal(s) from mixture of metals
4.10 Adsorption of heavy metals using HTCs
4.11 Use of cost-effective adsorbent for adsorption of heavy metals
4.12 Uptake of metals using low-cost adsorbent materials
4.13 Use of agricultural residues as adsorbents
4.14 Uses of industrial wastes as adsorbents
4.14.1 Marine materials
4.14.2 Clay and zeolite
4.15 Adsorption/biosorption of antibiotics from waste water
4.16 Elimination of heavy metals via adsorption/biosorption
4.17 Heavy metals uptake using activated sludge and sludge-derived materials
4.18 Uptake of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC)
4.19 Future prospects
4.20 Conclusion
References
5 - Performances of membrane bioreactor technology for treating domestic wastewater operated at different sludge retention ...
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Fundamentals of membrane bioreactors
5.1.2 Development of MBR studies
5.1.3 Membrane fouling in MBR systems
5.1.4 Performances of MBRs at high biomass retention
5.1.5 Task and purpose of the study
5.2 Materials and methods
5.2.1 Experimental setup
5.2.2 Sludge retention time
5.2.3 Analysis methods
5.3 Results and discussion
5.3.1 Effect of SRTs on sludge concentration in the system
5.3.2 Effects of SRT on sludge bioactivity
5.3.3 Effect of SRT on SVI and viscosity
5.3.4 Effects of SRT on COD removal in the system
5.4 Influence of SRT on sludge particle size distribution
5.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
References
6 - Advances in nanotechnologies of waste water treatment: strategies and emerging opportunities
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Metallic nanoparticles
6.3 Nanoadsorbents
6.4 Nanobiosorbents
6.5 Nanomembranes
6.6 Nanocatalysts
6.6.1 Photocatalyst based advance oxidation process
6.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
7 - Water and Wastewater Treatment through Ozone-based technologies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Global water scenario
7.3 Strategies for solving the water shortage issues
7.4 Why ozone-based technologies used for water and wastewater treatment?
7.4.1 Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP)
7.4.2 Benefits of ozone (O3) based treatment
7.5 Worldwide status, history, and background of O3 based technology for drinking water and wastewater treatment
7.6 Use of ozone-based technology for disinfection
7.6.1 Mechanisms of Inactivation by Ozone
7.7 Treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater through Ozone-based technology
7.8 Removal of physical pollutants (odor and taste) through Ozone-based technologies
7.9 Removal of various chemical pollutants (COD, BOD and coloring agents) from wastewater through Ozone-based technologies
7.10 Factors affecting the Ozonation process
7.11 Conclusion and Future prospects
References
8 - Constructed wetland: a promising technology for the treatment of hazardous textile dyes and effluent
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Classification of dyes
8.3 Impact of dye toxicity on environment
8.4 Impact of dye toxicity on living beings
8.5 Dye remediation strategies
8.5.1 Physical methods
8.5.2 Chemical methods
8.5.3 Biological methods
8.6 Constructed wetlands: a step towards technology transfer
8.7 Classification of constructed wetlands
8.8 Recent developments in textile wastewater treatments using constructed wetlands
8.9 Conclusion and future prospective
References
9 - Biogenic nanomaterials: Synthesis, characteristics, and recent trends in combating hazardous pollutants (An arising sc ...
9.1 Introduction
9.2 History of nanotechnology and conventional synthetic routes of nanomaterials
9.3 Nanobiotechnology: An arising scientific horizon
9.3.1 Biologically fabricated NPs for the removal of hazardous water pollutants
9.3.1.1 Biologically fabricated NPs using bacteria and actinomycetes
9.3.1.2 Biologically fabricated NPs using fungi
9.3.1.3 Biologically fabricated NPs using yeast
9.3.1.4 Biologically fabricated NPs using algae
9.3.1.5 Biologically fabricated NPs using plant extracts
9.3.1.6 Biologically fabricated NPs using agro-industrial waste extracts
9.3.2 Possible mechanisms involved in biomimetic synthesis of NPs
9.3.2.1 Role of enzymes and proteins
9.3.2.2 Role of exopolysaccharides
9.4 Advantages, limitations, drawbacks, and future perspectives of nanobiotechnology
9.5 Conclusions
References
10 - Removal of emerging contaminants from pharmaceutical wastewater through application of bionanotechnology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Overview of contaminants in pharmaceutical wastewater
