Design and Performance Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems

Title-page_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-Renewable-Energy-Syst
Design and Performance Optimization of Renewable Energy Systems
Copyright_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-Renewable-Energy-Syste
Copyright
Dedication_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-Renewable-Energy-Syst
Dedication
Contents_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-Renewable-Energy-System
Contents
List-of-contribut_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-Renewable-Ener
List of contributors
Preface_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-Renewable-Energy-Systems
Preface
Chapter-1---Applications-of-rene_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of
1 Applications of renewable energy sources
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Solar energy
1.2.1 Solar electricity generation
1.2.2 Heating and cooling
1.2.3 Desalination
1.3 Wind energy
1.4 Geothermal energy
1.4.1 Geothermal electricity
1.4.2 Geothermal heating
1.4.3 Geothermal cooling
1.5 Hydro energy
1.6 Bioenergy
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-2---Renewable-energy-and-_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-o
2 Renewable energy and energy sustainability
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sustainability
2.3 Energy
2.4 Societal energy use and energy sustainability
2.5 Energy sustainability: interpretations, definitions, and needs
2.5.1 Interpretations and definitions of energy sustainability
2.5.2 Needs for energy sustainability
2.5.2.1 Need 1: Obtain sustainable energy resources
2.5.2.2 Need 2: Employ advantageous energy carriers
2.5.2.3 Need 3: Boost efficiencies of energy systems
2.5.2.4 Need 4: Mitigate lifetime environmental impacts of energy systems
2.5.2.5 Need 5: Address nontechnical aspects of energy sustainability
2.5.3 Reflection
2.6 Selected measures relating to renewable energy for enhancing energy sustainability
2.7 Illustrative example: net-zero energy buildings
2.8 Closure
References
Chapter-3---Heat-exchangers-_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-Ren
3 Heat exchangers and nanofluids
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Heat exchanger classification
3.3 Effectiveness concept
3.4 Nanofluids
3.5 Applications of nanofluids in heat exchangers used in renewable energy technologies
3.6 Exergy analysis of nanofluidic heat exchangers
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter-4---Exergy-an_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-Renewable-
4 Exergy analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Exergy
4.3 Procedure for energy and exergy analyses
4.4 Conventional balances: mass, energy, and entropy
4.5 Exergy balance
4.6 Exergy consumption
4.7 Exergy of heat, work, and electricity interactions
4.7.1 Exergy of heat
4.7.2 Exergy of work and electricity
4.8 Exergy of matter
4.8.1 Exergy of matter in a closed system
4.8.2 Exergy of a matter flow
4.8.3 Properties of materials for energy and exergy analyses
4.9 Reference environment
4.10 Efficiencies and other measures of merit
4.10.1 Efficiency conceptually
4.10.2 Energy efficiencies and their deficiencies
4.10.3 Exergy and exergy-based efficiencies
4.11 Applications and implications
4.11.1 Thermodynamic applications of exergy analysis
4.11.2 Other applications of exergy analysis
4.11.3 Implications of results of exergy analyses
4.11.4 Exergy, renewable energy, and sustainability
4.12 Illustrative examples
4.12.1 Illustrative example 1: thermal energy storage
4.12.2 Illustrative example 2: heat pump versus electrical resistance heating
4.13 Closing remarks
Nomenclature
Greek letters
Subscripts
References
Chapter-5---Solar-power-to_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-Renew
5 Solar power tower system
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Case study
5.3 Solar power tower direct steam system
5.3.1 Technology overview
5.3.2 Heliostat field
5.3.3 Central receiver
5.3.4 Rankine cycle component
5.3.5 The heliostat field
5.3.6 Receiver
5.4 Intelligent methods
5.4.1 The proposed methodology
5.4.2 Adaptive neurofuzzy inference system
5.4.3 Biogeography-based optimization algorithm
5.4.4 ANFIS-BBO
5.5 Result and discussion
5.5.1 Receiver power loss
5.5.2 Power absorbed by the receiver
5.5.2.1 Sensitivity analysis
