This book describes the development of sources of negative ions and their application in science and industry. It describes the physical foundations and implementation of the key methods of negative ion production and control, such as charge exchange, thermionic emission, plasma volume, secondary emission (sputtering) and surface-plasma sources, as well as the history of their development. Following on from this essential foundational material, the book goes on to explore transport of negative ion beams, and beam-plasma instabilities. Now in its second edition, the book has been substantially expanded and updated to address the many developments since it was first published, most importantly the development and investigation of cesiated surfaces with work function ~1.2-1.3 eV in conditions close to discharges in surface plasma sources. The book also includes a new chapter on development of conversion targets for high-energy neutral beam injectors, covering gas targets, plasma targets and photon targets for efficient conversion of high energy negative ion beams to neutral beams.
With exposition accessible at the graduate level, and a comprehensive bibliography, this book will appeal to all students and researchers whose work concerns ion sources and their applications to accelerators, beam physics, storage rings, cyclotrons, and plasma traps.
Author(s): Vadim Dudnikov
Series: Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics, 125
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 497
City: Cham
Foreword
Preface to Second Edition
Preface
Contents
Acronyms
Chapter 1: Introduction
References
Chapter 2: Charge-Exchange Technologies
2.1 Features of Charge-Exchange Method for the Production and Use of Accelerated Particles
2.2 Regularities in the Redistribution of Accelerated Particles in Mass and Charges
2.3 Charge-Exchange Tandem Accelerators
2.4 Super-Collimated Beam Production
2.5 Charge-Exchange Extraction of Particles from Accelerators
2.6 Charge-Exchange Distribution of Accelerated Particle Beams
2.7 Charge-Exchange Injection into Accelerators and Accumulator Rings
2.8 Charge-Exchange Injection into Magnetic Plasma Traps
2.9 Summary
References
Chapter 3: Methods of Negative Ion Production
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Formation and Destruction of Negative Ions
3.3 Charge-Exchange Methods for Negative Ion Production
3.4 Charge-Exchange Negative Ion Sources
3.5 Charge-Exchange Polarized Negative Ion Sources
3.6 Cold Muonium Negative Ion Production
3.7 Negative Ion Beam Formation from Gaseous Plasmas
3.8 Formation and Destruction of Negative Ions in a Gaseous Plasma
3.9 Beam Formation from Negative Ions Generated in the Plasma Volume
3.10 Plasma Volume Sources of Negative Ions
3.11 Thermionic Production of Negative Ion Beams
3.12 Secondary Emission (Sputtering) Production of Negative Ion Beams
3.13 Summary
References
Chapter 4: Surface Plasma Production of Negative Ions
4.1 Early Experiments on Negative Ion Production in Cesiated Discharges
4.2 Studies of Negative Ion Emission from Hydrogen Plasma with Added Cesium
4.3 Energy Spectra of H− Ions in Surface Plasma Sources
4.4 Advanced Design Options for Surface Plasma Sources
4.5 Emissive Properties of Electrodes in Surface Plasma Source Discharges
4.6 Plasma Parameters and Negative Ion Destruction in the Plasma
4.7 Cesium in Surface Plasma Sources
4.8 Measurement of Work Function in Ion Source Conditions
4.9 Cesium Management and Cesiated Surface Work Function
4.10 Physical Basis of the Surface Plasma Method of Negative Ion Production
4.11 Regularities in the Formation of Reflected, Sputtered, and Evaporated Particles
4.12 Electron Capture to the Electron Affinity Levels for Sputtered, Reflected, and Evaporated Particles
4.13 Implementation of Surface Plasma Production of Negative Ion Beams
4.14 Observation of an Ion-Ion Plasma
References
Chapter 5: Surface Plasma Negative Ion Sources
5.1 Surface Plasma H− Ion Sources with Cesiation for Accelerators
5.2 Design of Surface Plasma H− Ion Sources for Accelerators
5.3 Formation of H− Ion Beams in Surface Plasma Sources for Accelerators
5.4 Surface Plasma Sources with Penning Discharge for Microlithography
5.5 Semiplanotron: Geometric Focusing
5.6 Semiplanotron SPS for Accelerators
5.7 Semiplanotrons with Spherical Focusing for Continuous Operation
5.8 Compact Surface Plasma Sources for Heavy Negative Ion Production
5.9 Development of Surface Plasma Sources Worldwide
5.9.1 Surface Plasma Sources at the Los Alamos National Laboratory
5.9.2 Surface Plasma Sources at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
5.9.3 Surface Plasma Sources at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
5.9.4 SW Surface Plasma Sources at the Budker Institute, Novosibirsk
5.10 Large Volume Surface Plasma Sources with Self-Extraction
5.11 Large Volume Surface Plasma Sources for Accelerators
5.12 Large Volume Surface Plasma Sources for Heavy Ion Production
5.13 Surface Plasma Sources for Intense Neutral Beam Production for Controlled Fusion
5.14 RF Surface Plasma Sources for ITER
5.15 Neutral Beam Injector with Cesiated RF SPS Development at Novosibirsk
5.16 Research Activities of RF-Based Surface Plasma Source in the ASIPP (in China)
5.17 RF Surface Plasma Sources for Spallation Neutron Sources
5.18 Carbon Films in RF Surface Plasma Sources with Cesiation
5.19 Poisoning and Recovery of Converter Surfaces
5.20 RF Surface Plasma Sources with External Antenna
5.21 RF Surface Plasma Sources with Solenoidal Magnetic Field
5.22 Testing RF Surface Plasma Sources with Saddle Antenna and Magnetic Field
5.23 Estimation of H− Ion Beam Generation Efficiency
5.24 RF Surface Plasma Source Operation in Continuous Mode
5.25 RF Surface Plasma Sources at CERN
5.26 Surface Plasma Sources at J-PARC, Japan
5.27 RF Surface Plasma Source in Chinese SNS
5.28 Surface Plasma Sources for Low Energy Neutral Beam Production
5.29 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Transport of High Brightness Negative Ion Beams
6.1 Instabilities in High Brightness Beam Transportation
6.2 High-Speed Emittance Measurements for Beams Extracted from J-PARC RF SPS
6.3 Study of Continuous Wave 33 keV H− Beam Transport Through the Low Energy Beam Transport Line
6.4 Low Energy Beam Transport System Developments
6.5 Features of Negative Ion Beam Transportation in MLEBTs
6.6 Features of Electrostatic LEBT (ELEBT)
6.7 Recuperation of Positive and Negative Ion Beams
6.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Development of Conversion Targets for High-Energy Neutral Beam Injectors
7.1 Gas Targets
7.2 Plasma Targets
7.3 Photon Targets
References
Chapter 8: General Remarks on Surface Plasma Sources
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Discovery of Cesiation Effect
8.3 A Proposed ESS Injector
8.4 Conclusion
References
Index