10.3 Applications of nanomaterials for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants
10.3.1 Nanofiltration
10.3.2 Advanced oxidation process
10.3.3 Nanosorbents (nanotubes and zeolites)
10.4 Concluding remarks
References
11 - Recent advances in pesticides removal using agroindustry based biochar
11.1 Introduction
11.2 What is biochar?
11.3 Characteristics of biochar
11.3.1 Porosity and surface area
11.3.2 pH
11.3.3 Functional groups at the surface
11.3.4 Carbon content and aromatic structures
11.3.5 Mineral composition
11.4 Modified biochar
11.5 Hazards of pesticides to environment and health
11.6 Recent development in pesticides sorption on biochar
11.6.1 Herbicides sorption
11.6.2 Insecticides sorption
11.6.3 Fungicides sorption
11.6.4 Nematicides sorption
11.7 Conclusion and future perspective
References
12 - Bioremediation – the natural solution
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Characteristics of municipal wastewater
12.2.1 Organic impurities
12.2.2 Solids
12.2.3 Nutrients
12.2.3.1 Phosphorus
12.2.3.2 Nitrogen
12.2.3.3 Nitrogen present in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPS)
12.2.4 Effects of phosphorus and nitrogen on environment
12.2.5 Pathogens
12.3 Wastewater treatment
12.3.1 Physical treatment
12.3.2 Chemical treatment
12.3.3 Thermal treatment
12.3.4 Bioremediation
12.3.4.1 Aerobic treatment
12.3.4.2 Anaerobic treatment
12.3.5 Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors
12.4 Post-treatment options
12.4.1 Polishing ponds
12.4.2 Overland flow system
12.4.3 Submerged aerated bio filter
12.4.4 Trickling filter
12.4.5 Anaerobic filter
12.4.6 Dissolved air flotation
12.4.7 Activated sludge process
12.4.8 Aerated lagoons
12.4.9 Down flow hanging Sponge
12.4.10 Bio filter
12.5 Comparison of various biological treatment processes
12.6 Sand filter for the post treatment
12.7 Conclusion
References
13 - Detection and removal of pathogenic bacteria from wastewater using various nanoparticles
13.1 Presence of different contaminants in wastewater
13.2 Pathogenic bacterial component in wastewater
13.3 Detection of pathogenic bacteria using different nanoparticles
13.3.1 Nanomaterial enabled with antibodies
13.3.2 Nanomaterial enabled with aptamers
13.3.3 Nanomaterials enabled with carbohydrates
13.4 Conclusion
References
14 - Application of TiO2 photocatalysts hybridized with carbonaceous for degradation of pharmaceuticals
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Pharmaceuticals
14.3 Advanced oxidative processes (AOP)
14.3.1 Photocatalysis
14.4 Carbonaceous TiO2 doping
14.5 Graphene–TiO2
14.6 Carbon Nanotubes–TiO2
14.7 Activated carbono-TiO2
14.8 Concluding remarks and future challenges
Acknowledgments
References
15 - Moving bed biofilm reactor- (MBBR-) based advanced wastewater treatment technology for the removal of emerging contam ...
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Overview of the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR)
15.3 Operating benchmarks of the MBBR
15.3.1 Carriers characteristics
15.3.2 Biofilm formation
15.3.3 Carrier filling fraction
15.3.4 Aeration and mechanical mixing system
15.4 Effect of operating parameters
15.4.1 Effect of organic loading rate
15.4.2 Effect of hydraulic retention time
15.4.3 Effect of temperature
15.4.4 Effect of pH
15.5 Mathematical models used in kinetics evaluation of the MBBRs
15.5.1 First-order kinetic model
15.5.2 Second-order kinetic model (Grau model)
15.5.3 Modified Stover-Kincannon model
15.6 Recent applications of MBBRs in the wastewater treatment
15.6.1 Treatment of the emerging contaminants in MBBRs
15.6.2 Treatment of the persistent organic contaminants in MBBRs
15.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Further readings
16 - An application of bionanotechnology in removal of emerging contaminants from pharmaceutical waste
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Methods for treatment of pharmaceutical waste water
16.3 Different nanomaterials and treatment of pharmaceutical waste water
16.3.1 Nanofilter membrane bioreactor
16.3.2 Nanoadsorbants
16.3.3 Nanocatalyst
16.4 Conclusion
References
17 - Removal of emerging contaminants in water treatment by an application of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Nanofiltration
17.2 Factors affecting performance of nanofiltration
17.3 Nanofiltration with modifications and applications
17.4 Advantages and limitations of nanofiltration
17.4.1 Reverse osmosis
17.5 Factors affecting reverse osmosis
17.6 Applications
17.7 Advantages and limitations of reverse osmosis
17.8 Conclusion
References
18 - Membrane bioreactor as an advanced wastewater treatment technology