5.5.3 Receiver thermal efficiency
5.5.4 Field simulation
5.5.5 Cycle electrical power output
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-6---Parabolic-trough-s_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-R
6 Parabolic trough solar collectors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Parabolic trough solar collectors: a summary
6.3 Theoretical formulations
6.3.1 Governing equation of the CFD model
6.3.2 Properties of the Ferrofluid
6.3.3 Thermal performance
6.4 Parabolic trough solar collector analysis: a case study
Conclusions
References
Chapter-7---Benefit-cost-analysis-and-paramet_2021_Design-and-Performance-Op
7 Benefit-cost analysis and parametric optimization using Taguchi method for a solar water heater
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Economic analysis of solar water heating system
7.2.1 Concept of time value of money
7.2.2 Opportunity cost of capital or discount rate
7.2.3 Risks associated with the cash flows of an SWH
7.2.4 SWH investment evaluation criteria
7.2.5 Simple payback period
7.2.6 Discounted payback period
7.2.7 Benefit-cost ratio
7.2.8 DCF break-even analysis
7.3 Results and discussion of economic analysis
7.3.1 Simple and discounted payback period
7.3.2 Effects of various parameters on benefit–cost ratio
7.3.3 DCF break-even profile
7.4 Optimization of input parameters using Taguchi method
7.5 Signal-to-noise ratio
7.6 Data analysis and parameter optimization
7.6.1 Analysis and optimization for scenario 1
7.6.2 Analysis and optimization for scenario 2
Conclusions
Nomenclatures
Appendix
References
Chapter-8---Fundamentals-and-performa_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimizati
8 Fundamentals and performance of solar photovoltaic systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The pn junction model for solar cells
8.2.1 Electrostatic analysis in the depletion region
8.2.2 Solution for the quasineutral regions
8.2.3 Current–voltage characteristics
8.3 Photovoltaic modules
8.3.1 Module components and characterizations
8.3.2 Environmental effects on module performance
8.4 Photovoltaic systems
8.4.1 System components
8.4.2 Design for stand-alone systems
8.4.3 Design for grid-connected systems
Conclusion
References
Chapter-9---Cooling-systems-for-linear-_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimiza
9 Cooling systems for linear concentrating photovoltaic (LCPV) system
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Linear concentrating photovoltaic system
9.2.1 Solar concentrator
9.2.2 Photovoltaic cell
9.3 Cooling system
9.3.1 Photovoltaic cell cooler
9.3.2 Water mechanical pumped loop system
9.3.3 Two-phase mechanical pumped loop (TMPL) system
9.3.3.1 Condenser
9.3.3.2 Water tank
9.3.3.3 Accumulator
9.3.3.4 Two-phase mechanical pumped simulation
9.3.4 Vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) system
9.3.4.1 Compressor
9.3.4.2 Expansion device
9.3.4.3 Vapor compression refrigeration simulation
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Nomenclatures
Abbreviations
Subscripts
References
Chapter-10---Geothermal-po_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-Renew
10 Geothermal power plants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Dry steam power plant
10.2.1 Thermodynamic analysis
10.2.2 Exergy analysis
10.3 Single-flash steam power plant
10.3.1 Mass balance
10.3.2 Energy balance
10.3.3 Exergy analysis
10.4 Double-flash steam power plant
10.4.1 Mass balance
10.4.2 Energy balance
10.4.3 Exergy analysis
10.5 Binary power plant (ORC)
10.5.1 Energy balance
10.5.2 Exergy analysis
10.6 Illustrative examples
10.6.1 Example 1
10.6.2 Solution
10.6.3 Example 2
10.6.4 Solution
10.7 Exercises
References
Chapter-11---Heat-pumps-and-ab_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-R
11 Heat pumps and absorption chillers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of heat pumps and their advantages
11.3 Geothermal heat pumps
11.3.1 Site evaluation for geothermal heat pumps
11.3.1.1 Geology
11.3.1.2 Hydrology
11.3.1.3 Land availability
11.3.2 Benefits of geothermal heat pump systems
11.3.3 Basic operating principles of geothermal heat pumps
11.3.3.1 Heating mode
11.3.3.2 Cooling mode
11.4 Conventional heat pump for cooling
11.5 Illustrative examples
11.5.1 Example 1
11.5.2 Solution
11.5.3 Example 2
11.5.4 Solution
11.5.5 Example 3
11.5.6 Solution
11.6 Absorption chillers
