Deregulated Electricity Structures and Smart Grids

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Optimal Decision Making under Uncertainty Using Heuristic Approach in Restructured Power System
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background: Restructured Power System
1.2.1 Competitive Electricity Markets: An Overview
1.3 Technical and Policy Issues in the Electricity Markets
1.4 Strategic Bidding
1.5 Risk of Generators
1.6 Congestion Management
1.6.1 LMP
1.6.2 Zonal Price
1.6.3 Market Split
1.6.4 Counter Flow Re-dispatch
1.7 An Overview of the Few EM Models
1.7.1 Nord Pool Electricity Market
1.7.2 PJM Electricity Market
1.7.3 Indian Electricity Market
1.8 ABC Algorithm
1.9 Stochastic Programming Problem for Optimal Decision Making
1.9.1 BLOP
1.9.2 Uncertainty Modelling through Monte Carlo Method
1.10 Solution Algorithm
1.11 Case Study
1.12 Future Research Directions
1.13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Harmonic Mitigation Methods in Microgrids
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Harmonics in Microgrids
2.3 Harmonic Standards
2.4 Harmonic Mitigation Approaches at Primary Level
2.4.1 Proportional Resonant (PR) Controller
2.4.2 Virtual Impedance
2.4.3 Droop-Based Controllers
2.5 Harmonic Mitigation Methods at Secondary
2.6 The Proposed Harmonic Mitigation Procedure
2.7 Simulation Results
2.7.1 PR Controller Used at Primary Level
2.7.2 PSO-Based Method Used at Secondary Level
2.8 Conclusion and Future Works
References
Chapter 3 Energy Management in Deregulated Power Market with Integration of Microgrid
3.1 Introduction of Traditional and Deregulated Power System
3.1.1 Traditional Power System
3.1.2 Deregulated Power System
3.1.3 Need of Deregulation
3.1.4 Steps toward Deregulation
3.2 Introduction of Microgrid
3.2.1 Microgrid Definition
3.2.2 Architecture of Microgrid
3.2.3 Modes of Operation
3.3 Uncertainty Modelling of Wind and Solar
3.3.1 Modelling of Wind Power
3.3.2 Uncertainty Modelling of Solar Power
3.4 Problem Formulation and System Data
3.4.1 Objective Function
3.4.2 System Data
3.5 Results and Discussion
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Business Models for Different Future Electricity Market Players
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Players in Future Electricity Markets
4.2.1 Prosumers
4.2.2 Energy Communities
4.2.3 Aggregators, VPPs, and Community Managers
4.2.4 Market Operators
4.2.5 Transmission System Operators (TSO)
4.2.6 Distribution System Operator (DSO)
4.3 Business Models
4.3.1 Local Electricity Markets
4.3.1.1 Market Participants
4.3.1.2 Local Market Architectures and Clearing Process
4.3.2 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Electricity Trading
4.3.2.1 Trading Participants
4.3.2.2 P2P Trading Architecture
4.3.3 Aggregator-Based Electricity Trading
4.3.3.1 Participants
4.3.3.2 Aggregator-Based Trading Architecture
4.3.4 Local Flexibility Markets
4.3.4.1 Roles of Different Participants
4.3.4.2 Local Flexibility Market Architecture
4.4 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Distributed Generation, Storage and Active Network Management
5.1 Introduction
5.2 DG Sources
5.2.1 PV Panel
5.2.2 Wind Turbine
5.2.3 Micro-CHP
5.2.4 Fuel Cells
5.3 Challenges in DG Implementation
5.4 Management-Related Solutions
5.4.1 DG Inverters’ Reactive Power Management
5.4.2 DGs Active Power Management
5.4.3 Distribution Network Management with DGs
5.4.4 Hierarchical Architecture for Distribution Network
5.4.5 Decentralized Architecture for Distribution Network
5.4.6 Future Distribution Network Management Architecture – Potential General Approach
5.5 ESSs
