Wireless operators will find this practical, hands-on guide to network deployment invaluable. Based on their own extensive experience, the authors describe an end-to-end network planning process to deliver the guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) that enables today's wireless IP services such as VoIP, WWW and streaming video. With a focus on practical design, comprehensive examples are provided for • GSM/GPRS/EDGE • UMTS/HSDPA • OFDM • Mesh Wifi • Packet backhaul Topics addressed include: • capacity/peak data rates, • service latency • link budgets • lifecycle costs • network optimisation The trade-off between enhanced user experience and operator cost is explored in the context of an enhanced business model. Suitable for radio and core network planners, designers, optimizers, and business development staff at operators and network equipment manufacturers, the book's extensive references also make it a useful resource for graduate and postgraduate students.
Author(s): Andy Wilton, Tim Charity
Edition: 1
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 380
Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Foreword......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
Acknowledgements......Page 18
Authors' disclaimer......Page 19
1.1 Liberalisation of the communications industry......Page 21
1.2 Digitalisation of content......Page 22
1.3 Changes in spectrum management......Page 23
1.5 The drive towards broadband......Page 25
1.6 Organisation of the text......Page 27
References......Page 28
2.1 Cellular networks......Page 30
2.1.1 The GSM circuit switched network......Page 31
2.1.1.1 GSM channel structures......Page 35
2.1.1.2 Authentication and location updating......Page 36
2.1.1.3 Physical channels......Page 38
2.1.1.4 Telecommunications management network......Page 40
2.1.1.5 Billing systems......Page 41
2.1.2 The general packet radio system (GPRS)......Page 42
2.1.2.1 Overview......Page 43
2.1.2.2 GPRS ‘contexts’......Page 45
2.1.2.3 The PDP context......Page 46
2.1.2.4 The mobility management (MM) context......Page 48
2.1.2.5 MS-SGSN physical layer......Page 50
2.1.2.6 MS-SGSN protocols......Page 51
2.1.2.7 GPRS operation......Page 52
2.1.3 GSM network operations costs......Page 54
2.1.3.1 Site and operations......Page 55
2.1.3.2 Back-haul......Page 56
2.1.3.3 Depreciation and finance costs......Page 57
2.2 IEEE 802.11 networks......Page 58
2.3 Operator and user issues with GSM......Page 61
References......Page 63
3.1 Circuit voice networks......Page 65
3.1.1 Coverage......Page 66
Antenna considerations......Page 69
3.1.2 Capacity......Page 70
3.1.3 Network features and handset subsidies......Page 73
3.2 Planning for circuit multimedia services......Page 74
3.3 Planning for packet multimedia services......Page 75
3.3.1.1 Measurement test beds......Page 77
3.3.2 The buffer-pipe model......Page 78
3.3.3 Characterisation of applications......Page 80
3.3.3.1 Data collection approach......Page 81
3.3.3.2 Application statistics......Page 82
3.3.4 Practical modelling methodologies......Page 84
3.3.4.1 The ARC tool......Page 86
3.3.4.2 Modelling – the two-step process......Page 87
3.3.5 Multi-user packet transport configurations......Page 89
3.3.6.1 Business strategy and project value......Page 90
3.3.6.3 Cell planning......Page 93
3.4 Planning for 802.11x deployment......Page 94
3.4.2 Capacity planning......Page 95
References......Page 97
Appendix 3.1 Propagation with significant ground-reflected rays......Page 99
4 Introduction to RAN planning
and design......Page 102
4.1.1 User applications......Page 103
4.1.1.1 Application description......Page 106
4.1.2 GIS data......Page 108
4.2 Propagation modelling......Page 110
4.2.1.1 Okumura–Hata......Page 111
4.2.2.1 Model tuning......Page 112
4.3 Uniform planning areas......Page 113
4.4 Radio planning......Page 114
4.4.1 Antenna characteristics......Page 116
4.4.2 Coverage prediction......Page 117
References......Page 118
5.1.1 C/I assessment for GSM......Page 120
5.1.1.1 Principles of equalisation......Page 121
5.1.1.2 GSM equaliser performance......Page 124
5.1.2.1 Downlink interference scenario......Page 125
5.1.2.2 Uplink interference scenario......Page 128
5.2.1 Frequency hopping......Page 129
5.2.3 Reuse patterns and fractionally loaded systems......Page 131
5.3 GPRS and EDGE......Page 133
5.4 Access protocols and latency......Page 136
5.5.1 GSM features......Page 138
5.5.1.1 The GSM frequency bands......Page 139
5.5.1.2 Frequency reuse......Page 140
5.5.1.4 Frequency hopping......Page 141
5.5.1.5 Improved codecs......Page 143
5.5.1.6 Voice activity detection, discontinuous transmission......Page 144
5.5.1.7 Handovers in GSM......Page 145
5.5.1.8 Received signal level handover (RXLEV HO)......Page 146
5.5.1.9 Quality handover (RxQual HO)......Page 147
5.5.1.12 Power budget handover (PBgt HO)......Page 148