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Membrane classification
18.3 Types of membrane bioreactor arrangements
18.4 Role of membrane bioreactors
18.5 Classification of membrane fouling
18.6 Membrane fouling in membrane bioreactor
18.6.1 Classification of foulants
18.7 Factors affecting membrane fouling in membrane bioreactor
18.7.1 Membrane characteristics
18.7.1.1 Membrane material
18.7.1.2 Water affinity
18.7.1.3 Membrane surface roughness
18.7.1.4 Membrane surface charge
18.7.1.5 Membrane pore size
18.8 Membrane fouling control
18.8.1 Modification of membrane material body
18.8.2 Hydrophilic modification of the surface of membrane ­material
18.8.3 Membrane modification by low-temperature plasma ­surface treatment
18.8.4 Surface grafting
18.9 Membrane bioreactor model description and ­assessment
18.9.1 Biomass kinetics models
18.10 Membrane fouling models
18.11 Advantages and drawbacks of membrane bioreactor technology
18.12 Summary and conclusion
Acknowledgment
Competing interests
Consent for publication
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Abbreviations
References
19 - Removal of pesticides from water and wastewater by solar-driven photocatalysis
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Photocatalysts and photocatalysis
19.2.1 Types of photocatalysts
19.2.1.1 Oxide Photocatalyst
19.2.1.1.1 TiO2-Based photocatalyst
19.2.1.1.2 Bi2O3‐based photocatalyst
19.2.1.1.3 Other Oxide photocatalysts
19.2.1.2 Nonoxide photocatalyst
19.2.1.2.1 CdS photocatalyst
19.2.1.2.2 CuS photocatalyst
19.2.1.2.3 ZnS photocatalyst
19.2.1.2.4 Nitride photocatalyst
19.2.2 Homogeneous photocatalysis
19.2.3 Heterogeneous photocatalysis
19.3 Pesticides and toxicities
19.3.1 Pesticides detection and quantitation in wastewater
19.4 Wastewater treatment
19.4.1 Photocatalytic degradation of pesticides for wastewater treatment
19.4.2 Adsorption of organic pesticides from wastewater
19.4.3 Challenges in the development of large-scale photocatalytic water treatment plant
19.5 Concluding remarks
References
20 - Recent applications, reaction mechanism, and future perspective of hybrid ozonation process for water and wastewater ...
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Direct ozonation
20.1.2 Ozone micro nanobubbles
20.2 Combined ozonation for enhanced treatment of water
20.2.1 OH–/O3 process
20.2.2 O3/H2O2 process
20.2.3 UV/O3 process
20.2.4 O3/biological treatment
20.2.5 O3/electrocoagulation (O3/EC)
20.3 Catalytic ozonation
20.3.1 Homogeneous catalytic ozonation
20.3.2 Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation
20.3.2.1 Used of metal oxides
20.3.2.2 Metals on supports
20.3.2.3 Carbon-based materials
20.3.2.4 Photocatalyzed ozonation
20.3.3 Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation Mechanism
20.4 Application of ozonation process for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants
20.5 Shortcomings of hybrid ozonation processes
20.6 Benefits of hybrid ozonation processes
20.7 Conclusions and future perspective
References
21 - Removal of emerging contaminants from pharmaceutical waste through application of bio nanotechnology
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Challenges in current wastewater treatment technologies
21.3 Enzyme immobilized nanomaterials for removal of emerging contaminants
21.4 Biogenic nanoparticles for removal of emerging contaminants
21.5 Other technologies for removal of emerging contaminants
21.5.1 Nanobiochar
21.5.2 Bio-metal-organic frameworks
21.6 Nanozymes
21.7 Conclusions and future prospects
References
22 - Antimicrobial activities of different nanoparticles concerning to wastewater treatment
22.1 Silver nanoparticles
22.2 Gold nanoparticles
22.3 Zinc oxide nanoparticle
22.4 CuO nanoparticles
22.5 Iron oxide nanoparticles
22.6 Magnesium oxide nanomaterials
22.7 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
22.8 Al2O3 nanomaterials
22.9 Nanomaterials enabled with antimicrobial peptides
22.10 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
23 - Application of nanomaterial in wastewater treatment: recent advances and future perspective
23.1 Introduction
23.1.1 Physical treatment technologies
23.1.1.1 Sedimentation
23.1.1.2 Adsorption
23.1.1.3 Electrodialysis
23.1.2 Chemical treatment technologies
23.1.2.1 Coagulation/Flocculation
23.1.2.2 Precipitation and filtration
23.1.2.3 Oxidation
23.1.3 Biological treatment
23.2 Nano adsorption
23.2.1 Iron oxide nanoparticles
23.2.2 Other metal oxide nanoparticles
23.2.3 Polymer supported metal oxide nanoparticles
23.2.4 Carbon-based nanoparticles for adsorption
23.3 Nanofiltration
23.3.1 Inorganic membranes