5.5.1 ESS Technologies for Stationary Grid Applications
5.5.2 Application of ESSs Smart Grids
5.6 Integration of Battery ESSs
5.6.1 Power Electronic Converters
5.6.1.1 DC-DC Converter
5.6.1.2 DC-AC Inverter
5.6.1.3 Coupling Transformer
5.6.2 Grid Code Requirements
5.6.3 BESS Integration Design
5.6.3.1 BESS Integration Methodology
5.6.3.2 VSC Controller
5.6.3.3 Battery Charge and Discharge Controller
5.6.4 Case Study and Simulation Results
5.7 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Internet of Things (IoT) in Renewable Energy Utilities towards Enhanced Energy Optimization
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Benefits of IoT Management Systems
6.3 Challenges for IoT in the Energy Sector and How to Overcome Them
6.4 Smart Energy Solutions in Various Areas
6.4.1 Energy System Monitoring and Maintenance
6.4.2 Process Automation
6.4.3 Increased Efficiency
6.4.4 Safety and Disaster Prevention
6.5 Present Status of Emerging Trends in Energy Sector in India
6.5.1 Creating Opportunities and Challenges for the Security of the Global Energy Infrastructure
6.5.2 Digital Disruption Creating Threats as well as New Opportunities
6.5.3 New Global Energy Security Order Is Needed for Rebalancing of Energy Supply and Demand
6.6 IoT Applications Areas in Renewable Energy
6.6.1 Automation to Improve Overall Production
6.6.2 Smart Grids for Elevated Renewable Implementation
6.6.3 IoT Increasing the Adoption of Renewable Systems
6.6.3.1 Contribution from End Consumers
6.6.3.2 Balancing Supply and Demand
6.6.3.3 Cost-Effectiveness
6.6.4 Remote Asset Monitoring and Management Improving Reliability
6.6.5 A More Distributed Grid
6.6.6 More Informed Customers Thereby Identifying Waste Areas
6.6.7 Improved Grid Management to Build New Infrastructure
6.7 Maharashtra State Using Drones to Inspect EHV Power Transmission Lines and Towers
6.8 Flying Long-Distance Robots Planned for Utilization by Power Companies
6.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Congestion Management and Market Analysis in Deregulated Power System
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature Review
7.3 Restructured Power System
7.3.1 Traditional Vertically Integrated Electric Industry
7.3.2 Reasons for Deregulation
7.3.2.1 Changes in Power Technology
7.3.2.2 Liberalization of Power Industries
7.3.2.3 Problems with Monopoly Utility
7.3.2.4 Computerized Controls and Data Communications
7.3.3 Different Entities in Deregulated Market
7.3.4 Benefits of Deregulation
7.3.5 Structure of an Electricity Market in a Deregulated Environment
7.3.5.1 The Electricity Act, 2003
7.3.5.2 The Electricity (Amendment) Act, June 2007
7.3.6 Power Trading at Exchange
7.3.6.1 The Real-Time Electricity Market (RTM)
7.3.6.2 India’s Power Market Trading
7.3.7 Present Indian Electricity Market
7.3.7.1 Renewable Sources
7.3.7.2 Solar Energy
7.3.7.3 Off-Grid
7.3.7.4 Grid Connected
7.3.7.5 Offshore Wind
7.3.7.6 Green Energy Corridors
7.4 Congestion
7.5 Contingency
7.6 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
7.6.1 Degree of Series Compensation (K)
7.7 Market Analysis by Using LMP
7.7.1 Generator Sensitivity Factor (GSF)
7.7.2 Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP)
7.8 System Index
7.8.1 Voltage Deviation Index
7.8.2 Losses
7.8.3 Reliability
7.8.4 Weighting Function
7.9 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
7.10 Results and Discussions
7.10.1 Case 1: Base Case and TCSC Case
7.10.2 Case 2: Base Case, N -1 Contingency Case and TCSC with N -1 Contingency Cases for 14 Bus Systems
7.10.2.1 Active Power and Reactive Power
7.10.3 Case 3: Base Case, N-1 Contingency Case, and TCSC with N-1 Contingency Cases for 30 Bus Systems
