Developing Climate Resilient Grain and Forage Legumes

Contents
About the Editors
1: Improving Chickpea Genetic Gain Under Rising Drought and Heat Stress Using Breeding Approaches and Modern Technologies
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Impacts and Anomalies Associated with Drought Stress in Chickpea
1.3 Impact of Heat Stress on the Reproductive Process in Chickpea
1.4 Genetic Resources for Drought and Heat Stress Tolerance
1.5 Crop Wild Relatives (CWRs): A Hidden Reservoir of Drought and Heat Tolerance in Chickpea
1.6 Genomic Resources for Drought and Heat Tolerance
1.7 Functional Genomics Approach for Uncovering Candidate Genes for Drought and Heat Tolerance
1.8 Proteome and Metabolome Dynamics for Resolving Drought and Heat Tolerance in Chickpea
1.9 Emerging Modern Breeding Tools for Accelerating Genetic Gain in Chickpea
1.10 Scope of High Throughput Phenotyping for Capturing the Precise Phenotypic Response of Drought and Heat Stress in Plants
1.11 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
2: Breeding Chickpea for Climate Resilience: An Overview
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Chickpea Growing Environments
2.3 Climate-Induced Stresses Affecting Chickpea Production
2.3.1 Drought Stress
2.3.2 Heat Stress
2.3.3 Cold Stress
2.3.4 Salinity Stress
2.4 Adaptation Mechanisms and Genetic Architecture of Key Climate-Resilient Traits
2.4.1 Drought Tolerance
2.4.2 Heat Tolerance
2.4.3 Cold Tolerance
2.4.4 Salt Tolerance
2.4.5 Resistance to Emerging Diseases Under Climate Change
2.4.6 Breeding Efforts to Address Climate-Induced Stresses in Chickpea
2.4.7 Accelerating Genetic Gain in Chickpea Breeding for Stress-Prone Marginal Environments
2.5 Genomic Approaches
2.6 High-Throughput Phenotyping Techniques
2.6.1 Advanced Breeding Techniques to Combat Climate-Induced Stresses in Chickpea
2.6.2 Development of Stress-Tolerant Chickpea Varieties Using Genomics Assisted Breeding (GAB)
2.7 Summary
References
3: Reduction of Phytic Acid and Enhancement of Bioavailable Micronutrients in Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Changing...
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Impact of Normal Phytate Crops on Humans, Animals, and Environment
3.2.1 Phytic Acid Synthesis and Structure
3.3 Methods of Assessment of Low Phytic Acid
3.3.1 Phytic Acid Reduction Through Physical Processes
3.3.1.1 Dephytinization and Nutrition
3.3.1.2 Milling and Soaking
3.3.1.3 Fermentation
3.3.2 Phytic Acid Reduction Through LPA Mutants
3.3.3 SNP and High-Resolution Melt Curve Analysis
3.4 Climatic Change and Its Impact on Fe-Zn in Beans
References
4: Developing Climate-Resilient Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.]Walp.) Through Genomics-Assisted Breeding Approaches
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Impact of Climate Change on Cowpea Production
4.3 Harnessing Genetic Variability to Mitigate Negative Effects of Climate Change
4.4 High-Throughput Precision Phenotyping Platforms for Climate Change Relevant Traits
4.5 Genomic Resources Available in Cowpea: Linkage Maps and High-Density Genotyping Assay
4.6 Marker Trait Association for Climate-Resilient Traits
4.6.1 Bi -Parental QTL Mapping
4.6.2 Genome-Wide Association Studies
4.7 Marker-Assisted Selection for Climate-Resilient Traits
4.7.1 Marker-Assisted Backcrossing (MABC)
4.7.2 Marker-Assisted Recurrent Selection (MARS)
4.7.3 Genomic Selection
4.8 Genome Editing for Climate Resilience Adaptive Traits
4.9 Conclusion
