Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Series: Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology

Front cover
Inside front cover
Dermatopathology
Copyright page
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Table of Contents
1 Histology of the Skin
Epidermis
Melanocytes
Langerhans Cells
Merkel Cells
Basement Membrane
Dermis
Appendages
Eccrine Glands
Apocrine Glands
Sebaceous Glands
Hair Follicle
Anagen Phase
Catagen Phase
Telogen Phase
Nail
Subcutis
Inflammatory Cells
Suggested Further Reading
2 Non-neoplastic Disorders
1 Inflammatory Diseases of the Dermis and Epidermis
Spongiotic Dermatitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Irritant Contact Dermatitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Nummular Dermatitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Atopic Dermatitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Dyshidrotic Dermatitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Papular Dermatitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Urticarial Dermatitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pityriasis Rosea
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Psoriasiform Dermatitis
Psoriasis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lichen Simplex Chronicus and Prurigo Nodularis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Necrolytic Migratory Erythema
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Interface Dermatitis
Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Fixed Drug Reaction
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lichen Planus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pityriasis Lichenoides
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Dermatomyositis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Graft Versus Host Disease
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lichen Sclerosus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lichen Nitidus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lichen Striatus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Granulomatous Dermatitis
Sarcoid
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Granuloma Annulare
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Rheumatoid Nodule
Necrobiosis Lipoidica
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Foreign Body Granulomas
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cutaneous Crohn’s Disease
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Sweet’s Syndrome
Sweet’s Syndrome and Sweet’s-Like Reactions
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Neutrophilic Eccrine Hidradenitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cellulitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Perivascular Dermatitis Without Epidermal Changes
Urticaria
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Erythema Annulare Centrifugum
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Erythema Migrans
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Telangiectasia Macularis Eruptiva Perstans
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Plasmacytosis Mucosae
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Miscellaneous Inflammatory Disorders
Polymorphous Light Eruption
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Arthropod Bite Reactions
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Transient Acantholytic Dyskeratosis (Grover’s Disease)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Fibrosing Dermatitis
Scar
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Morphea
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Folliculitis
Acne Vulgaris
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Eosinophilic Folliculitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Infectious Folliculitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Rosacea
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Drug Reactions
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Suggested Further Reading
2 Panniculitis
■ Vasculitis Involving the Subcutis
■ Panniculitis Without Vasculitis
■ Mostly Septal Panniculitis
Erythema Nodosum
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Chronic Erythema Nodosum
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Subcutaneous Involvement by Granulomatous Dermatitis
Subcutaneous Involvement by Sclerosing Disorders
■ Mostly Lobular Panniculitis
Pancreatic Panniculitis
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
α-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Panniculitis
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lupus Erythematosus Profundus
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Erythema Induratum (Nodular Vasculitis)
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lipodermatosclerosis
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Traumatic Panniculitis
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
Sclerosing Postradiation Panniculitis
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Calciphylaxis
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
Eosinophilic Panniculitis
Neutrophilic Panniculitis
Drug-Induced Panniculitis
Lipoatrophy and Lipodystrophy
Clinical Features
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Acknowledgement
Suggested Reading
3 Infectious Diseases of the Skin
Viral Infections
■ Human Papilloma Virus
Warts (Verrucae)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Condyloma Acuminatum
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Bowenoid Papulosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Herpesvirus Family
Herpes Simplex
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Varicella and Herpes Zoster
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cytomegalovirus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
Infections by Other Members of the Herpesvirus Family
■ Pox Virus Family
Molluscum Contagiosum
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Milker’s Nodule and Orf
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Smallpox, Cowpox, and Monkeypox
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Miscellaneous Viral Exanthems
Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Virus-Associated Trichodysplasia Spinulosa
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
Bacterial Infections
Impetigo—Impetigo Contagiosa, Bullous Impetigo, and Ecthyma
Clinical Findings
Impetigo Contagiosa
Bullous Impetigo
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
Cellulitis and Erysipelas