11.6.1 Thermodynamic analysis
11.6.2 Illustrative example
11.6.2.1 Example 4
11.6.2.2 Solution
11.7 Closing remarks
References
Chapter-12---Hydrop_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-Renewable-En
12 Hydropower
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Hydropower technology
12.2.1 Classification
12.2.2 Turbine types and their classifications
12.2.3 Large hydropower components
12.2.4 Small hydropower components
12.2.5 Micro hydropower components
12.3 Revaluation concepts for hydroelectric energy storage
12.4 Pumped storage
12.5 Modeling of micro hydroelectric power plants
12.5.1 Flow duration curve
12.5.2 Flow rate measurement
12.5.2.1 Cross sectional area (Ar)
12.5.2.2 Velocity (Vr)
12.5.3 Weir and open channel
12.5.4 Penstock design
12.5.5 Head measurement
12.5.6 Turbine power
12.5.7 Turbine speed
12.5.8 Turbine selection
12.5.8.1 Pelton turbine
12.5.8.2 Francis turbine
12.5.8.3 For Kaplan turbine
12.5.8.4 Cross-flow turbine
12.6 Hydroelectric optimization problem
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-13---Energy-and-exergy-an_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-o
13 Energy and exergy analyses of wind turbines
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Energy analysis of wind turbines
13.3 Exergy analysis of wind turbines
13.4 Numerical example
Conclusions
References
Chapter-14---Energy-s_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-Renewable-
14 Energy storage
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Electrochemical energy storage
14.2.1 Nickel–cadmium (Ni–Cd) batteries
14.2.2 Nickel–zinc batteries
14.2.3 Lead–acid batteries
14.2.4 Lithium-ion batteries
14.3 Hydrogen energy storage
14.4 Mechanical energy storage
14.4.1 Flywheel electric energy storage
14.4.2 Compressed air energy storage
14.5 Electromagnetic energy storage
14.5.1 Super capacitor energy storage
14.5.2 Superconducting magnetic energy storage
14.6 Fuel cells
14.6.1 Thermodynamic analysis
14.6.2 Illustrative example
14.6.3 Solution
14.7 Thermal energy storage
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-15---Use-of-nanofluids-in_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-o
15 Use of nanofluids in solar energy systems
15.1 Nanofluid: a new generation of heat transfer fluids
15.1.1 Nanofluid preparation
15.1.1.1 Single-step
15.1.1.2 Two-step
15.1.2 Type of nanofluids
15.1.3 Thermophysical properties
15.1.3.1 Viscosity
15.1.3.2 Thermal conductivity
15.1.4 Other properties
15.1.4.1 Density
15.1.5 Mathematical modeling convection heat transfer through nanofluids
15.1.5.1 Single-phase approach
15.1.5.2 Two-phase approach
15.1.5.3 Mixture model
15.1.6 Natural convection
15.1.7 Forced and mixed convection
15.2 Renewable energy versus nonrenewable energy
15.3 Solar energy
15.3.1 Solar collectors
15.3.1.1 Different types of solar collectors
15.3.1.2 Nonconcentrating solar collectors
15.3.1.2.1 Flat-plate solar collectors
15.3.1.2.2 Compound parabolic collector
15.3.1.3 Concentrating solar collectors
15.3.1.3.1 Parabolic trough collector
15.3.1.3.1.1 Modeling of energy transfer
15.3.1.3.2 Parabolic dish collector
15.3.1.3.3 Linear Fresnel collector
15.3.3.4 Central receiver of heliostat field collectors
15.4 Simulation of nanofluid flow through solar absorbers
15.4.1 Role of nanofluid in absorbing solar energy
15.5 Solar stills
15.6 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter-16---Artificial-Intelligence-ap_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimiza
16 Artificial Intelligence applications in renewable energy systems
16.1 What is Artificial Intelligence?
16.2 Artificial Intelligence and renewable energy
16.3 Artificial Intelligence examples for a photovoltaic solar cell: case study
16.3.1 Artificial Neural Network
16.3.2 Fuzzy Logic
16.3.3 Metaheuristic techniques
16.3.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization
16.3.3.2 Salp Swarm Algorithm
16.3.3.3 Grey Wolf Optimizer
16.3.3.4 Genetic Algorithm
16.3.3.5 Simulated Annealing algorithm
16.3.4 Case study: numerical example
16.3.4.1 Black-box model
16.3.4.1.1 Artificial Neural Network
16.3.4.1.2 Fuzzy Logic
16.3.4.2 Grey-box model
16.3.4.2.1 Particle Swarm Optimization
16.3.4.2.2 Salp Swarm Algorithm
16.3.4.2.3 Grey Wolf Optimizer
16.3.4.2.4 Genetic Algorithm
16.3.4.2.5 Simulated Annealing
References
Index_2021_Design-and-Performance-Optimization-of-Renewable-Energy-Systems
Index