Design and Applications of Theranostic Nanomedicines

Design and Applications of Theranostic NanomedicinesWoodhead Publishing Series in BiomaterialsEdited bySomasree RayProfesso ...
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
Preface
1. Theranostic nanostructures as nanomedicines: benefits, costs, and future challenges
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanotechnology, nanoscale, and nanostructures
1.2.1 Carbonaceous-based hybrid nanostructures
1.2.2 Organic-based nanostructures
1.2.3 Inorganic-based nanostructures
1.3 Design of theranostic nanostructures as nanomedicines
1.3.1 Therapeutic pay-loads
1.3.1.1 Therapeutics
1.3.1.2 Imaging
1.3.2 Nanocarriers
1.3.2.1 Polymeric nanoparticles and micelles
1.3.2.2 Lipid nanovesicles
1.3.2.3 Dendrimers
1.3.2.4 Protein-based nanostructures
1.3.2.5 Metallic nanostructures
1.3.2.6 Ceramic nanostructures
1.3.2.7 Nanocomposites
1.3.2.8 Nanoconjugates
1.4 Applications of theranostic nanostructures as nanomedicines
1.5 Benefits and costs of theranostic nanostructures as nanomedicines
1.6 Challenges of theranostic nanostructures as nanomedicines
1.7 Conclusion
References
2. Theranostic nanogels: design and applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nanogels
2.3 Theranostic nanogels
2.4 Designs of theranostic nanogels
2.4.1 Optical imaging
2.4.2 Magnetic resonance imaging
2.4.3 Ultrasound imaging
2.4.4 Photoacoustic imaging
2.4.5 Positron emission tomography
2.4.6 X-ray computed tomography
2.4.7 Multimodal imaging
2.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3. Exosomes: a novel tool for diagnosis and therapy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Exosomes
3.3 Biological functions of exosomes
3.4 Exosomes as biomarkers of diseases
3.4.1 Targeted exosomes for cancer therapy
3.5 Exosomes as therapeutic tools in other pathologies
3.6 Exosomes as a novel tool for diagnosis
References
4. Engineered liposomes as drug delivery and imaging agents
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Liposomes and their classifications
4.3 Preparation of liposomes
4.3.1 Conventional methods
4.3.1.1 Hydration method
4.3.1.2 Electroformation method
4.3.1.3 Bulk methods
4.3.2 Novel methods
4.3.2.1 Recent hydration techniques
Heating method
Curvature tuning method
Packed bed-assisted hydration method
Localized IR heating method
Osmotic shock method
Spray drying method
Freeze drying and lyophilization method
Gel assisted hydration
Hydration on glass beads
4.3.2.2 Recent electroformation method
Modified electroformation method
Electroformation in microfluidics
4.3.2.3 Recent bulk methods
Membrane contractor
Microfluidics
Supercritical fluids technique
Stationary phase interdiffusion (SPI) method
Modified detergent depletion technique
4.4 Rationale for the development of engineered liposomes
4.4.1 Engineered liposomes
4.4.1.1 PEGylated liposomes
4.4.1.2 Engineering of liposomes with peptides
4.4.1.3 Engineering of liposomes with antibody
4.4.1.4 Engineering of liposomes with aptamers
4.4.1.5 Engineering of liposomes with small molecules
4.4.1.6 Biopolymer-coated liposomes
4.4.1.7 Radiolabeled liposomes
4.5 Engineered liposomes in drug delivery
4.6 Engineered liposomes in imaging
4.7 Theranostic engineered liposomes
4.8 Challenges and limitations of engineered liposomes as nanotheranostics
4.9 Conclusion and future perspective
References
5. Polymeric micelles for theranostic uses
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Advantages and disadvantages of polymeric micelle
5.2.1 Advantages
5.2.1.1 Disadvantages
5.3 Different types of polymer micelle as carrier systems used for the delivery of drugs
5.3.1 Micelle forming polymer-drug conjugates
5.3.2 Polymeric micellar nanoparticles
5.3.2.1 Dialysis method
5.3.2.2 o/w emulsion method
5.3.2.3 Solvent evaporation method
5.3.2.4 Cosolvent evaporation method
5.3.2.5 Freeze-drying method
5.3.3 Polyion complex micelle
5.4 Mechanism of drug release from polymeric micelles
5.5 Pharmaceutical applications of polymeric micelle
5.5.1 Use of polymeric micelle as a solubilizing agent for water-insoluble drugs
5.5.2 Passive targeting of drug-using polymer micelle
5.5.3 Active targeting of drugs using polymeric micelle
5.6 Conclusion
References
6. Dendrimers: an effective drug delivery and therapeutic approach
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Synthesis procedure of dendrimer structure
6.2.1 Convergent and divergent method
6.2.2 Hypermonomer method/branched monomer synthesis approach
6.2.3 Lego chemistry
6.2.4 Click chemistry
6.2.5 Orthogonal synthesis
6.2.6 Double exponential
6.3 Dendrimers in drug delivery
6.4 Advancement of dendrimer-based drug delivery in biomedical field
6.4.1 Progress of dendrimer-based research against cancer
6.4.2 Dendrimers in pharmaceutical preparations for brain delivery
6.4.3 Dendrimer-based drug delivery in topical preparations
6.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
7. Nanocochleates: A novel lipid-based nanocarrier system for drug delivery