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Erythrasma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Bacterial Folliculitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pitted Keratolysis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Septic Vasculitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cat-Scratch Disease and Bacillary Angiomatosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Rickettsial Infections
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Chancroid
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Granuloma Inguinale
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Special Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lymphogranuma Venereum
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Rhinoscleroma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Mycobacterial Infections
Tuberculosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections (Excluding Leprosy)
Clinical Findings
Mycobacterium marinum
Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli Ulcer)
Mycobacterium avium Complex (M. avium, M. intracellulare, and Others)
Mycobacterium haemophilum
Other Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
Histologic Features
Mycobacterium marinum Infection
Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection
Mycobacterium avium Complex
Mycobacterium haemophilum
Other Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Leprosy
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Actinomycosis, Nocardiosis, and Botryomycosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Treponemal Infections
Syphilis
Clinical Findings
Primary Syphilis
Secondary Syphilis
Latent Syphilis
Tertiary Syphilis
Histologic Features
Primary Syphilis
Secondary Syphilis
Tertiary Syphilis
Ancillary Studies
Tissue Tests
Serologic Tests
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections—Yaws, Bejel, and Pinta
Lyme Disease
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Fungal Infections
■ Superficial Fungal Infections
Dermatophytoses
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Candidiasis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Tinea Versicolor and Pityrosporum Folliculitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Superficial and Deep Fungal Infections
Phaeohyphomycosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Chromomycosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Sporotrichosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Alternariosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
Blastomycosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Coccidioidomycosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cryptococcosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Histoplasmosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Mycetoma (Eumycetoma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Zygomycosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Aspergillosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lobomycosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Rhinosporidiosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Protozoan Disease, Parasitic Infestations, Algal Infections, and Bites
Amebiasis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Leishmaniasis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Demodicosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Scabies
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pediculosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cimicosis (Bedbugs)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Myiasis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Tungiasis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Tick Bites
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Spider Bites
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Protothecosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Nematodes
Cysticercosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Onchocerciasis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Dirofilaria
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Schistosomiasis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Suggested Further Reading
General
Viral Infections
Bacterial Infections
Fungal Infections
Arthropod Bites, Infestation
4 Cutaneous Vasculitis
Clinical Findings
Biopsy: Timing and Choice of Lesions
Histologic Findings
Histologic Diagnosis of Vasculitis
Incidental Vasculitis
Other Histologic Findings Associated with Vasculitis
Ancillary Studies
Direct Immunofluorescent Studies
Laboratory Studies
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies
Evaluation of Cutaneous Vasculitis Patients
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
■ Common Cutaneous Vasculitis Syndromes
Cutaneous Leukocytoclastic Angiitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Henoch Schönlein Purpura
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Drug-Induced Vasculitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Paraneoplastic (Malignancy-Induced) Vasculitis
Clinical Findings
Urticarial Vasculitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Infection-Induced and Septic Vasculitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Chronic Localized Fibrosing Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Connective Tissue Disease Vasculitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
ANCA-Positive Primary Systemic Vasculitis
■ Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis, Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis, and Microscopic Polyangiitis
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Microscopic Polyangiitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Cutaneous Polyarteritis Nodosa
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Nodular Vasculitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Giant Cell Arteritis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Pseudovasculitis
Suggested Further Reading
5 Blistering Skin Diseases
Approach to the Diagnosis of Blistering Diseases
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Intraepidermal Blisters
■ Corneal and Granular Layer Blisters
Miliaria
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Bullous Impetigo
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Acropustulosis of Infancy (Infantile Acropustulosis)
Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis
Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum
Subcorneal Pustular Dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson Disease)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Intraepidermal Blister with Spongiosis or Edema
Spongiotic Dermatitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Vesiculobullous Bite Reactions