7.10.3.1 Losses
7.10.4 Case 4: Market Analysis
7.10.4.1 Base Case
7.10.4.2 N–1 Contingency Cases
7.10.4.3 TCSC
7.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Grid Synchronization of Photovoltaic System with Harmonics Mitigation Techniques for Power Quality Improvement
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Architecture of Grid Tied PV System
8.3 Analysis of Even Order Harmonics
8.4 Proposed Modified Composite Observer-Based IRPT
8.4.1 Modified Composite Observer Filter
8.4.2 Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory
8.5 Simulation Performance and Results Discussion
8.5.1 PV Inverter Multifunctional Operation
8.5.2 Non-linear Load with Adverse Condition of Grid Supply
8.5.3 Non-linear Load with Adverse Condition of Grid Supply and Non-linear Load
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 A Comprehensive Formal Reliability Study of Advanced Metering Infrastructure on Smart Grid
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Related Work in Formal Verification of Smart Grid and PRISM Model Checker
9.3 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) Functionality and Issues in Energy Distribution
9.3.1 AMI Functionalities
9.3.2 Issues in Energy Distribution
9.4 Reliability Challenges and Analysis in AMI
9.4.1 Reliability Analysis of AMI
9.4.2 Cost and Availability Study
9.4.3 Redundancy and Network Design
9.4.4 Reliability under Safety Attacks
9.4.5 Risk
9.4.6 Availability of AMI
9.5 Technology Assessment and Reliability Enhancement of AMI Network
9.5.1 PLC Communication (PLCC)
9.5.2 Upcoming Technologies and Supporting Protocols in PLC
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 An Optimized Approach for Restructuring of Transmission System to Mitigate Renewable Energy Constraints
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Study Objective and Problem Formulation
10.3 Base Transmission System
10.4 Proposed Optimized Restructuring Method
10.4.1 Option 1
10.4.2 Option 2
10.4.3 Option 3
10.5 Investigation of Feasibility of the Proposals through Load Flow Studies
10.6 Simulation Results of Load Flow Study
10.6.1 Load Flow Results for Base Transmission Network
10.6.2 Load Flow Results for Transmission Network Considered under Option 1
10.6.3 Load Flow Results for Transmission Network Considered under Proposal 2
10.6.4 Load Flow Results for Transmission Network Considered under Proposal 3
10.6.5 Observations
10.6.6 Contingency of Options 1 and 3
10.7 Short Circuit Study
10.8 Conclusion
Declaration by Authors
References
Chapter 11 Performance of Multifunctional Grid-tied Photovoltaic Inverters with Active and Harmonic Power Weight (AHPW) Control Technique
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Architecture of Multifunctional Grid Tied PV System
11.3 Proposed Control Technique
11.3.1 Active and Harmonic Power Weight (AHPW) Algorithm for VSI
11.3.2 Complex Vector Filter-Based Technique
11.4 Simulation Results and Discussions
11.4.1 Performance Analysis with Non-Linear Load with PV Integration
11.4.2 Performance Analysis during Adverse Condition of Grid Supply
11.4.3 Comparative Performance Study under Load Perturbation
11.5 Conclusions
References
Appendix A: The Simulation Parameters
Chapter 12 Valuation of Dynamic VAR Support in Deregulated Power System
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Deregulated Power System & Ancillary System Requirement
12.1.2 Reactive Power as an Ancillary Service
12.1.3 Reactive Power Pricing Approaches
12.2 Reactive Power & Voltage Stability
12.2.1 Reactive Power Management
12.2.2 Line Losses and Voltage Stability
12.3 Voltage Stability Signal