23.3.2 Carbon nanotubes
23.4 Nanocatalyst
23.4.1 Photocatalysis
23.4.2 Catalytic ozonation
23.4.3 Advanced oxidation processes
23.5 Nano biocides
23.5.1 Antimicrobial peptides and chitosan
23.5.2 Silver nanoparticle
23.5.3 Titanium oxide nanoparticles
23.5.4 Carbon nanostructures
23.6 Future prospect
References
24 - Photocatalytic removal of emerging contaminants in water and wastewater treatments: a review
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Photocatalysis mechanisms
24.3 Impact of operating and process parameters
24.3.1 pH
24.3.2 Light source
24.3.3 Contaminant concentration
24.3.4 Presence of oxidants
24.3.5 Presence of ions
24.3.6 Dissolved oxygen
24.3.7 Temperature
24.3.8 Catalyst characteristic
24.3.9 Catalyst concentration
24.4 Common photocatalysts
24.4.1 TiO2
24.4.2 ZnO
24.4.3 Others
24.5 Strategies for improving photocatalysis
24.5.1 Doping
24.5.1.1 Metal dopants
24.5.1.2 Nonmetal dopants
24.5.2 Immobilization
24.5.3 Combined methods
24.6 Wastewater treatment applications
24.7 Conclusions and future challenges
References
25 - Biologically synthesized nanoparticles for dye removal
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Bacteriogenic nanoparticles
25.3 Mycogenic nanoparticles
25.4 Phycogenic nanoparticles
25.5 Phytogenic nanoparticles
25.6 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
26 - Removal of emerging contaminants in water treatment by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Emerging contaminants in water
26.2.1 Pharmaceuticals
26.2.2 Pesticides, antibiotics and biocides
26.2.3 Personal care products
26.2.4 Surfactants
26.2.5 Nanomaterials
26.3 Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration
26.3.1 Predictive modeling of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration
26.4 Solute denial mechanism by the nanofiltration/reverse osmosis membrane
26.4.1 Size exclusion
26.4.2 Charge exclusion
26.4.3 Physiochemical interaction
26.5 Modern findings
26.5.1 Removal of antibiotics
26.5.2 The removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater at low feed concentrations (sub microgram per liter)
26.5.3 The Results of the current studies on organics removal by nanofiltration/reverse osmosis
26.6 Applications of nanofiltration membranes (Zhao et al., 2005)
26.7 Advantages and disadvantages
26.8 Future perspectives of nanofiltration
26.9 Conclusion
References
27 - Hybrid bioreactor in combination with ozone-based technologies for industrial wastewater treatment
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Characteristics of industrial wastewater
27.2.1 Pharmaceutical wastewater
27.2.2 Textile wastewater
27.2.3 Municipal wastewater
27.2.4 Tannery effluents
27.3 Selection of an optimal treatment strategy
27.4 Hybrid bioreactor combined with ozone-based technology
27.4.1 Membrane bioreactor process in combination with ozone-based technologies
27.4.2 Sequencing batch reactor process coupled with ozone-based treatment
27.4.3 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor system in combination with ozonation
27.4.4 Activated sludge process treatment with ozonation
27.5 Benefits of hybrid processes in combination with ozonation
27.6 Limitations of hybrid processes with ozone-based technology
27.7 Conclusion
References
28 - Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) in aiding water purification from emerging and ionic contaminants
28.1 Introduction
28.1.1 Brief overview of emerging contaminants and conventional treatment process
28.1.2 Adsorption process in removal of emerging contaminants
28.1.3 Metal organic frameworks and their advantages
28.2 Different synthesis methods for preparation of metal organic frameworks
28.2.1 Solvothermal synthesis
28.2.2 Microwave assisted synthesis
28.2.3 Other synthesis methods
28.3 Applications of metal organic frameworks for water treatment
28.3.1 Recent advancements in usage of metal organic frameworks towards water treatment
28.3.2 MOFs for removal of emerging contaminants and their uptake mechanism
28.4 Limitations of using metal organic frameworks and alternative strategy
28.5 Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
29 - Removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater through bionanotechnology
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Definition of emerging contaminants
29.3 Sources of emerging contaminants
29.4 Environmental/health issues and regulations related to emerging contaminants
29.5 Conventional treatment technologies
29.6 Bionanotechnology for the removal of emerging contaminants
29.7 Future outlook
29.8 Conclusion
References
Index
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