Content: Percutaneous absorption : interpretation of in vitro data and risk assessment / C.G. Toby Mathias, Robert S. Hinz, Richard H. Guy, and Howard I. Maibach --
Transdermal absorption kinetics : a physicochemical approach / Richard H. Guy, Jonathan Hadgraft, and Howard I. Maibach --
In vitro methods for the percutaneous absorption of pesticides / Robert L. Bronaugh --
Radiotracer approaches to rodent dermal studies / G.J. Marco, B.J. Simoneaux, S.C. Williams, J.E. Cassidy, R. Bissig, and W. Muecke --
Dermal dose-cholinesterase response and percutaneous absorption studies with several cholinesterase inhibitors / James B. Knaak and Barry W. Wilson --
The use of monkey percutaneous absorption studies / Robert B.L. Van Lier --
Field studies : methods overview / H.N. Nigg and J.H. Stamper --
Exposure of applicators to monosodium methanearsonate and cacodylic acid in forestry / L.A. Norris --
Exposure of strawberry harvesters to carbaryl / Gunter Zweig, Ru-Yu Gao, James M. Witt, William J. Popendorf, and K.T. Bogen --
Application exposure to the home gardener / David A. Kurtz and William M. Bode --
Monitoring field applicator exposure to pesticides / T.L. Lavy and J.D. Mattice --
Methyl parathion residue in contaminated fabrics after laundering / Joan Laughlin, Carol Easley, and Roger E. Gold --
Pesticide drift and quantification from air and ground applications to a single orchard site / G.B. Maccollom, W.W. Currier, and G.L. Baumann --
Exposure of applicators and mixer-loaders during the application of mancozeb by airplanes, airblast sprayers, and compressed-air backpack sprayers / Ralph O. Mumma, Gordon A. Brandes, and Charles F. Gordon --
Inhalation exposure of grain samplers and grain inspectors to carbon tetrachloride / Howard M. Deer, Charles E. Mcjilton, Phillip K. Harein, and Wilfred Sumner --
Inhalation exposure of museum personnel to ethylene dichloride-carbon tetrachloride fumigant / Terry D. Spittler, John B. Bourke, Paul B. Baker, and George W. Helfman --
Dermal and respiratory exposure of applicators and residents to dichlorvos-treated residences / Roger E. Gold and Terry Holcslaw --
Subterranean termite control : chlordane residues in soil surrounding and air within houses / R.B. Leidy, C.G. Wright, H.E. Dupree, Jr., and T.J. Sheets --
Paraquat : a model for measuring exposure / J.M.R.S. Bandara, P.C. Kearney, P.G. Vincent, and W.A. Gentner --
Applicator exposure to pesticides applied to turfgrass / R.P. Freeborg, W.H. Daniel, and V.J. Konopinski --
Potential exposure in the application of pesticides to orchard and field crops / Terry D. Spittler and John B. Bourke --
The potential for applicator-worker exposure to pesticides in greenhouse operations / Acie C. Waldron --
Advances in the unified field model for reentry hazards / William J. Popendorf --
Data-base proposal for use in predicting mixer-loader-applicator exposure / David R. Hackathorn and Delmont C. Eberhart --
Dermal exposure to pesticides : the Environmental Protection Agency's viewpoint / Joseph C. Reinert and David J. Severn --
Field worker exposure : the usefulness of estimates based on generic data / Richard C. Honeycutt --
Evaluation of fluorescent tracer methodology for dermal exposure assessment / Richard A. Fenske, John T. Leffingwell, and Robert C. Spear --
Protective clothing and its significance to the pesticide user / Richard V. Moraski and Alan P. Nielsen --
Protective apparel research / Jacquelyn O. Dejonge, Elizabeth P. Easter, Karen K. Leonas, and Ruth M. King --
Minimizing pesticide exposure risk for the mixer-loader, applicator, and field worker / Acie C. Waldron --
Occupational exposure to pesticides and its role in risk assessment procedures used in Canada / Claire A. Franklin --
Risk assessment of excess pesticide exposure to workers in California / K.T. Maddy, R.G. Wang, James B. Knaak, C.L. Liao, S.C. Edmiston, and C.K. Winter --
The use of exposure studies in risk assessment / James T. Stevens and Darrell D. Sumner --
Assessment of farmworker risk from organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy / Barry W. Wilson, Michael Hooper, Edward Chow, James N. Seiber, and James B. Knaak --
Pesticide drift : toxicological and social consequences / James M. Witt.