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Polymorphous Light Eruption
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Intraepidermal Blister with Acantholysis
Pemphigus Group
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pemphigus Vegetans
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Pemphigus Foliaceus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pemphigus Herpetiformis
Drug-Induced Pemphigus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
IgA Pemphigus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Immunoprecipitation
Direct Immunofluorescence
Indirect Immunofluorescence
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Darier’s Disease
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Hailey-Hailey Disease
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Acantholytic Dermatosis of the Genitocrural Region
Transient Acantholytic Dermatosis (Grover’s Disease)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Herpetic Dermatitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Intraepidermal Blister Associated with Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis
Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis (Bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Subepidermal Blisters
■ Subepidermal Blister with Neutrophils or Eosinophils
Bullous Pemphigoid
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (Cicatricial Pemphigoid)
Pemphigoid Gestationis (Herpes Gestationis)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Bullous Sweet’s Syndrome (Neutrophilic Dermatosis)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Bullous Lupus Erythematosus
Arthropod Bites
Subepidermal Vesicular Lichenoid Dermatitis
■ Subepidermal Vesicle with No or Only Minimal Inflammation
Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pseudoporphyria
Inherited Epidermolysis Bullosa
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Miscellaneous Other Intra- or Subepidermal Blisters
Nutritional Deficiency Syndrome Blisters
Bullous Diabeticorum
Blisters Caused by Friction
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Coma Blisters
Acute Edema Blisters
Blisters Caused by Heat or Cold
Blisters Caused by Topical Medications
Blisters Caused by Vasculitis or Infection
Blisters Associated with a Superficial Dermal Neoplastic Infiltrate
Suggested Further Reading
6 Mucinoses, Deposition Disorders, and Connective Tissue Alterations
Cutaneous Mucinoses
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Generalized Myxedema
Pretibial Myxedema
Scleromyxedema
Reticulated Erythematous Mucinosis
Scleredema
Papular and Nodular Mucinosis Associated with Lupus Erythematosus
Cutaneous Mucous Cyst (Myxoid Cyst)
Mucocele
Cutaneous Focal Mucinosis
Follicular Mucinosis
Self-Healing Juvenile Cutaneous Mucinosis
Ancillary Studies
Special Stains
Immunofluorescence Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Deposition Disorders
■ Hyaline Deposits
Amyloidosis
Clinical Findings
Systemic Amyloidosis
Localized Cutaneous Amyloidosis
Histologic Features
Systemic Amyloidosis
Localized Cutaneous Amyloidosis
Ancillary Studies
Special Stains
Immunohistochemistry
Electron Microscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Colloid Milium
Lipoid Proteinosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Gout
Clinical Findings
Macroscopic Features
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Porphyria
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Calcium, Osseous, and Cartilaginous Deposits
Calcium Deposits
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
Cutaneous Ossification
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Cartilaginous Deposits
■ Pigmentary Deposits
Ochronosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Tattoos
Hemosiderin Pigment Deposition
Mercury Deposits
Argyria
Exogenous (Foreign) Material
Fillers and Implants
Alterations of Dermal Connective Tissue
Solar Elastosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Suggested Further Reading
7 Non-neoplastic Disorders of Pigmentation
Café-Au-Lait Macules
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Melasma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Erythema Dyschromicum Perstans
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Drug-Induced Hyperpigmentation
Minocycline-Induced Hyperpigmentation
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Amiodarone-Induced Hyperpigmentation
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Imipramine-Induced Hyperpigmentation
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Disorders of Decreased Pigmentation
Vitiligo
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pityriasis Alba
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Ash-Leaf Spots
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Drug-Induced Hypopigmentation
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Postinflammatory Hypopigmentation
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Suggested Further Reading
8 Non-neoplastic Disorders of Hair
Hair Follicle Stem Cells
Nonscarring Alopecias
Androgenetic Alopecia
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Senescent Baldness
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Acute Telogen Effluvium
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Anagen Arrest
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Alopecia Areata
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Trichotillomania
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Traction Alopecia
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pressure-Induced Alopecia
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Congenital Temporal Alopecia
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Loose Anagen Hair Syndrome
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Syphilitic Alopecia
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Scarring (Permanent) Alopecias
■ Lymphocyte-Associated Primary Scarring Alopecias
Chronic Cutaneous (Discoid) Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Special Stains
Immunofluorescence
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lichen Planopilaris
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Special Stains
Immunofluorescence
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Classic Pseudopelade (Brocq)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Special Stains
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Alopecia Mucinosa
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Gene Rearrangement and Immunohistochemical Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Neutrophil-Associated Primary Scarring Alopecias
Folliculitis Decalvans
