Desk Encyclopedia of Plant and Fungal Virology

Front Cover......Page 1
Desk Encyclopedia of Plant and Fungal Virology......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 5
Editors-in-Chief......Page 6
Associate Editors......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Contributors......Page 12
Contents......Page 16
General Topics......Page 20
Introduction......Page 22
Host factors and intracellular virus movement......Page 23
Intercellular Movement......Page 26
Systemic Movement......Page 27
Glossary......Page 29
History of the Classification of the Different Modalities of Transmission......Page 30
Circulative Transmission......Page 32
Nonpropagative transmission......Page 33
The helper strategy......Page 34
Transmission by Noninsect Vectors......Page 35
Transmission and Evolution......Page 36
Glossary......Page 37
Immunosorbent Electron Microscopy......Page 38
Nucleotide Sequence Analyses......Page 40
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay......Page 43
PCR and Other Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques......Page 44
Microarrays......Page 45
Studies on the Ultrastructure of Infected Host Cells by Means of Conventional Electron Microscopy......Page 46
Padlock Probes......Page 47
Further Reading......Page 48
Diverse Gene-Silencing Pathways in Plants......Page 49
Heterochromatin siRNA Pathway......Page 50
Dicer-Like Proteins in Antiviral Defense......Page 51
RISC......Page 54
Environmental Influence on Gene-Silencing Pathways......Page 55
Viral Counterdefense: Silencing Suppressors......Page 56
Glossary......Page 57
The Development of VIGS as a Tool for Functional Genomics......Page 58
RNA Virus-Based Vectors......Page 59
Applications of VIGS in Aiding Plant Gene Characterization......Page 60
Advantages of Using VIGS as a Tool for Functional Genomics......Page 61
Further Reading......Page 62
Historical Perspectives......Page 63
Control of Virus Diseases......Page 64
Benefits of Virus-Resistant Transgenic Plants......Page 67
Environmental Safety Issues......Page 68
Gene Flow......Page 69
Further Reading......Page 70
Geminiviruses......Page 71
Satellite DNAs of Begomoviruses......Page 72
Economic Importance......Page 73
Molecular Diagnosis of the Virus and Its Homology with Other Viruses......Page 74
Recently Adopted Management Approaches......Page 75
Introduction......Page 77
First-Generation Virus Vectors......Page 78
Host Improvement......Page 79
Second-Generation Vectors......Page 80
Vectors for Expression of Heterooligomeric Proteins......Page 81
Expression Vectors for Industrial-Scale Protein Production: Transient Systems (Magnifection)......Page 82
Expression Vectors for Industrial-Scale Protein Production: Transgenic Systems......Page 83
Vectors for Manufacturing `Nanoscale´ Materials......Page 84
Vaccine Production in Plants......Page 85
History......Page 86
The Way Forward......Page 89
Glossary......Page 90
Classification......Page 91
Host Range and Transmission......Page 92
Epidemiology and Control......Page 95
Movement......Page 97
Host Range......Page 99
Further Reading......Page 100
Viruses and Virus Genera......Page 102
Particle Structure and Composition......Page 104
Genome Structure......Page 105
Translation of Viral RNA......Page 106
Replication of Viral RNA......Page 107
Role of Coat Protein in the AMV Replication Cycle......Page 108
Further Reading......Page 109
Taxonomy and Classification......Page 110
Genome Organization and Replication......Page 111
Further Reading......Page 112
Disease Symptoms......Page 113
Causal Agent......Page 114
Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Relationships......Page 116
Epidemiology......Page 117
Resistance......Page 118
Introduction......Page 119
Virion Properties and Composition......Page 120
Genome Organization and Expression......Page 121
Host Range and Transmission......Page 123
Virus-Host Relationships......Page 124
Diagnosis......Page 125
Further Reading......Page 126
Taxonomic Classification and Phylogenetic Relationships......Page 127
Genome Organization and Gene Expression......Page 128
Replication......Page 129
Virus Movement and Insect Transmission......Page 130
Host Range and Pathogenesis......Page 131
Disease Control......Page 132
Host Ranges and Diseases......Page 133
Transmission......Page 134
Particle Properties and Relations of Particles with Cells......Page 135
Organization of the Genome and Properties of the Encoded Proteins......Page 137
Similarities and Dissimilarities with Other Taxa......Page 138
Introduction......Page 139
Virion Properties and Structure......Page 140
RNA Replication......Page 141
Host Factors Involved in Replication of Bromoviral RNAs......Page 142
Introduction......Page 143
Transmission......Page 144
Variability of the CSSV......Page 145
Control of the Disease......Page 149
Glossary......Page 150
Genome Organization and Replication......Page 151
