Design of Reinforced Concrete

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright
......Page 6
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 17
1.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material......Page 21
1.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material......Page 22
1.4 Historical Background......Page 23
1.5 Comparison of Reinforced Concrete and Structural Steel for Buildings and Bridges......Page 25
1.7 Design Codes......Page 26
1.9 Types of Portland Cement......Page 27
1.10 Admixtures......Page 29
Compressive Strength......Page 30
Static Modulus of Elasticity......Page 32
Poisson’s Ratio......Page 33
Shrinkage......Page 34
Creep......Page 35
Tensile Strength......Page 36
Shear Strength......Page 37
1.12 Aggregates......Page 38
1.13 High-Strength Concretes......Page 39
1.14 Fiber-Reinforced Concretes......Page 40
1.15 Concrete Durability......Page 41
1.16 Reinforcing Steel......Page 42
1.17 Grades of Reinforcing Steel......Page 44
1.18 SI Bar Sizes and Material Strengths......Page 45
1.20 Identifying Marks on Reinforcing Bars......Page 46
1.22 Dead Loads......Page 48
1.23 Live Loads......Page 49
1.24 Environmental Loads......Page 50
1.25 Selection of Design Loads......Page 52
1.26 Calculation Accuracy......Page 53
Problems......Page 54
Concrete Cracked–Elastic Stresses Stage......Page 55
Beam Failure—Ultimate-Strength Stage......Page 56
2.2 Cracking Moment......Page 58
2.3 Elastic Stresses-Concrete Cracked......Page 61
Discussion......Page 64
2.4 Ultimate or Nominal Flexural Moments......Page 68
2.5 SI Example......Page 71
2.6 Computer Examples......Page 72
Problems......Page 74
3.1 Design Methods......Page 85
3.3 Structural Safety......Page 86
3.4 Derivation of Beam Expressions......Page 87
3.5 Strains in Flexural Members......Page 90
3.7 Strength Reduction or ö Factors......Page 91
3.8 Minimum Percentage of Steel......Page 94
3.9 Balanced Steel Percentage......Page 95
3.10 Example Problems......Page 96
3.11 Computer Examples......Page 99
Problems......Page 100
4.1 Load Factors......Page 102
4.2 Design of Rectangular Beams......Page 105
4.3 Beam Design Examples......Page 109
Skin Reinforcement for Deep Beams......Page 115
Use of ρ Formula......Page 116
Trial-and-Error (Iterative) Method......Page 117
4.6 Bundled Bars......Page 118
4.7 One-Way Slabs......Page 119
4.8 Cantilever Beams and Continuous Beams......Page 122
4.9 SI Example......Page 123
4.10 Computer Example......Page 125
Problems......Page 126
5.1 T Beams......Page 132
5.2 Analysis of T Beams......Page 134
5.3 Another Method for Analyzing T Beams......Page 138
5.4 Design of T Beams......Page 140
5.5 Design of T Beams for Negative Moments......Page 145
5.7 Compression Steel......Page 147
5.8 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams......Page 152
5.9 SI Examples......Page 156
5.10 Computer Examples......Page 158
Problems......Page 163
6.2 Importance of Deflections......Page 174
Minimum Thicknesses......Page 175
Camber......Page 176
6.4 Calculation of Deflections......Page 177
6.5 Effective Moments of Inertia......Page 178
6.6 Long-Term Deflections......Page 180
6.7 Simple-Beam Deflections......Page 182
6.8 Continuous-Beam Deflections......Page 184
6.9 Types of Cracks......Page 190
6.10 Control of Flexural Cracks......Page 191
6.11 ACI Code Provisions Concerning Cracks......Page 195
6.13 SI Example......Page 196
6.14 Computer Example......Page 197
Problems......Page 199
7.1 Cutting Off or Bending Bars......Page 204
7.2 Bond Stresses......Page 207
7.3 Development Lengths for Tension Reinforcing......Page 209
7.4 Development Lengths for Bundled Bars......Page 217
7.5 Hooks......Page 219
7.6 Development Lengths for Welded Wire Fabric in Tension......Page 223
7.7 Development Lengths for Compression Bars......Page 224
7.9 Effect of Combined Shear and Moment on Development Lengths......Page 226
7.10 Effect of Shape of Moment Diagram on Development Lengths......Page 227
7.11 Cutting Off or Bending Bars (Continued)......Page 228
7.12 Bar Splices in Flexural Members......Page 231
7.14 Compression Splices......Page 233
7.15 Headed and Mechanically Anchored Bars......Page 234
7.16 SI Example......Page 235
7.17 Computer Example......Page 236
Problems......Page 237
8.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams......Page 243
8.3 Lightweight Concrete......Page 244