7.1 Introduction
7.2 History of the development of nanocochleates
7.3 Chemistry and mechanism of self-assembly of nanocochleates
7.4 Components of nanocochleates
7.4.1 Lipids
7.4.2 Cations
7.4.3 Drugs
7.5 Routes of administration
7.6 Advantages of nanocochleate-based drug delivery system
7.7 Limitations of nanocochleate-based drug delivery system
7.8 Mechanism of action of nanocochleate-based drug delivery system
7.8.1 Absorption after oral administration
7.8.2 Delivery to targeted cell
7.8.2.1 Delivery after phagocytosis
7.8.2.2 Delivery by cell membrane fusion
7.9 Method of nanocochleates preparation
7.9.1 Trapping method
7.9.2 Hydrogel method
7.9.3 Liposomes before cochleates (LC) dialysis method
7.9.4 Direct calcium (DC) dialysis method
7.9.5 Binary aqueous-aqueous emulsion system
7.9.6 Solvent drip method
7.10 Stabilization of nanocochleates
7.11 Characterization of nanocochleates
7.11.1 Particle size determination
7.11.2 Density
7.11.3 Drug content
7.11.4 Encapsulation efficiency (EE)
7.11.5 Stability study
7.11.6 Specific surface area
7.11.7 Surface charge determination
7.11.8 Cochleates-cell interaction
7.11.9 In vitro release study
7.11.10 Surface morphology study
7.11.11 Structural study of nanocochleates
7.11.12 Differential scanning calorimetry study
7.11.13 Determination of surface hydrophobicity of nanocochleates
7.12 Applications of nanocochleate-based drug delivery system
7.12.1 Delivery of antifungal agents
7.12.2 Delivery of antibacterial agents
7.12.3 ApoA1 formulation
7.12.4 Delivery of essential oils
7.12.5 Delivery of nutraceuticals
7.12.6 Delivery of vaccines
7.12.7 Gene delivery
7.12.8 Delivery of factor VIII
7.12.9 Delivery of insulin
7.12.10 Delivery of anti-inflammatory agents
7.12.11 Topical drug delivery
7.12.12 Delivery of anticancer agents
7.12.13 Delivery of andrographolide (AN)
7.12.14 Delivery of resveratrol (RSV)
7.12.15 Delivery of artemisinin (ART)
7.12.16 Delivery of cyclosporine A (CsA)
7.13 Commercial status of nanocochleates
7.14 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
8. Theranostic applications of nanoemulsions in pulmonary diseases
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Nanoemulsions formulation
8.1.2 Nanoemulsions fabrication
8.1.2.1 High-energy emulsification techniques
8.1.2.1.1 Microfluidization
8.1.2.1.2 High-pressure homogenizer
8.1.2.1.3 Ultrasonication
8.1.2.2 Low-energy emulsification techniques
8.1.2.2.1 Phase inversion technique
8.1.2.2.2 Solvent displacement method
8.1.2.2.3 Self-emulsification method
8.1.3 Characterization of NEs
8.1.3.1 Characterization of NE aerosols
8.1.4 Generations of NEs
8.1.4.1 First-generation NEs
8.1.4.2 Second-generation NEs
8.1.4.3 Third-generation NEs
8.1.5 General anatomy of the respiratory system
8.2 Theranostic applications of NEs
8.2.1 Combined theranostic NEs
8.3 NEs-based drug delivery systems
8.3.1 NEs-based drug delivery systems for cancer treatment
8.3.2 NEs-based drug delivery systems for bacterial diseases
8.3.3 NEs-based drug delivery systems for fungal diseases
8.3.4 NEs-based drug delivery systems for bacterial and fungal diseases
8.3.5 NEs-based drug delivery systems for pulmonary arterial hypertension
8.3.6 NEs-based systems for antibodies delivery
8.3.7 NEs-based drug delivery systems for acute lung injury
8.4 NEs-based diagnostics
8.4.1 NEs-based systems for cancer detection
8.4.2 NEs-based systems for thrombosis detection
8.5 Clearance of NEs
8.6 Advantages and disadvantages of NEs
8.6.1 Advantages of NEs [12,27,235,236]
8.6.2 Disadvantages of NEs [27,235,236]
8.7 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Further reading
9. Polymeric nanoparticles as tumor-targeting theranostic platform
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definition of nanothranostics with some examples
9.3 Significance of nanotheranostic and comparison between nanotheranostic and nanotherapeutics
9.4 Advantages of polymeric nanoparticles for tumor targeting
9.5 Nanoparticles for imaging, diagnosis, and therapy
9.6 Different methods of tumor targeting
9.6.1 Passive targeting
9.6.2 Active targeting
9.6.3 Physical targeting
9.7 Polymeric nanomedicines in a clinical trial
9.8 Future prospect
9.9 Conclusion
References
10. Site-specific theranostic uses of stimuli responsive nanohydrogels
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of nano hydrogel
10.3 Stimulus responsive nanogels
10.3.1 Single stimuli responsive nanogels
10.3.1.1 pH sensitive nanogels
10.3.1.2 Temperature sensitive nanogels
10.3.1.3 Redox responsive nanogels
10.3.1.4 Light responsive nanogels
10.3.1.5 Magnetic field responsive nanogels
10.3.2 Dual-stimuli responsive nano hydrogel
10.3.2.1 pH and temperature-sensitive nanogel
10.3.2.2 pH and redox sensitive nanogel
10.4 Applications of nanogels in drug delivery
10.5 Toxicity of stimulus sensitive nanogels
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Ligand appended theranostic nanocarriers for targeted blood–brain barrier