Genus Foveavirus......Page 152
Genome Organization and Replication......Page 153
Strains and Genome Heterogeneity......Page 154
Serology......Page 155
Serology......Page 156
Further Reading......Page 157
Physicochemical Properties......Page 158
Genome Structure and Gene Expression......Page 160
Serology......Page 161
Taxonomy, Classification and Evolutionary Relationships......Page 162
Distribution, Host Range, Transmission, and Economic Significance......Page 163
Genome Structure......Page 164
Virus-Host Interaction......Page 165
Glossary......Page 166
Introduction......Page 167
Genome Organization and Expression......Page 168
Replication......Page 171
Transmission and Host Range......Page 172
Further Reading......Page 173
Properties of the Virion and Inclusion Bodies......Page 174
Movement Protein......Page 175
Transactivator of Translation/Viroplasmin......Page 176
RNA Processing......Page 177
Further Reading......Page 178
History......Page 179
The CTV Genome......Page 180
Genome Organization and Functions......Page 181
Defective RNAs......Page 182
Economic Costs of CTV......Page 183
Introduction......Page 184
Viral Structure......Page 185
Expression of the Viral Genome......Page 186
Replication......Page 188
Further Reading......Page 189
Geographic Distribution......Page 190
Satellite RNAs......Page 191
Movement......Page 192
Ecology and Epidemiology......Page 193
Control......Page 194
Virion Morphology......Page 195
Genomic Organization......Page 196
Component Genera and Species......Page 197
TGB Proteins......Page 198
Coat Protein......Page 199
General Comments......Page 200
Host Ranges, Diseases, and Geographic Distribution......Page 201
Control......Page 202
Organization of the Genome and Properties of the Encoded Proteins......Page 203
Diagnosis......Page 204
Similarities and Dissimilarities with Other Taxa......Page 205
Taxonomy......Page 206
Particle Structure and Genome Organization......Page 209
Virus Replication......Page 210
Epidemiology and Control......Page 214
Further Reading......Page 215
Taxonomy and Classification......Page 216
Genome Organization and Expression......Page 217
Host Range and Transmission......Page 220
Replication......Page 221
Diagnosis......Page 222
Taxonomy and Classification......Page 223
Replication......Page 224
Genetics......Page 225
Epidemiology......Page 226
Evolution......Page 227
Introduction......Page 228
Diversity and Evolution......Page 229
Particle Structure......Page 230
Genome Organization......Page 231
The Virion Sense Genes (MP and CP)......Page 232
Control of MSD......Page 233
The Virus......Page 235
Glossary......Page 236
Symptoms in Plants......Page 237
Genome Organization......Page 238
Gene Expression and Transcription Regulation......Page 239
Transmission and Virus-Vector Relationship......Page 240
Phylogenetic Relationship......Page 241
Further Reading......Page 244
Introduction......Page 245
Tissue Tropism and Means of Transmission......Page 246
Integral Genome Segments......Page 247
Satellite-Like Rep DNAs......Page 248
Proteins......Page 250
Further Reading......Page 251
Genome Organization and Expression......Page 252
Transmission and Host Range......Page 253
Glossary......Page 254
Genome Structure......Page 255
Viral RNA Replication......Page 258
Host Range, Symptomatology, and Interaction of Nepoviruses with the Plant Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing Pathway.........Page 259
Transmission......Page 260
Nepovirus Research in the Future......Page 261
Introduction......Page 262
Taxonomy and Classification......Page 263
Genome Organization and Replication......Page 264
Viral Proteins......Page 265
Pathogenicity and Geographic Distribution......Page 266
Transmission, Prevention, and Control......Page 268
Introduction......Page 269
PRSV Genome......Page 270
Sequence Diversity and Evolution......Page 271
Determinants on Severity of Symptoms, Suppression of Gene Silencing, Infection of Transgenic Papaya......Page 272
Transgenic Resistance......Page 273
History......Page 276
Transmission......Page 277
Coding Sequences......Page 278
Noncoding Sequences......Page 279
Assembly of Virus Particles......Page 280
Host Plant Resistance......Page 281
Introduction......Page 282
Taxonomy and Classification......Page 283
Fijivirus......Page 284
Replication and Gene Expression......Page 285
Oryzaviruses......Page 287
Future......Page 288
Taxonomy and Classification......Page 289
Genomic Structure and Organization......Page 291
The phosphoprotein (P)......Page 292
The glycoprotein (G)......Page 294
Cytopathology and Replication......Page 295
Vector Relationships, Distribution, and Evolution......Page 297
Further Reading......Page 298
Host Range and Symptomatology......Page 299
Strains/Groups......Page 300
Ecology and Control......Page 302
Introduction......Page 303
Genome Properties......Page 304
Host Range, Geographical Distribution, and Transmission by Vector......Page 305