5.5.2.1 Scenario sub-set selection......Page 149
5.5.2.3 Propagation model selection and maximum cell size evaluation......Page 151
5.5.3 Capacity planning for voice......Page 152
5.5.4 Capacity planning for GPRS......Page 153
5.5.4.1 Calculation of required GPRS resources......Page 156
References......Page 158
Appendix 5.1 The MLSE equaliser......Page 160
References......Page 166
6.1 UMTS system overview......Page 167
6.2 The UMTS air interface......Page 173
6.2.1 WCDMA air interface physical layer principles......Page 175
6.2.1.1 Power control......Page 177
6.2.1.2 Rake receivers......Page 178
6.2.1.3 Soft handover......Page 180
6.2.1.4 Synchronisation and common pilot channels (SCH and CPICH)......Page 183
6.3.1 Physical channel structure......Page 185
6.3.2 Spreading and modulation......Page 187
6.3.3 Transport channels......Page 192
6.4 UMTS coverage and capacity......Page 195
6.4.1 Link-level simulation......Page 196
6.4.2 Evaluation of system coverage and capacity......Page 200
6.4.2.1 Uplink ‘pole’ capacity......Page 203
6.4.2.2 Downlink ‘pole’ capacity......Page 207
6.4.2.3 Coverage and capacity for users with mixed service profiles......Page 208
6.5 HSDPA and HSUPA......Page 211
6.6.1 WCDMA Release 99 call set-up......Page 214
6.6.2 HSDPA/HSUPA and user plane delay......Page 215
6.7 UMTS worked example......Page 217
6.7.2 Discussion of specific air interface features......Page 218
6.7.2.2 Coverage......Page 219
6.7.2.3 Load planning......Page 220
6.7.2.5 Load balancing......Page 222
6.7.2.8 Scrambling code planning......Page 223
6.7.6 Initial deployment assumptions......Page 224
6.7.7 Estimation of maximum cell size......Page 225
6.7.8 Required data rate determination......Page 227
6.7.9 Estimation of HSDPA coverage......Page 228
References......Page 233
7 Cellular OFDM RAN planning
and design......Page 242
7.1.1 Evolved packet core......Page 244
7.1.2 E-UTRAN......Page 247
7.2.1 Principles and benefits of OFDM......Page 248
7.2.2 OFDM implementation......Page 253
7.2.3 E-UTRAN – expected performance......Page 257
7.3.1.1 Operating frequencies......Page 261
7.3.1.4 OFDM/OFDMA sub-channelisation......Page 262
7.3.1.5 Adaptive modulation and coding......Page 264
7.3.1.7 ARQ and hybrid ARQ......Page 265
7.3.1.9 Quality of service (QoS) support......Page 266
7.3.2.1 Scenario sub-set selection......Page 267
7.3.2.3 Propagation model selection......Page 268
7.3.3.2 Required QoS parameter set for VoIP......Page 269
7.3.3.3 Required QoS parameter set for web browsing......Page 272
7.3.4 Estimation of maximum cell size......Page 276
7.3.5 Estimation of system capacity......Page 277
7.3.7 Worked example – summary comments......Page 280
References......Page 281
8.1 Principles of mesh networking......Page 284
8.2.1 Handover, routing and roaming in MESH networks......Page 286
8.3.1.1 Unlicensed spectrum operation......Page 287
8.3.1.3 802.11b/802.11g mixed-mode operation......Page 288
8.3.2.1 Scenario sub-set selection......Page 289
8.3.3 Propagation model selection......Page 290
8.3.5 What radio channel plan should be used?......Page 291
8.3.7 Which nodes should be configured as gateways?......Page 292
References......Page 293
9.1.1 Factors driving core network evolution......Page 294
9.1.2 The GSM Release 98 core network......Page 296
9.1.3.1 SIP and SDP......Page 300
9.1.3.2 Release 8 core network......Page 302
9.2.1 Asynchronous transfer mode......Page 305
9.2.2 IP packet networks......Page 306
9.2.3 Multi-protocol label switching......Page 307
9.3 Worked example: EPC transmission planning......Page 309
9.3.1 Back-haul transmission principles......Page 311
9.3.2 Back-haul application scenario......Page 312
VoIP......Page 313
Interactive gaming......Page 314
Streaming video......Page 315
Messaging......Page 316
References......Page 318
10 Network operation and optimisation......Page 320
10.1.1.2 Infrastructure life-cycle management......Page 322
10.1.2 Operations......Page 324
10.1.2.2 Assurance......Page 325
10.1.3 Enterprise management......Page 326
10.2 Network optimisation......Page 327
10.2.1 Optimisation – an end-to-end process......Page 328
10.2.2 Optimisation – sources of data......Page 330
10.2.3 Optimisation – where to start......Page 332
10.3.1 Principles and key performance indicators......Page 333
10.3.1.9 Voice quality......Page 335
10.3.1.4 TCH blocking rate......Page 334
10.3.3 Neighbour-list optimisation......Page 336
10.3.5 Voice quality optimisation......Page 337
10.4.1 An end-to-end view......Page 338
10.4.2 Assessment of end-to-end KPIs......Page 339
10.4.3.1 Radio-link quality......Page 341
10.4.3.2 TBF performance metrics......Page 342
10.4.3.4 GPRS blocking......Page 343
10.5 UMTS network performance optimisation......Page 344
10.5.1 Optimisation of mobility management......Page 345
10.5.2 Coverage optimisation......Page 347
References......Page 349
Acronyms......Page 350
Index......Page 360