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Dissecting Cellulitis and Folliculitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Mixed Inflammatory Primary Scarring Alopecias
Folliculitis (Acne) Keloidalis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Folliculitis (Acne) Necrotica
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Erosive Pustular Dermatosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Suggested Further Reading
9 Cysts and Sinuses
Cysts Derived from Appendageal Structures
■ Cysts Arising From the Infundibular Portion of the Hair Follicle
Follicular Cyst of Infundibular Type (Epidermoid Cyst)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Proliferating Epithelial (Infundibular) Cyst
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Human Papilloma Virus–Related Follicular Cyst
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Pigmented Follicular Cyst
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Milium
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Vellus Hair Cyst
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
■ Cysts Arising From the Isthmus Portion of the Hair Follicle
Trichilemmal (Isthmus-Catagen or Pilar) Cyst
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Proliferating Trichilemmal (Pilar) Cyst/Tumor
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
■ Cysts Arising From the Sebaceous Duct
Steatocystoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Follicular Hybrid Cysts
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Cysts Arising From the Eccrine Duct
Eccrine Hidrocystoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
■ Cysts Arising From the Apocrine Duct or Gland
Apocrine Hidrocystoma and Cystadenoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Developmental Cysts
Dermoid Cysts
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Cutaneous Ciliated Cysts
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Ciliated Mucinous Cysts of the Vulva
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Median Raphe Cysts
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Omphalomesenteric Duct Cysts
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Pseudocysts
Pseudocysts of the Auricle
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Digital Mucous Cysts
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Ganglion Cyst
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Mucoceles (Mucous Cyst of the Oral Cavity)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Metaplastic Synovial Cysts
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment of Pseudocysts
■ Pits and Sinuses
Lip Pits
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Sacral Pits
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Pilonidal Sinuses and Cysts
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Suggested Further Reading
3 Tumors and Pseudotumors of the Skin and Subcutis
10 Tumors of the Epidermis
Benign Tumors and Tumorous Proliferations of the Epidermis
Reactive Epidermal Hyperplasia with Emphasis on Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia
Keratinizing Epidermal Nevus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Benign Acanthomas and Keratoses
Seborrheic Keratosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Seborrheic Keratosis Versus Epidermal Nevus
Seborrheic Keratosis Versus Actinic Keratosis
Seborrheic Keratosis Versus Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Situ
Seborrheic Keratosis Versus Verruca Vulgaris
Seborrheic Keratosis Versus Clear Cell Acanthoma
Seborrheic Keratosis Versus Lichenoid Keratosis
Pigmented Seborrheic Keratosis Versus a Keratotic Melanocytic Lesion
Pedunculated Seborrheic Keratosis Versus Acrochordon
Seborrheic Keratosis Versus Nevoid Hyperkeratosis of the Nipple and Areola
Seborrheic Keratosis Versus Acanthosis Nigricans
Prognosis and Treatment
Verrucous Keratosis
Large Cell Acanthoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Clear Cell Acanthoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Acantholytic Acanthoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Warty Dyskeratoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Benign Lichenoid Keratosis (Lichen Planus–Like Keratosis)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Lichenoid Keratosis Versus Lichen Planus
Lichenoid Keratosis Versus Inflamed Actinic Keratosis
Lichenoid Keratosis Versus Mycosis Fungoides
Lichenoid Keratosis Versus a Melanocytic Lesion
Lichenoid Keratosis Versus Basal Cell Carcinoma
Prognosis and Treatment
Porokeratosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Intraepidermal Squamous “Precursor” Lesions: Keratinocytic “Dysplasias” and Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Situ (Noninvasive Carcinoma)
The Spectrum of Actinic Keratosis and Actinic Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Situ
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Actinic Keratosis Versus Benign Keratoses
Digitated Actinic Keratosis Versus Verruca of Sun-Damaged Skin
Pigmented Actinic Keratosis Versus Solar Lentigo or Lentigo Maligna
Acantholytic Actinic Keratosis Versus Acantholytic Squamous Cell Carcinoma or Benign Acantholytic Lesions
Actinic Keratosis Versus Chemotherapy-Induced Atypia
Prognosis and Treatment
Bowenoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Situ (Bowen’s Disease and Its Variants)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Vulvar and Perineal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Pain) or Dysplasia
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Low-Grade Dysplasia (Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion)
High-Grade Dysplasia (Intraepithelial Lesion Grades II and III)
Differentiated (Simplex Type) of Dysplasia
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Arsenical Keratosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Conventional Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Acantholytic Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clear Cell Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Warty Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Verrucous Carcinoma
Lymphoepithelioma-like (Lymphocyte-Rich) Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Spindle Cell Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Desmoplastic or Sclerosing Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Single-Cell Infiltrative Pattern
Carcinosarcoma
Adenosquamous Carcinoma
Basosquamous Carcinoma