Serological Relationships, Diagnosis, and Control......Page 306
Viral Particle and Genome......Page 308
Transmission of PVY......Page 309
Host Plants......Page 310
Cytopathology......Page 311
PVY in Potato......Page 312
PVY in Tomato......Page 315
Strains......Page 316
Introduction......Page 317
Genome Structure and Gene Expression......Page 319
Viral Epidemiology and Control......Page 320
Organization of the Genome......Page 321
Biological Properties......Page 322
Epidemiological Aspects......Page 323
Further Reading......Page 325
Genome Structure......Page 326
Properties of Viral Proteins......Page 327
Variation of Isolates and Strains......Page 329
Interactions between Viruses......Page 330
Introduction......Page 331
Genome Organization and Replication......Page 333
P1......Page 334
Virion Structure and Coat Protein......Page 335
Phylogenetic Relationships......Page 337
Introduction......Page 339
Components......Page 340
Insect Vector and Kind of Transmission......Page 341
Further Reading......Page 342
The Beginnings of Virology......Page 343
Physical and Chemical Properties of TMV......Page 344
Self-Assembly of TMV Particles......Page 345
Virus Disassembly......Page 346
Antigenicity of TMV......Page 347
Biotechnology Applications of TMV......Page 348
Taxonomy and Classification......Page 349
Genome Organization......Page 350
cis-Acting Sequences......Page 352
Virus Particle Production and Structure......Page 353
M-Type and NM-Type Infections......Page 354
Recombination in Tobravirus RNAs......Page 355
RNA2......Page 356
Diseases Caused by Tobraviruses......Page 357
Symptoms......Page 358
Host Range......Page 359
Genome Organization......Page 360
Tomato Leaf Curl Gujarat Virus......Page 361
Tomato Leaf Curl Bangalore Virus......Page 362
Molecular Relationships among ToLCVs......Page 363
Recombination......Page 364
Replication and Pathogenesis......Page 365
Further Reading......Page 366
Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Evolution......Page 367
Virion Structure......Page 369
Genome Organization and Replication Strategy......Page 370
Transmission, Host Range, and Epidemiology......Page 371
Tospovirus......Page 372
Taxonomy and Classification......Page 373
Genome Properties......Page 374
Pathogenicity and Cytopathology......Page 376
Genetics and Evolution......Page 377
Prevention and Control......Page 378
The Family and Its Distinguishing Features......Page 379
Capsid Structure......Page 381
Genome Organization......Page 382
Phylogenetic Relationships and Species Demarcation......Page 383
Properties and Distinguishing Characteristics......Page 384
Properties and Distinguishing Characteristics......Page 385
Further Reading......Page 386
Introduction......Page 387
Virus Properties......Page 388
Satellite RNA......Page 389
Involvement of the Nucleolus in Umbravirus Systemic Infection......Page 390
Further Reading......Page 391
Classification......Page 392
Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus......Page 393
Host Range......Page 394
Virus Sources......Page 395
Prophylactic Measures......Page 396
Variability......Page 397
Biotechnological Application......Page 398
Further Reading......Page 399
Plant Virus Diseases......Page 400
High Plains Virus......Page 402
Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus......Page 403
Maize Mosaic Virus......Page 405
Maize Rough Dwarf Virus......Page 406
Mal de Rio Cuarto Virus......Page 407
Further Reading......Page 408
Rice Dwarf......Page 409
Rice Gall Dwarf......Page 410
Rice Tungro......Page 411
Rice Stripe......Page 412
Rice Hoja Blanca......Page 413
Rice Stripe Necrosis......Page 414
Further Reading......Page 415
Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus......Page 416
Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus, Barley Mild Mosaic Virus......Page 418
Chinese Wheat Mosaic Virus, Soil-Borne Cereal Mosaic Virus, Soil-Borne Wheat Mosaic Virus......Page 419
Northern Cereal Mosaic Virus......Page 420
Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus......Page 421
Barley Yellow Dwarf-MAV, -PAS, -PAV; Cereal Yellow Dwarf-GPV, -RPS, -RPV; RMV; SGV......Page 422
Geographical Distribution......Page 423
Symptoms and Yield Losses......Page 424
Causal Agent with Classification......Page 426
Symptoms and Losses......Page 427
Control......Page 429
Further Reading......Page 430
Epidemiology......Page 431
Geographical distribution......Page 432
Causal agent and classification......Page 433
Causal agent and classification......Page 434
Control......Page 435
Further Reading......Page 436
Legumes......Page 437
Legume Viruses......Page 438
Variation of Legume Viruses......Page 439
By contact......Page 440
By living organisms......Page 441
Epidemiology......Page 442
Economic Importance......Page 443
Further Reading......Page 444
Introduction......Page 445
Cassava Mosaic Disease......Page 446