References
5: Fenugreek, A Legume Spice and Multiuse Crop Adapted to a Changing Climate
5.1 History, Domestication, Geographic Distribution, and Production Practices
5.2 Genetic Diversity and Crop Improvements
5.3 Uses of Fenugreek as a Leafy Vegetable
5.4 Fenugreek Seeds for Flavor and Spice
5.5 Medicinal Roles of Fenugreek Bioactive Compounds
5.5.1 Antidiabetic Activity
5.5.2 Roles in Managing Obesity
5.5.3 Fenugreek in Ayurvedic, Tibetan, and Chinese Medicine
5.6 Fenugreek as a Forage and Feed Crop
5.7 Negative Effects of Fenugreek
5.8 Response to Climate Change
5.9 The Need for Domestication Models for Spices
5.10 Directions for Future Research
References
6: Grass Pea an Inherent Abiotic Stress-Tolerant Legume: Current Status and Future Scope Under Changing Environment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 History and Importance of the Crop
6.3 Abiotic Stress and Grass Pea
6.3.1 Morphological Adaptations
6.3.2 Flowering Time
6.3.3 Root Characters
6.4 Heat Tolerance
6.5 Frost or Cold Tolerance
6.6 Drought Tolerance
6.7 Flooding or Waterlogging Tolerance
6.8 Salinity Tolerance
6.9 Antioxidant Activity
6.10 Water Use Efficiency
6.11 Nitrogen Fixation
6.12 Future Perspectives
References
7: Breeding Groundnut Cultivars for Resilience to Climate Change Effects
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Drought
7.2.1 Genetic and Physiological Mechanism for Drought Tolerance in Groundnut
7.2.2 Breeding for Drought Tolerance
7.2.3 Genomic Tools for Drought Tolerance in Groundnut
7.2.4 Short Duration Groundnut Cultivars and Drought Escape Mechanism
7.3 Heat Stress Tolerance
7.3.1 Genetic and Physiological Mechanism of High-Temperature Tolerance in Groundnut
7.3.2 Breeding for Heat Tolerance in Groundnut
7.3.3 Genomic Tools for Heat Tolerance in Groundnut
7.4 Elevated CO2 (eCO2)
7.4.1 Genetic and Physiological Responses to Elevated CO2 in Groundnut
7.5 Way Forward
References
8: Horse Gram, An Underutilized Climate-Resilient Legume: Breeding and Genomic Approach for Improving Future Genetic Gain
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Origin and Distribution
8.3 Horse Gram, a Wonder Legume with Nutraceutical Benefits
8.4 Harnessing Horse Gram Genetic Variability to broaden Its Genetic Base for Genetic Gain
8.5 Status of Genomic Resources in Horse Gram
8.5.1 Molecular Markers for Assessing Diversity
8.6 Linkage Mapping and QTL Identification
8.7 Trait Mapping
8.8 Draft Genome Assembly
8.9 Status and Progress of Functional Genomics Research in Horse Gram
8.10 Horse Gram, a Minor Legume Yet Climate-Resilient Crop Ensuring Global Food Security
8.11 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
9: Understanding Abiotic Stress Responses in Lentil Under Changing Climate Regimes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Heat Stress
9.3 Cold Stress
9.4 Drought
9.5 Salinity Stress
9.6 Nutrient Stress
9.7 Next-Generation Strategies for Lentil Improvement
9.7.1 Genomics
9.7.2 Phenomics
9.7.3 Transcriptomics
9.8 Conclusion
References
10: Approaches Toward Developing Heat and Drought Tolerance in Mungbean
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Various Traits for Heat Stress Tolerance in Mungbean
10.2.1 Morpho-Physiological Trait Variations for Improving Heat Tolerance
10.2.1.1 Reproductive and Yield Traits for Heat Stress Tolerance
10.2.2 Biochemical Traits Modulating Heat Tolerance
10.2.3 Multi-Omics Approaches to Understand Heat Tolerance in Mungbean
10.2.3.1 Genomics Approaches