Author(s): Richard C. Honeycutt, Gunter Zweig, and Nancy N. Ragsdale (Eds.)
Series: ACS Symposium Series 273
Publisher: American Chemical Society
Year: 1985
Language: English
Pages: 505
City: Washington, D.C
Title Page......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
ACS Symposium Series......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 7
INTRODUCTION......Page 9
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
1 Percutaneous Absorption: Interpretation of In Vitro Data and Risk Assessment......Page 11
Interpretation of Data......Page 12
Pharmacokinetic Model......Page 18
Literature Cited......Page 25
2 Transdermal Absorption Kinetics A Physicochemical Approach......Page 26
The Kinetic Model......Page 27
Data Interpretation......Page 28
Conclusion......Page 36
Literature Cited......Page 37
3 In Vitro Methods for the Percutaneous Absorption of Pesticides......Page 39
Diffusion Cell Methodology......Page 40
Absorption of Pesticides......Page 42
Conclusions......Page 46
Literature Cited......Page 47
Strategy......Page 48
Techniques......Page 50
Examples......Page 58
Nontechnical Summary......Page 65
Literature Cited......Page 66
5 Dermal Dose-Cholinesterase Response and Percutaneous Absorption Studies with Several Cholinesterase Inhibitors......Page 67
Methods......Page 68
Results......Page 69
Discussion......Page 79
Literature Cited......Page 82
6 The Use of Monkey Percutaneous Absorption Studies......Page 84
Literature Cited......Page 93
Initiating a Field Study......Page 95
Respiratory Exposure......Page 96
Dermal Exposure Pads......Page 98
Mixer-Loaders and Applicators vs. Harvesters......Page 99
Extraction Methods—Rates of Disappearance......Page 101
Biological Monitoring......Page 102
Replications, Statistical Considerations......Page 105
Literature Cited......Page 106
8 Exposure of Applicators to Monosodium Methanearsonate and Cacodylic Acid in Forestry......Page 109
Potential Exposure Indexes......Page 110
Applicator Exposure and Influence of Protective Strategies......Page 111
Monitoring Operational Projects......Page 115
As Concentration in Urine Related to 24-Hour Excretion in Urine......Page 117
Calculating Applicator Exposure......Page 118
Literature Cited......Page 120
Background......Page 122
Experimental Details......Page 123
Results and Discussion......Page 128
Literature Cited......Page 136
10 Application Exposure to the Home Gardener......Page 138
Materials and Methods......Page 139
Results......Page 142
Conclusions......Page 158
Nontechnical Summary......Page 159
Literature Cited......Page 160
Exposure and Dose......Page 161
Collection of Samples......Page 162
Conducting the Field Applicator Exposure Studies......Page 163
Literature Cited......Page 170
Related Literature......Page 171
12 Methyl Parathion Residue in Contaminated Fabrics after Laundering......Page 172
Problem......Page 173
Methods and Materials......Page 174
Experimental......Page 175
Results and Discussion......Page 177
Nontechnical Summary......Page 180
Literature Cited......Page 181
13 Pesticide Drift and Quantification from Air and Ground Applications to a Single Orchard Site......Page 183
Material and Methods......Page 184
Pesticide Quantification......Page 185
Discussion......Page 186
Acknowledgments......Page 192
Literature Cited......Page 193
14 Exposure of Applicators and Mixer-Loaders During the Application of Mancozeb by Airplanes, Airblast Sprayers, and Compressed-Air Backpack Sprayers......Page 194
Materials and Methods......Page 195
Results and Discussion......Page 199
Nontechnical Summary......Page 200
Literature Cited......Page 212
15 Inhalation Exposure of Grain Samplers and Grain Inspectors to Carbon Tetrachloride......Page 213
Materials, Methods, and Procedures......Page 220
Results and Discussion......Page 223
Nontechnical Summary......Page 230
Literature Cited......Page 231
16 Inhalation Exposure of Museum Personnel to Ethylene Dichloride-Carbon Tetrachloride Fumigant......Page 234
Exposure Monitoring......Page 236
Results and Discussion......Page 237
Literature Cited......Page 242
17 Dermal and Respiratory Exposure of Applicators and Residents to Dichlorvos-Treated Residences......Page 243
Materials and Methods......Page 244
Results and Discussion......Page 248
Conclusions......Page 252
Literature Cited......Page 253
18 Subterranean Termite Control: Chlordane Residues in Soil Surrounding and Air Within Houses......Page 255
Materials and Methods......Page 256