8.4 Shear Strength of Concrete......Page 245
8.5 Shear Cracking of Reinforced Concrete Beams......Page 246
8.6 Web Reinforcement......Page 247
8.7 Behavior of Beams with Web Reinforcement......Page 249
8.8 Design for Shear......Page 251
8.9 ACI Code Requirements......Page 252
8.10 Shear Design Example Problems......Page 257
8.11 Economical Spacing of Stirrups......Page 267
8.12 Shear Friction and Corbels......Page 269
8.13 Shear Strength of Members Subjected to Axial Forces......Page 271
8.14 Shear Design Provisions for Deep Beams......Page 273
8.15 Introductory Comments on Torsion......Page 274
8.16 SI Example......Page 276
8.17 Computer Example......Page 277
Problems......Page 278
9.1 General......Page 283
9.2 Types of Columns......Page 284
9.4 Failure of Tied and Spiral Columns......Page 286
9.5 Code Requirements for Cast-in-Place Columns......Page 289
9.6 Safety Provisions for Columns......Page 291
9.7 Design Formulas......Page 292
9.8 Comments on Economical Column Design......Page 293
9.9 Design of Axially Loaded Columns......Page 294
9.10 SI Example......Page 297
9.11 Computer Example......Page 298
Problems......Page 299
10.1 Axial Load and Bending......Page 301
10.2 The Plastic Centroid......Page 302
10.3 Development of Interaction Diagrams......Page 304
10.4 Use of Interaction Diagrams......Page 310
10.5 Code Modifications of Column Interaction Diagrams......Page 312
10.6 Design and Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded Columns Using Interaction Diagrams......Page 314
Caution......Page 315
10.7 Shear in Columns......Page 321
10.8 Biaxial Bending......Page 322
10.9 Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns......Page 326
10.10 Continued Discussion of Capacity Reduction Factors, ö......Page 329
10.11 Computer Example......Page 331
Problems......Page 332
11.2 Nonsway and Sway Frames......Page 337
Effective Length Factors......Page 338
11.4 Determining k Factors with Alignment Charts......Page 341
11.5 Determining k Factors with Equations......Page 342
11.6 First-Order Analyses Using Special Member Properties......Page 343
11.7 Slender Columns in Nonsway and Sway Frames......Page 344
Avoiding Slender Columns......Page 345
11.9 Magnification of Column Moments in Nonsway Frames......Page 348
11.10 Magnification of Column Moments in Sway Frames......Page 353
11.11 Analysis of Sway Frames......Page 356
11.12 Computer Examples......Page 362
Problems......Page 364
12.2 Types of Footings......Page 367
12.3 Actual Soil Pressures......Page 370
12.4 Allowable Soil Pressures......Page 371
12.5 Design of Wall Footings......Page 372
12.6 Design of Square Isolated Footings......Page 377
Shears......Page 379
Moments......Page 381
12.8 Load Transfer from Columns to Footings......Page 384
12.9 Rectangular Isolated Footings......Page 389
12.10 Combined Footings......Page 392
12.11 Footing Design for Equal Settlements......Page 398
12.12 Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments......Page 400
12.13 Transfer of Horizontal Forces......Page 402
12.14 Plain Concrete Footings......Page 403
12.15 SI Example......Page 406
12.16 Computer Examples......Page 408
Problems......Page 411
13.2 Types of Retaining Walls......Page 414
13.3 Drainage......Page 417
13.4 Failures of Retaining Walls......Page 418
13.5 Lateral Pressure on Retaining Walls......Page 419
13.6 Footing Soil Pressures......Page 424
13.7 Design of Semigravity Retaining Walls......Page 425
13.8 Effect of Surcharge......Page 428
Stem Thickness......Page 429
Base Length......Page 430
Stem......Page 433
Factor of Safety Against Sliding......Page 434
Toe Design......Page 436
13.11 Cracks and Wall Joints......Page 444
Problems......Page 446
14.3 Qualitative Influence Lines......Page 451
14.4 Limit Design......Page 454
The Collapse Mechanism......Page 456
Plastic Analysis by the Equilibrium Method......Page 458
14.5 Limit Design under the ACI Code......Page 462
14.7 Approximate Analysis of Continuous Frames for Vertical Loads......Page 465
ACI Coefficients for Continuous Beams and Slabs......Page 466
Equivalent Rigid-Frame Method......Page 471
14.8 Approximate Analysis of Continuous Frames for Lateral Loads......Page 474
Frame Analysis by Portal Method......Page 477
14.9 Computer Analysis of Building Frames......Page 478
Positive-Moment Reinforcement......Page 479
Negative-Moment Reinforcement......Page 482
Problems......Page 485