10.2.4 Exploring Gene Families and Transcriptional Factors as Heat Responsive Markers
10.2.5 Agronomic Approaches to Understand Heat Tolerance in Mungbean
10.2.5.1 Drought Stress and Mungbean
10.2.5.2 Morpho-Physiological Traits for Drought Tolerance in Mungbean
10.2.6 Seed Germination
10.2.6.1 Plant Height and Biomass
10.2.6.2 Chlorophyll Content
10.2.6.3 Photosynthetic Rate (Pn)
10.2.6.4 Stomatal Conductance
10.2.6.5 Chlorophyll Fluorescence
10.2.7 Relative Water Content (RWC)
10.2.7.1 Leaf Water Potential
10.2.8 Biochemical Traits for Drought Tolerance in Mungbean
10.2.8.1 Oxidative Stress and Anti-oxidants
10.2.8.2 Osmotic Adjustment
10.2.8.3 Yield Traits for Drought Tolerance in Mungbean
10.2.9 Genomics of Drought Tolerance in Mungbean
10.2.9.1 Agronomic Approaches to Combat Drought Stress
10.3 Conclusion
References
11: A Review on Stress Physiology and Breeding Potential of an Underutilized, Multipurpose Legume: Rice Bean (Vigna umbellata)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 ``Ricebean: A General Overview´´
11.2.1 Diversity of Ricebean
11.2.2 Nutritional Factors
11.2.3 Ricebean as a Fodder Crop
11.2.4 Importance of Rice Bean in Crop Cultivation
11.2.5 Ricebean on Abiotic Stress
11.2.5.1 Response to Drought Stress
11.2.5.2 Response to Salinity Stress
11.2.5.3 Response to Cold Stress
11.2.5.4 Ricebean on Metal Stress
11.2.5.5 Response to Aluminum Stress
11.2.6 Ricebean on Biotic Stress
11.2.6.1 Storage Bruchid Pest Resistance
11.2.6.2 Yellow Mosaic Virus Resistance
11.3 Conclusion
References
12: Physiological Traits Based Breeding to Achieve Higher Yield in Soybean Crop
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Yield Framework
12.3 Nature of Physiological Traits
12.4 Breeder-Physiologist Gap
12.5 Traits to Be Targeted in Physiological Breeding
12.6 Root Traits
12.7 Flower and Pod Set
12.8 Canopy Temperature
12.9 Chlorophyll Fluorescence
12.10 Chlorophyll Content
12.10.1 Leaf Antioxidant
12.11 Criteria for Using Physiological Traits in Breeding Programs
12.12 Molecular Breeding of Physiological Traits
12.13 Gene Editing Key Physiological Traits
References
13: Sunn Hemp: A Climate-Smart Crop
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Economic Importance
13.3 Botanical Description
13.4 Current Status of Crop
13.5 Breeding and Varietal Improvement
13.6 Cultivation
13.6.1 Fibre Crop Cultivation
13.6.2 Seed Crop Cultivation
13.6.3 Green Manure Crop
13.6.4 Protection Measures
13.7 Importance of Sunnhemp in Context of Climate Change
13.7.1 As a Substitute for Synthetic Fertilizers
13.7.2 As a Soil Amendment Agent
13.7.3 As a Substitute of Helminthicides
13.7.4 As a Cover Crop
13.7.5 As a Source of Raw Material for the Paper Industry
13.7.6 As a Source of Biofuel
13.7.7 In Biocomposite and Geo-Engineering
13.7.8 As a Carbon Sequestration Agent
13.8 Future Prospects
References
14: Status of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) in the Mediterranean and East African Countries
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Origin and Genetic Diversity
14.3 Faba Bean Uses
14.3.1 Human and Animal Nutrition
14.3.1.1 Human Nutrition and Medicine
14.3.1.2 Animal Nutrition
14.3.2 Agroecosystem
14.4 Faba Bean Constraints
14.4.1 Abiotic Stresses
14.4.1.1 Frost
14.4.1.2 Heat
14.4.1.3 Drought
14.4.1.4 Waterlogging
14.4.1.5 Soil Acidity
14.4.1.6 Soil Salinity
14.4.2 Biotic Stresses
14.4.2.1 Foliar Diseases
14.4.2.2 Insects
14.4.2.3 Viruses
14.4.2.4 Weeds
Parasitic Weeds
14.5 Conclusions
References