Merkel Cell (Neuroendocrine) Carcinoma Ex–Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Invasive Versus in Situ Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Versus Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Versus Metatypical Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Versus Adnexal Carcinomas with Squamous Differentiation (Porocarcinoma, Trichilemmal Carcinoma)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Versus Proliferating Pilar Cystic Tumor
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Versus Melanoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Versus Large Cell Lymphoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Versus Sarcoma
Prognostic Features of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Anatomic Site
Clinical History
Pathologic Features
Histologic Subtype
Tumor Size, Thickness, and Depth of Invasion
Grades of Differentiation
Perineural Invasion
Vascular Invasion
Staging of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Treatment
Pathologist’s Reporting of SCC
Keratoacanthoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Suggested Further Reading
11 Adnexal Tumors
Tumorous Proliferations with Follicular Differentiation
■ Follicular Hamartoma (Follicular Nevus)
■ Nevus Comedonicus
■ Benign Follicular Neoplasms
Dilated Pore and Pilar Sheath Acanthoma and Trichofolliculoma
Infundibuloma (Tumor of the Follicular Infundibulum)
Trichoblastoma and Trichoepithelioma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Desmoplastic Trichoepithelioma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Basaloid Follicular Hamartoma
Trichoadenoma
Tricholemmoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Inverted Follicular Keratosis
Pilomatricoma (Calcifying Epithelioma of Malherbe)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Fibrofolliculoma and Trichodiscoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Treatment of Benign Follicular Tumors
Malignant Neoplasms with Follicular Differentiation: Basal Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Superficial Pattern
Nodular Pattern
Morpheaform and Infiltrative Pattern
Fibroepitheliomatous Pattern
Infundibulocystic Basal Cell Carcinoma
Adenoidal Basal Cell Carcinoma
Pigmented Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma with Squamous Differentiation
Clear Cell Basal Cell Carcinoma
Granular Cell Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma with Eccrine Differentiation
Basal Cell Carcinoma with Sebaceous Glands
Basal Cell Carcinoma with Matrical Differentiation
Basal Cell Carcinoma with Nuclear Pleomorphism
Collision Scenarios
Biphenotypic Tumors
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Basal Cell Carcinoma versus Trichoblastoma and Trichoepithelioma
Basal Cell Carcinoma versus Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma versus Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma versus Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma versus Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma versus “No Tumor Seen”
Prognosis and Treatment
Pathologist’s Reporting of Basal Cell Carcinoma
Pilomatrix Carcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Trichilemmal Carcinoma
Tumorous Proliferations with Apocrine or Eccrine Features
■ Hamartoma and Nevus
Eccrine Nevus
Apocrine Nevus
■ Benign Neoplasms
Adenoma (Spectrum of Apocrine or Eccrine Adenomas, with Tubular, Cribriform, Papillary, Mixed, or Not Otherwise Specified Patterns)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Hidradenoma Papilliferum
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Hidradenoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Syringoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Syringocystadenoma Papilliferum
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Syringofibroadenoma (of Mascaró)
Acrospiromas—the Spectrum of Hidroacanthoma, Poroma, and Dermal Duct Tumor
Hidroacanthoma Simplex
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Poroma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Dermal Duct Tumor
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Spiradenoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Cylindroma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Benign Mixed Tumor (Chondroid Syringoma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Myoepithelioma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment of Benign Glandular Tumors
Malignant Neoplasms
Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma (Sclerosing Sweat Duct Adenocarcinoma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Porocarcinoma (Malignant Poroma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Ductal (Eccrine or Apocrine) Adenocarcinoma (De Novo or Arising in Association with an Adenoma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Aggressive Digital Papillary Adenoma—Adenocarcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Hidradenocarcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cribriform Carcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Endocrine Mucin-Producing Sweat Gland Carcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Extramammary Paget’s Disease
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Endocrine Mucin-Producing Sweat Gland Carcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Carcinosarcoma
Malignant Mixed Tumor
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Myoepithelial Carcinoma (Malignant Myoepithelioma)
Metastatic Sweat Duct Carcinomas
Tumorous Proliferations with Sebaceous Differentiation
Sebaceous Hyperplasia
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Sebaceous Trichofolliculoma (Folliculosebaceous Cystic Hamartoma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Nevus Sebaceus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Sebaceous Adenoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Sebaceous Carcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Adnexal Neoplasms Associated with Systemic Syndromes
Gardner’s Syndrome
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome
Generalized Basaloid Follicular Hamartoma Syndrome
Bazex Syndrome (Bazex-DuprÉ-Christol Syndrome)
Brooke-Spiegler Syndrome, Familial Cylindromatosis, and Multiple Familial Trichoepitheliomas
Cowden Syndrome
Muir-Torre Syndrome
Immunohistochemistry for Mismatch Repair Proteins
Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome
Suggested Further Reading
12 Melanocytic Proliferations
Lentigines and Lentigo-Like Lesions
Solar Lentigo
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Lentigo Simplex
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Miscellaneous Melanotic Macules
Melanocytic Nevi
Common (Typical or Ordinary) Acquired Melanocytic Nevi
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Dysplastic Melanocytic Nevi