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Blood–brain barrier
11.2.1 What is BBB?
11.2.1.1 Cellular transport channels
11.2.1.2 Essential features of the BBB
11.2.1.3 Cells of the BBB
11.2.1.3.1 Endothelial cells
11.2.1.3.2 Astrocytes
11.2.1.3.3 Pericytes
11.2.1.3.4 Basement membrane
11.2.1.3.5 Neurons
11.2.2 Physiological properties of BBB
11.2.2.1 Regulation of the BBB formation and homeostasis
11.2.2.2 Regulation of barrier properties during angiogenesis
11.2.2.3 Regulation of the BBB by pericytes
11.2.2.4 Regulation of the BBB by astrocytes
11.2.3 Crossing the BBB
11.2.3.1 Passive permeability
11.2.3.2 Carrier-mediated transport
11.2.3.3 Active efflux transport
11.2.3.4 Receptor-mediated transport
11.2.3.5 Adsorption-mediated transport
11.3 Ligand appended nanocarriers
11.3.1 Types of nanocarriers
11.3.1.1 Folate
11.3.1.2 Transferrin
11.3.1.3 Aptamers
11.3.1.4 Antibodies
11.3.1.5 Peptides
11.3.2 Preparation methods
11.3.2.1 Covalent coupling
11.3.2.2 Noncovalent coupling
11.3.3 Physicochemical properties
11.3.3.1 Size and shape of the nanomaterials
11.3.3.2 Surface charge of nanoparticles
11.3.3.3 Surface chemistry of nanoparticles
11.4 Applications of ligand appended nanocarriers
11.5 Underlying challenges and future prospects
References
12. Nanotheranostics in CNS Malignancy
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Glioblastoma
12.3 Blood brain barrier (BBB)
12.4 Blood brain tumor barrier (BBTB)
12.5 Nanotheranostics
12.5.1 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
12.5.2 Quantum dots (QDs)
12.5.3 Magnetic nanoparticles
12.5.4 Mesosporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs)
12.5.5 Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)
12.5.6 Dendrimers
12.5.7 Liposomes
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. Application of nanotheranostics in cancer
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nanomedicines as cancer theranostics
13.2.1 Super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs)
13.2.2 Gold nanotheranostics
13.2.3 Application of quantum dots (QDs) as nanotheranostics
13.2.4 Applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon dots (CDs), and graphene as nanotheranostics
13.2.5 Micelles
13.2.6 Liposomes nanotheranostics
13.3 Emergence and scope of nanotheranostics
13.4 Conclusion
References
14. Self-assembled protein nanoparticles for multifunctional theranostic uses
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Self-assembly of proteins
14.1.2 Self-assembling protein nanoparticle (SAPN) morphologies
14.1.3 SAPN applications
14.1.3.1 Bionanotechnology applications
14.1.3.2 Improving vaccine immunogenicity with a new platform
14.1.3.3 Vaccines
14.1.3.4 Malaria
14.1.3.5 SARS
14.1.3.6 Toxoplasmosis
14.1.3.7 Influenza
14.1.3.8 SAPNs for HIV-1 vaccine development
References
15. Nanotheranostics: The toxicological implications
15.1 Nanotheranostics: A tool for personifying medicine
15.2 Nanotheranostics: Bridging a therapeutic notch
15.3 Toxicity in nanotheranostics
15.4 Hazards associated with nanotheranostics
15.5 Factors influencing toxic responses to nanotheranostic agents
15.5.1 Surface area and size
15.5.2 Surface characteristics
15.5.3 Confounding effects of impurities and stability
15.5.4 Route of exposure
15.6 Toxic concern of materials commonly used in nanotheranostics
15.6.1 Gold nanoparticles
15.6.2 Copper sulfide nanoparticles
15.6.3 Fullerene
15.6.4 Dendrimers
15.6.5 Quantum dots
15.7 Silica
15.8 Toxicity in nanotheranostics: the mechanistic basis
15.9 Toxicity evaluation of nanotheranostic agents: testing systems in vitro and in vivo
15.10 Conclusion
References
Index
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