12.4 Valuation of Dynamic Reactive Power
12.4.1 Costing
12.4.2 Valuation
12.4.3 The Pricing Mechanism
12.5 Discussion on Results of the Proposed Postulate
12.5.1 Comparison of Proposed Scheme with OPF Based Method
12.5.2 Locational Effect of VAR & the Proposed Pricing Scheme
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Smart Grid Cyber Security Threats and Solutions
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Schematic View of Smart Grid
13.1.2 Smart Grid Communication Model
13.1.3 Smart Grid Vision
13.1.4 Vulnerabilities in Smart Grid Network
13.2 Architecture of Smart Grid
13.2.1 Smart Energy Subsystem
13.2.1.1 Bulk Power Generation
13.2.1.2 Transmission Grid
13.2.1.3 Distribution Grid
13.2.2 Smart Information Subsystem
13.2.2.1 Information Metering and Measuring
13.2.2.2 Information Management
13.2.3 Smart Communication Subsystem
13.2.3.1 Wireless Technologies
13.2.3.2 Wired Technologies
13.2.3.3 End-to-End Communication Management
13.2.4 Smart Management System
13.2.4.1 Management Objectives
13.2.4.2 Management Methods and Tools
13.2.4.3 Smart Protection System
13.2.4.4 System Reliability and Failure Protection
13.3 Physical Layer Security Concerns
13.4 Possible Solutions to Tackle Physical Layer Security Concern
13.4.1 Consumption Pattern Based Electricity Theft (CPET) Detection Algorithm
13.4.1.1 CPET Threat Model
13.4.1.2 Steps for CPET Detection Algorithm
13.4.2 Anomaly Detection System for Smart Grid Substation
13.4.2.1 Cyber Vulnerabilities of Substation
13.4.2.2 Cyber Intrusion and Detection Scenario in Substation
13.4.2.3 Minor Substation Attack (MSA) and Prevention
13.4.2.4 Multiple Substation Attack Scenario
13.4.2.5 Graph-Based Attack Tree Evaluation
13.4.2.6 MATLAB Example for Cyber Intrusion Prevention
13.5 Cyber Layer Security Concern
13.5.1 Attack on SCADA Systems
13.5.2 Attack Related to Wide Area Network (WAN)
13.6 Possible Solutions to Tackle Cyber Layer Security Concern
13.6.1 Weight Trust Evaluation Metrics for Cyber Layer
13.6.2 Graph Theory-Based Evaluation Technique
13.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Review of Congestion Management in Deregulated Power System
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Optimal Power Flow in Congestion Management
14.3 Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) in Congestion Management
14.4 Flexible A.C. Transmission System (FACTS) Devices in Congestion Management
14.5 Different Approaches for Congestion Management
14.5.1 FACTS Device-Based Approach
14.5.1.1 Sensitivity-Based Approach
14.5.1.2 Optimal Placement of FACTS Device-Based Approach
14.5.1.3 Price-Based Approach
14.5.2 Generation Rescheduling-Based Approach
14.5.3 Zonal Congestion Management-Based Approach
14.5.4 Renewable/Distributed Resources-Based Approach
14.5.5 Auction-Based Approach
14.5.6 Miscellaneous Method
14.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Restructuring of Power System Network to Mitigate Renewable Energy Evacuation Constraints: A Comprehensive Study
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Related Work
15.1.2 Contribution of the Chapter
15.2 Test Utility Grid
15.2.1 Base Transmission System
15.3 Proposed Transmission Network Restructuring Methodology
15.3.1 Test System
15.3.2 Load Flow Study
15.3.3 Short Circuit Study
15.4 Results of Load Flow Study and Discussion
15.4.1 Load Flow Study Procedure
15.4.2 Creation of 765 kV GSS
15.4.3 Creation of 400 kV GSS
15.4.4 Creation of 220 kV GSS at Sanwreej
15.5 Testing of Suitability of the Proposed Restructuring of Transmission System Using Short Circuit Study
15.6 Conclusions
15.6.1 765 kV GSS at Jodhpur
15.6.2 220 kV GSS at Sanwreej
References
Index