Results and Discussion......Page 258
Nontechnical Summary......Page 265
Literature Cited......Page 266
19 Paraquat: A Model for Measuring Exposure......Page 268
Methods and Materials......Page 269
Results......Page 271
Acknowledgments......Page 273
Literature Cited......Page 274
20 Applicator Exposure to Pesticides Applied to Turfgrass......Page 275
Analytical Procedures......Page 277
Test 2......Page 279
Test 4......Page 280
Dermal exposure, Diazinon......Page 281
Nontechnical Summary......Page 282
Literature Cited......Page 283
21 Potential Exposure in the Application of Pesticides to Orchard and Field Crops......Page 284
Experimental......Page 286
Apple Production (1980)......Page 287
Green Bean Production (1981)......Page 291
Onion and Cabbage Production (1982)......Page 294
Acknowledgments......Page 296
Literature Cited......Page 297
22 The Potential for Applicator-Worker Exposure to Pesticides in Greenhouse Operations......Page 298
Procedures......Page 299
Results and Discussion......Page 300
Literature Cited......Page 306
Using the Unified Field Model......Page 307
Recent Related Research......Page 315
Needed Research......Page 318
Nontechnical Summary......Page 322
Literature Cited......Page 323
24 Data-Base Proposal for Use in Predicting Mixer-Loader-Applicator Exposure......Page 325
Literature Cited......Page 339
25 Dermal Exposure to Pesticides The Environmental Protection Agency's Viewpoint......Page 340
Literature Cited......Page 350
26 Field Worker Exposure: The Usefulness of Estimates Based on Generic Data......Page 352
Methods......Page 353
Results and Discussion......Page 355
Literature Cited......Page 358
27 Evaluation of Fluorescent Tracer Methodology for Dermal Exposure Assessment......Page 359
Field Study Conditions......Page 360
Materials and Methods: Environmental Sampling......Page 362
Materials and Methods: Video Imaging Analysis......Page 365
Results and Discussion: Environmental Sampling......Page 366
Results and Discussion: Video Imaging Analysis......Page 370
Directions for Future Research......Page 373
Nontechnical Summary......Page 374
Literature Cited......Page 375
28 Protective Clothing and Its Significance to the Pesticide User......Page 376
Exposure Reduction......Page 377
Protective Clothing Assessment......Page 378
Research Needs......Page 379
Development of Protective Clothing Recommendations......Page 381
Literature Cited......Page 382
29 Protective Apparel Research......Page 384
Decontamination Study......Page 385
Finishes and Pesticide Penetration......Page 389
User Garment Preference......Page 390
Literature Cited......Page 392
30 Minimizing Pesticide Exposure Risk for the Mixer-Loader, Applicator, and Field Worker......Page 393
Pesticide Use in Ohio......Page 394
Precautions in Pesticide Use......Page 397
The Role of Protective Clothing......Page 398
The Use of Protective Clothing and Equipment in Ohio......Page 400
Summary......Page 402
Literature Cited......Page 404
31 Occupational Exposure to Pesticides and Its Role in Risk Assessment Procedures Used in Canada......Page 406
Steps in Risk Assessment......Page 407
Conclusion......Page 418
Acknowledgments......Page 419
Literature Cited......Page 420
32 Risk Assessment of Excess Pesticide Exposure to Workers in California......Page 422
California Program......Page 423
Hazard Evaluation (Risk Assessment)......Page 425
Literature Cited......Page 430
Appendix One: Dermal Exposure Monitoring of Mixers, Loaders, and Applicators of Pesticides in California......Page 431
Discussion......Page 432
References......Page 437
Analysis......Page 439
33 The Use of Exposure Studies in Risk Assessment......Page 443
Literature Cited......Page 453
34 Assessment of Farmworker Risk from Organophosphate-Induced Delayed Neuropathy......Page 455
Research Levels......Page 457
Workplace and Environment: Isofenphos Residues on Tomatoes......Page 458
Metabolism......Page 459
Target Cells and Molecules......Page 460
Gene Regulation......Page 463
Identification of Neuropathic OPs......Page 465
Literature Cited......Page 466
35 Pesticide Drift: Toxicological and Social Consequences......Page 468
Literature Cited......Page 483
Author Index......Page 484
A......Page 485
Β......Page 487
C......Page 488
D......Page 489
Ε......Page 491
F......Page 492
G......Page 493
H......Page 494
L......Page 495
M......Page 496
Ν......Page 497
Ρ......Page 498
R......Page 501
S......Page 502
Τ......Page 503
V......Page 504
W......Page 505