15.1 Introduction......Page 490
15.2 Torsional Reinforcing......Page 491
15.3 Torsional Moments that Have to Be Considered in Design......Page 494
15.4 Torsional Stresses......Page 495
15.5 When Torsional Reinforcing Is Required by the ACI......Page 496
15.6 Torsional Moment Strength......Page 497
15.7 Design of Torsional Reinforcing......Page 498
15.8 Additional ACI Requirements......Page 499
15.9 Example Problems Using U.S. Customary Units......Page 500
15.10 SI Equations and Example Problem......Page 503
15.11 Computer Example......Page 507
Problems......Page 508
16.1 Introduction......Page 512
Equivalent Frame Method......Page 515
16.4 Column and Middle Strips......Page 516
16.5 Shear Resistance of Slabs......Page 517
Slabs without Interior Beams......Page 520
Slabs with Interior Beams......Page 523
16.7 Limitations of Direct Design Method......Page 525
16.8 Distribution of Moments in Slabs......Page 526
16.9 Design of an Interior Flat Plate......Page 531
16.10 Placing of Live Loads......Page 534
16.11 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs with Beams......Page 537
16.12 Transfer of Moments and Shears between Slabs and Columns......Page 542
16.14 Computer Example......Page 548
Problems......Page 550
17.1 Moment Distribution for Nonprismatic Members......Page 552
17.2 Introduction to the Equivalent Frame Method......Page 553
17.3 Properties of Slab Beams......Page 555
17.4 Properties of Columns......Page 558
17.5 Example Problem......Page 560
17.6 Computer Analysis......Page 564
17.7 Computer Example......Page 565
Problems......Page 566
18.2 Non-Load-Bearing Walls......Page 567
18.3 Load-Bearing Concrete Walls-Empirical Design Method......Page 569
18.4 Load-Bearing Concrete Walls-Rational Design......Page 572
18.5 Shear Walls......Page 574
18.6 ACI Provisions for Shear Walls......Page 578
18.7 Economy in Wall Construction......Page 583
18.8 Computer Example......Page 584
Problems......Page 585
19.1 Introduction......Page 587
19.3 Pretensioning and Posttensioning......Page 589
19.4 Materials Used for Prestressed Concrete......Page 590
19.5 Stress Calculations......Page 592
19.6 Shapes of Prestressed Sections......Page 596
19.7 Prestress Losses......Page 599
Elastic Shortening of the Concrete......Page 600
Relaxation or Creep in the Tendons......Page 601
19.8 Ultimate Strength of Prestressed Sections......Page 602
Discussion......Page 605
19.9 Deflections......Page 606
Additional Deflection Comments......Page 609
More Detailed Analysis......Page 610
19.11 Design of Shear Reinforcement......Page 611
Composite Construction......Page 615
Partial Prestressing......Page 616
19.13 Computer Example......Page 617
Problems......Page 618
Concrete Masonry Units......Page 622
Mortar......Page 623
Reinforcing......Page 625
20.3 Specified Compressive Strength of Masonry......Page 626
20.5 Walls with Out-of-Plane Loads-Non-Load-Bearing Walls......Page 627
20.6 Masonry Lintels......Page 631
Shear Design of Lintels......Page 632
Deflections......Page 633
Deflections......Page 635
20.7 Walls with Out-of-Plane Loads-Load-Bearing......Page 636
Secondary Bending Moments in Walls Loaded Out-of-Plane: The P-δ Effect......Page 638
P-δ Analysis for Load Case 4 (Pu = 1160 lb/ft, Mu = 16,712 in-lb/ft)......Page 640
Check for Compliance with the Maximum Reinforcing Provisions......Page 642
20.8 Walls with In-Plane Loading-Shear Walls......Page 643
Shear Capacity of Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls......Page 646
Design of Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls......Page 647
20.9 Computer Example......Page 648
Problems......Page 650
Appendix A: Tables and Graphs: U.S. Customary Units......Page 651
Appendix B: Tables in SI Units......Page 689
C.3 Shear Span and Behavior Regions......Page 695
C.4 Truss Analogy......Page 697
Strength of Struts......Page 698
C.7 Selecting a Truss Model......Page 699
C.8 Angles of Struts in Truss Models......Page 701
C.9 Design Procedure......Page 702
D.1 Introduction......Page 703
MCE Spectral Response Accelerations and Design Response Accelerations......Page 704
D.4 Risk and Importance Factors......Page 706
Vertical Forces......Page 707
Lateral Forces......Page 708
D.7 Detailing Requirements for Different Classes of Reinforced Concrete Moment Frames......Page 711
Problems......Page 718
Glossary......Page 719
Index......Page 723