Virus Diseases of Potato......Page 447
Cacao Swollen Shoot Disease......Page 448
Relevant Website......Page 449
Causal Agents and Classification......Page 450
Transmission......Page 451
Disease Symptoms and Yield Losses......Page 452
Disease Symptoms and Yield Losses......Page 453
Transmission......Page 454
Glossary......Page 455
Virus Diseases of Pelargonium......Page 456
Specific pelargonium viruses......Page 457
Specific petunia viruses......Page 459
Viruses nonspecific of petunias......Page 460
Virus Diseases of Balsaminaceae......Page 462
Bacopa, Diascia, Nemesia, Angelonia......Page 463
Virus Diseases of Verbenaceae......Page 467
Compositae or Asteraceae include plant species from all over the world......Page 469
Tulipa, Lilium......Page 472
Virus Diseases of Orchidaceae......Page 473
Virus Control in Ornamentals......Page 474
Further Reading......Page 476
Potato Viruses: One Century......Page 477
Spread of Potato Viruses......Page 478
The Major Potato Viruses......Page 483
Potato Virus Y......Page 484
Potato Leafroll Virus......Page 485
Potato Virus S and Potato Virus M......Page 486
Tobacco Rattle Virus......Page 487
Potato Mop-Top Virus......Page 488
Further Reading......Page 489
Introduction......Page 490
Bromoviruses......Page 491
Cucumber mosaic and alfalfa mosaic viruses......Page 493
Tospoviruses......Page 494
Nepoviruses......Page 495
Tobacco rosette and other diseases with dependent transmission......Page 496
Relevant Website......Page 497
Pathogen......Page 498
Control Measures......Page 500
A Few Special Cases......Page 502
Tobamoviruses......Page 503
Turnip Mosaic Virus......Page 504
Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus......Page 505
Relevant Website......Page 506
Fungal Viruses......Page 508
Distribution and Taxonomy......Page 510
Transmission and Ecology......Page 512
Cytopathology and Cell Biology......Page 514
Replication and Virion Assembly......Page 515
Further Reading......Page 516
Genome Organization and Expression......Page 517
Transmission and Host Range......Page 518
Introduction......Page 519
Genome Organization......Page 520
Chrysovirus dsRNA2s Code for CP......Page 522
Virion Structure......Page 524
Biological Properties......Page 525
Evolutionary Relationships among Chrysoviruses......Page 526
Further Reading......Page 528
Biophysical Properties......Page 529
Organization of the Dicistrovirus Genome......Page 530
Virus Replication and Genome Expression......Page 531
Host Range......Page 532
Geographic and Strain Variation......Page 534
Similarity with Other Taxa......Page 535
Host Range......Page 536
Mixed Infections......Page 537
ssRNA Viruses......Page 538
Unassigned ssRNA Viruses......Page 540
Recent Technical Advances in Fungal Virology......Page 541
Mycovirus as Biocontrol Agents and as Tools for Fundamental Studies......Page 542
Fungal Viruses......Page 543
Perturbation of Virulence/Development......Page 544
Transmission of CHV1......Page 545
Hypovirulence as Developmental Perturbation......Page 546
Introduction......Page 549
Hypovirus Gene Expression Strategy......Page 550
Hypovirus-Host Interactions......Page 552
Prospects for Biological Control......Page 553
Mycoreoviruses......Page 554
Structure-Function Relationships......Page 555
Genome Structures, Organizations, and Relationships......Page 556
Mycoreovirus-1/Cp9B21......Page 557
Mycoreovirus-3/RnW370......Page 558
Further Reading......Page 559
Viral Genomes......Page 560
Generation of Narnaviruses In Vivo......Page 562
cis-Acting Signals for Replication......Page 563
Narnavirus Persistence in the Host......Page 564
Introduction......Page 566
Virion Structure and Composition......Page 567
Genome Expression and Virus Multiplication......Page 568
Transmission of Partitiviruses......Page 570
Introduction and History......Page 571
Self-Propagating Amyloid as the Basis for Most Yeast Prions......Page 572
Formation of Prions by Sup35p and Ure2p Homologs......Page 573
Shuffleable Prion Domains Suggests Parallel In-Register beta-Sheet Structure......Page 574
Further Reading......Page 575
Introduction......Page 576
Types of Retrotransposons......Page 577
Distribution of Retrotransposons......Page 580
LTR Retrotransposons......Page 581
Other Retrotransposons......Page 582
Retrotransposons and Fungal Genomes......Page 583
Glossary......Page 584
Virion Properties......Page 585
Virion Structure and Composition......Page 586
Genome Organization and Expression......Page 587
Virus Replication Cycle......Page 588
Biological Properties......Page 589
Virus-Host Relationships......Page 591
Evolutionary Relationships among Totiviruses......Page 593
Introduction......Page 595
Genome Structure......Page 596
The Ustilago maydis Killer Toxins......Page 597
Viral Structure......Page 599
Further Reading......Page 600
Genome Organization......Page 601
Viral Translation......Page 602
Further Reading......Page 604
Subject Index......Page 606