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Spindle or Epithelioid Melanocytic (Spitz’s) Nevi
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Congenital Melanocytic Nevi
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Blue Nevi and Dermal Melanocytoses
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Melanocytic Nevi of Special Anatomic Sites
Nevus Spilus or Speckled Nevus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Miscellaneous Unusual Melanocytic Nevi
Deep Penetrating or Plexiform Spindle and Epithelioid Nevus
Desmoplastic (Sclerosing) Melanocytic Nevus
Melanocytic Nevi with Phenotypic Heterogeneity (Combined Nevi)
Recurrent or Persistent Melanocytic Nevi
Primary Melanoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features: General Considerations for the Diagnosis of Melanoma
Histologic Features for the Diagnosis of Melanoma in Situ
Differential Diagnosis of Melanoma in Situ
Histologic Features for the Diagnosis of Invasive Melanoma
Differential Diagnosis of Primary Invasive Melanoma
Histologic Parameters Relevant for Prognosis
Tumor Thickness
Ulceration
Microanatomic (Clark) Level
Tumor Mitotic Rate
Lymphatic or Blood Vessel Invasion
Nerve Involvement
Satellites or Locoregional Cutaneous Metastases
Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes
Regression
Common (Conventional) Variants of Melanoma
Uncommon Pathologic Variants of Melanoma
Spindle Cell Melanoma
Desmoplastic Melanoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Neurotropic Melanoma
Nevoid Melanoma
Spitzoid Melanoma
Melanoma Arising From or Simulating Blue Nevus (so-Called Malignant Blue Nevus)
Small Cell Melanoma
Balloon Cell Melanoma
Signet Ring Cell Melanoma
Verrucous Melanoma
Melanophage-Rich Melanoma
Melanoma of Soft Parts (Clear Cell Sarcoma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Melanocytic Tumors of Uncertain Malignant Potential or Borderline Lesions
Melanocytic Proliferations Associated with Epithelial Tumors
Metastatic Melanoma
Locoregional Metastases (American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage III Disease)
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
Distant Metastases (American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage IV Disease)
Differential Diagnosis of Metastatic Melanoma
Metastatic Melanoma Simulating Other Neoplasms
Metastatic Melanoma of Unknown Primary Tumor
Primary Cutaneous Melanoma versus Metastatic Melanoma to the Skin
Primary Melanoma of Soft Tissue (Clear Cell Sarcoma) versus Metastatic Melanoma to Soft Tissue
Melanocytic Nevus versus Nevoid Metastasis
Nodal Nevus versus Metastatic Melanoma
Melanosis Associated with Metastatic Melanoma
Ancillary Studies
Fontana Masson Stain
Electron Microscopy
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry for Melanocyte Differentiation
Immunohistochemistry to Assess Cell Growth
Immunohistochemistry to Document Genetic Changes
Cytogenetic and Molecular Studies
Mutation Analysis
Pathology Reporting of Melanoma
Primary Cutaneous Melanoma
Metastatic Melanoma
prognosis
Clinical Stages I and II
Clinical Stage III
Clinical Stage IV
Surgical Management
Biopsy and Excisions of Melanocytic Nevi
Primary Melanoma
Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping and Biopsy
Management of Metastatic Melanoma
Nonsurgical Treatment Options
Suggested Further Reading
13 Soft Tissue Tumors and Tumor-like Reactions
Fibrous, Myofibroblastic, and Fibrohistiocytic Tumors
■ Benign Tumors and Tumor-Like Reactions
Dermal Scar and Keloid
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Dermatofibroma (Benign Fibrous Histiocytoma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Dermatofibroma Versus Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
Dermatofibroma Versus Amelanotic Spindle Cell Melanocytic Tumor
Atypical Fibrous Histiocytoma Versus Miscellaneous Pleomorphic Fibrous Tumors
Dermatofibroma Versus Scar
Prognosis and Treatment
Dermatomyofibroma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Fibroblastic Connective Tissue Nevus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pleomorphic Fibroma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Sclerotic Fibroma (Storiform Collagenoma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Angiofibroma and Fibrous Papule
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Fasciitis (Nodular Fasciitis and Variants)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Proliferative Fasciitis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Fibroma of the Tendon Sheath
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Myofibroma and Myofibromatosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cutaneous Myxoma and Superficial Angiomyxoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Superficial Acral Fibromyxoma (Digital Fibromyxoma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Fibromatosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Fibrous Hamartoma of Infancy
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Infantile Digital Fibroma (Fibromatosis)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Elastofibroma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Malignant Tumors
■ Malignant Tumors with Propensity for Local Recurrence But Low Risk for Metastasis
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Cytogenetics
Differential Diagnosis
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans Versus Dermatofibroma
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans Versus Diffuse Type of Neurofibroma
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans Versus Perineurioma
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans Versus Fibroblastic Connective Tissue Nevus
Prognosis and Treatment
Giant Cell Fibroblastoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumor
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Cytogenetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Giant Cell Tumor of Soft Tissue
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Atypical Fibroxanthoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Superficial CD34-Positive Fibroblastic Tumor
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Ossifying Fibromyxoid Tumor
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma (Formerly Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Myxofibrosarcoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Epithelioid Sarcoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Cytogenetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Lipomatous Tumors
■ Benign Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
Lipoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Spindle Cell Lipoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Pleomorphic Lipoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Angiolipoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Chondroid Lipoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Cytogenetics
Differential Diagnosis
Lipoblastoma and Lipoblastomatosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Cytogenetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Nevus Lipomatosus Superficialis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Malignant Tumors (Atypical Lipomatous Tumor and Liposarcoma)
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Cytogenetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Other Variants of Liposarcoma
Smooth Muscle Tumors
■ Benign Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
Leiomyoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Smooth Muscle Hamartoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Malignant Tumors (Leiomyosarcoma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
Neural Tumors
■ Benign Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
Traumatic Neuroma
Rudimentary Polydactyly
Solitary Circumscribed Neuroma (Palisaded Encapsulated Neuroma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Schwannoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Neurofibroma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Perineurioma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Granular Cell Tumor
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Dermal Nerve Sheath Myxoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cellular Neurothekeoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Ectopic (Extracranial) Meningioma
Nasal Glial Heterotopia
Malignant Tumors
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Malignant Granular Cell Tumor
Cutaneous Ewing Sarcoma
Vascular Tumors
■ Benign Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
Hemangiomas
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Cherry Angioma
Pyogenic Granuloma (Lobular Capillary Hemangioma)
Arteriovenous Hemangioma (Cirsoid Aneurysm)
Acquired Tufted Hemangioma
Glomeruloid Hemangioma
Spindle Cell Hemangioma
Epithelioid Hemangioma (Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia)
Hobnail Hemangioma (Targetoid Hemosiderotic Hemangioma)
Angiokeratoma
Prognosis and Treatment
Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Acroangiodermatitis (Pseudo-Kaposi sarcoma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Reactive Angioendotheliomatosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Venous Lake
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cutaneous Epithelioid Angiomatous Nodule
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Multinucleate Giant Cell Angiohistiocytoma
Lymphangioma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Radiation-Associated Atypical Vascular Lesion
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Borderline and Low-Grade Malignant Tumors
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Retiform Hemangioendothelioma and Papillary Intralymphatic Angioendothelioma (Dabska Tumor)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Kaposi Sarcoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Epithelioid Sarcoma–Like (Pseudomyogenic) Hemangioendothelioma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ High-Grade Malignant Tumors
Angiosarcoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Perivascular Tumors
Glomus Tumor and Glomuvenous Malformation
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Myopericytoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cutaneous Perivascular Epithelioid Tumor
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cartilaginous Lesions
■ Benign Cartilaginous Tumors
Cutaneous (Soft Tissue) Chondromas
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Malignant Cartilaginous Tumors
Chondrosarcoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Conventional Chondrosarcoma
Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Cytogenetics
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Bone-Forming Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
■ Benign Osseous Lesions
Osteoma Cutis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
■ Malignant Osseous Tumors
Osteosarcoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Notochordal Tumors
Chordoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Suggested Further Reading
14 Hematopoietic Neoplasms
Cutaneous Lymphomas and Pseudolymphomas
■ Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
Mycosis Fungoides
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Mycosis Fungoides Versus Eczema
Mycosis Fungoides Versus Psoriasis
Mycosis Fungoides Versus Drug Reaction
Mycosis Fungoides Versus Tinea
Mycosis Fungoides Versus Pigmented Purpura
Mycosis Fungoides Versus Lichenoid Dermatitis
Mycosis Fungoides Versus Vitiligo
Large Cell Transformation Arising in Mycosis Fungoides Versus Primary Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Prognosis and Treatment
Follicotropic Mycosis Fungoides with or Without Follicular Mucinosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Syringotropic Mycosis Fungoides
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Pagetoid Reticulosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Granulomatous Slack Skin
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Sézary Syndrome
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Lymphomatoid Papulosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
CD30-Negative, Nonmycosis Fungoides Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Primary Cutaneous Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Unspecified
Primary Cutaneous Aggressive Epidermotropic CD8-Positive Cytotoxic Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Primary Cutaneous CD4-Positive Small/Medium Pleomorphic T-Cell Lymphoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
γδ LYMPHOMA
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Secondary Cutaneous Lymphoma (Extracutaneous Lymphoma Commonly Involving Skin)
Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Extranodal Natural Killer T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Hydroa Vacciniforme–Like Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
■ Cutaneous T-Cell Pseudolymphoma
■ Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma
■ Indolent Variants of Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma
Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma and Immunocytoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Primary Cutaneous Follicle Center Cell Lymphoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Aggressive Variants of Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Leg Type
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Differential Diagnosis
■ Miscellaneous Other B-Cell Lymphomas Affecting the Skin
Cutaneous Epstein-Barr Virus–Positive Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Elderly
Intravascular B-Cell Lymphoma
Cutaneous (Extraosseous) Plasmacytoma
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Reactive Lymphoid Infiltrates Simulating B-Cell Lymphomas (B-Cell Pseudolymphoma)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Cutaneous Plasmacytosis
Leukemia Cutis
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Myeloid Leukemia
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Mastocytosis
Cutaneous Mastocytosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Suggested Further Reading
15 Histiocytic Proliferative Disorders
Definition of Terms
Langerhans Cell Disease and Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Clinical Findings
Letterer-Siwe Disease
Hand-Schüller-Christian Disease
Eosinophilic Granuloma
Congenital Self-Healing Reticulohistiocytosis (Hashimoto-Pritzker)
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Indeterminate Cell Histiocytosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Non–Langerhans Cell Histiocytic Disorders
Xanthogranuloma Family
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Benign Cephalic Histiocytosis
Generalized Eruptive Histiocytosis
Xanthoma Disseminatum
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Reticulohistiocytosis (Solitary Giant Cell Reticulohistiocytoma and Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Cutaneous Destombes-Rosai-Dorfman Disease
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Hyperlipidemia-Associated Xanthoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Xanthoma Not Associated with Hyperlipidemia
Diffuse Normolipemic Plane Xanthoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Erdheim-Chester Disease
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
Necrobiotic Xanthogranuloma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Suggested Further Reading
16 Cutaneous Neuroendocrine (Merkel Cell) Carcinoma
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Immunohistochemistry
Electron Microscopy
Molecular Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Suggested Further Reading
17 Metastatic Tumors Involving the Skin
Prevalence
Pathophysiology
Sites of Origin
Anatomic Localization
Clinical Features
Biopsy Specimens
Histologic Features
General Comments
Ancillary Investigations (Including Immunochemistry and Tumor Profiling)
Specific Metastases
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Neuroendocrine Carcinomas
Melanoma
Miscellaneous Tumors
Suggested Further Reading
4 Pathology of Special Sites
18 Neoplastic and Non-neoplastic Disorders of the Nail Apparatus
■ Anatomy of the Nail Unit
Gross Anatomy
Histologic Features
Biopsy Techniques and Nail Biopsy Processing
Nail Plate Samples for Diagnosis
Infectious Disease of the Nail Unit
■ Inflammatory and Keratotic Diseases of the Nail Unit
Psoriasis
Lichen Planus
Trachyonychia
Lupus Erythematosus
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
Pachyonychia Congenita
Miscellaneous Conditions
■ Neoplasms Affecting the Nail Unit
Melanocytic Neoplasms of the Nail Unit
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Melanocytic Activation (Hypermelanosis)
Lentigo (Melanocytic Hyperplasia)
Melanocytic Nevi
Nail Apparatus Melanoma (Subungual or Ungual Melanoma)
■ Epithelial Neoplasms and Hyperplasia
Verruca Vulgaris
Onychopapilloma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Keratoacanthoma
Painful Subungual Tumors of Incontinentia Pigmenti
Onycholemmal Carcinoma
Subungual Epidermoid Inclusions
Basal Cell Carcinoma
■ Distinctive Tumors of the Nail Unit
Onychomatricoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Onychocytic Matricoma
■ Fibrous and Soft Tissue Neoplasms More Common in the Nail Unit
Digital Fibromas
Superficial Acral Fibromyxoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Findings
Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath
■ Vascular Neoplasms
Pyogenic Granuloma (Lobular Capillary Hemangioma)
Glomus Tumor
Miscellaneous Neoplasms Reported in the Nail Unit
Suggested Further Reading
19 Neoplastic and Non-neoplastic Disorders of the Conjunctiva and Eyelid
Non-neoplastic Disorders
■ Inflammatory Lesions
Conjunctivitis (Infectious and Non-Infectious)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Foreign Body Granuloma or Chalazion
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Connective Tissue Disease (Wegener’s Granulomatosis)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Noninflammatory Lesions
Degenerative (Solar Elastosis)
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Pingueculae and Pterygium
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Amyloid
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
Cysts
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Neoplasms
■ Squamous Lesions
Squamous Papilloma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Melanocytic Lesions
Complexion-Associated Melanosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Conjunctival Melanocytic Nevus
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Primary Acquired Melanosis
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features of Primary Acquired Melanosis without Atypia
Histology of Primary Acquired Melanosis with Atypia or Conjunctival Melanocytic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Prognosis and Treatment
Conjunctival Melanoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Hematolymphoid Neoplasms
Xanthoma and Xanthelasma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Prognosis and Treatment
Lymphoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Leukemia
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
■ Glandular Lesions
Oncocytoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Prognosis and Treatment
Sebaceous Carcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Endocrine Mucin-Producing Sweat Gland Carcinoma
Clinical Findings
Histologic Features
Ancillary Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Prognosis and Treatment
Other Tumors
Suggested Further Reading
5 Frozen Sections and Pathologic Evaluations of Sections from Mohs Surgery
History
Mohs Technique
Advantages
Indications
Limitations/Pitfalls
Role of the Dermatopathologist
Suggested Further Reading
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Inside back cover