Demystifying COVID-19: Understanding the Disease, Its Diagnosis and Treatment

Cover
Title
Copyright
End User License Agreement
Contents
Preface
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Contagion of the Pandemics: The Situation in the World
FATALITY AND MORTALITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COUNTRIES
WHICH COUNTRIES HAVE THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF CASES?
TO NORMALIZE OR NOT TO NORMALIZE, IT IS THE MAIN QUESTION!
CONTAGIOUSNESS OF CORONAVIRUS
IN WHAT WAYS IS CORONAVIRUS TRANSMITTED?
Where is The Contamination Happening?
Is It Airborne?
Air Conditioning + 1 Patient = 10 Patients: Who is Guilty?
How is The Air Conditioner Cleaned?
How Should We Clean Our Air Conditioner?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
How Can a Country Defeat COVID-19? Value of R0, Rt and Re
WHAT ARE R0, RT, AND RE?
INCUBATION PERIOD
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEILLANCE AND STRUGGLE WITH THE PANDEMIC: HOW COUNTRIES DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER?
HOW EFFECTIVE IS HOME STAY, SOCIAL / INDIVIDUAL ISOLATION IN PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF COVID-19?
BELGIUM HAS A VERY DIFFERENT CASE SITUATION
HERD IMMUNITY AND THE 'SECOND WAVE' PROBLEM: MYTH OR TRUTH?
IS THE ‘ORDINARY CITIZEN’ ALSO GUILTY? WHICH MISTAKES DID THEY DO IN THE PANDEMIC AND ‘NORMALIZATION’?
HOW DOES THIS DISEASE END?
THE SPANISH FLU EXPERIENCES OF 1918: DOES HISTORY LIGHT OUR WAY?
Why is It Called ‘Spanish Flu’?
Is It Different From Other Flu Syndromes?
WHAT HAPPENED IN THE USA?
Mass Graves Were Opened in The Usa in September 1918 Due To Massive Death Toll
REFERENCES
Comorbid Diseases and COVID-19: COPD, Smoking, Obesity, Diabetes, Cancer, and Kidney Failure
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COVID-19 FATALITY RATE AND COMORBIDITIES
PULMONARY DISEASES AND COVID-19
Could COVID-19 Infection also Cause COPD-AA?
Are Patients with COPD or Asthma at High Risk for Contracting COVID-19?
Are Patients with COPD at High Risk for Severe COVID-19 and Death?
How are The Follow-up and Treatment of COPD and COPD-AA Cases During The Pandemics?
Are Systemic Corticosteroids (CST) Used in COPD-AA During Pandemic?
Are There Any Changes For Asthma Patients?
How is an Asthma Attack Treated While Infected with COVID-19?
Is the Use of Nebulizers Recommended in The Treatment of Asthma/COPD During The COVID-19 Outbreak?
Does Smoking and COPD Development Alter Expression of ACE2 Receptors?
Does Smoking Affect Clinical Course?
Is Smoking also Effective in Influenza?
Is COVID-19 More Severe in Smokers?
What are The Key Findings of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyzes with High Level of Evidence?
What is “Smoker’s Paradox” (SP), are There any Justifications?
OBESITY AND COVID-19
Numerical Data showing the Relationship between Obesity and COVID-19
DIABETES AND COVID-19
In a Diabetic Patient Hospitalized in The COVID-19 Process, There will be 5 Essential Steps of Management
CANCER AND COVID-19
Why are Cancer Patients More Disadvantaged in Terms of COVID-19?
Are There any More Special Risk Groups among People with Cancer?
Can Cancer be Diagnosed During The Pandemic Period, and can Interventions be Performed as Before?
Are there Specific Difficulties in Diagnostic Interventions for COVID-19?
Are There Specific Difficulties for Cancer Patients Regarding Care and Treatment?
Is there any Difference Regarding the Psychological Conditions of Cancer Patients in this Period?
THE RISK OF REACTIVE OR MAJOR DEPRESSION WILL BE FURTHER INCREASED
What are the General Messages?
RENAL FAILURE (RF), ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI) AND COVID-19
LUNG-KIDNEY AXIS (LKA): A NEW PATHWAY FOR KIDNEY DAMAGE?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Risks and Losses of Healthcare Workers in the Pandemic Era
PHENOMENA PROVEN TO INCREASE THE RISK OF COVID-19 TRANSMISSION IN HCW
Is COVID-19 Risky for HCW?
How much Risk COVID-19 Impose on HCW?
HEADLINES FROM VARIOUS COUNTRIES
THE SITUATION IN TURKEY
SITUATIONS INCREASING THE RISK OF INFECTION TO HCW
Findings
Precautions and Measures
Personal Protective Equipment
Sequence of Control Measures
Infection Protection and Control Measures
Psychosocial Problems in HCW During The Pandemics
What kind of Interventions can be Pursued to Support The Resilience and Mental Health of Frontline HCW During The Pandemic?
IS THERE ANY GOOD NEWS TO CONVEY?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
What Kind of Disease is this? Signs and Symptoms, Predictors of Clinical Course and Management
DO PATIENTS WHO ARE DIAGNOSED NECESSARILY HAVE SYMPTOMS?
ASYMPTOMATIC AND SYMPTOMATIC… IS THERE A 3RD WAY?
Can A Mild-looking Patient Worsen Quickly?
WHICH MARKERS CAN WE USE TO PREDICT CLINICAL WORSENING?
RADIOLOGICAL CRITERIA
TYPICAL CASE
HOW ARE COVID AND COUGH RELATED?
Cough In Terms of Contagiousness
Pharmacological Methods To Relieve Cough
GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLAINTS AND FINDINGS IN THE COURSE OF COVID-19
CORONA FACTS: WHICH IS CORRECT?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Diagnosis of COVID-19: Which Tests To Do? Laboratory and Radiological Adjuncts To Recognition
LABORATORY TESTS
Cytokines and Related Findings
Laboratory Values Can Also Highlight The Stages of The Disease
Do Antibody Tests Give Accurate Results In The Early Period After Infection?
CHEST IMAGING - RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
Which Should We Choose? X-ray, CT, USG, or MR?
CASE EXAMPLE AND TIME COURSE OF THE DISEASE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Cardiovascular Disease, Myocarditis, Infarctions, And COVID-19
KEY FINDINGS FROM DIFFERENT DATABASE STUDIES
ARE ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IMPORTANT FOR COVID-19?
HT AND COVID-19
MYOCARDIAL INJURY SEVERITY AND MORTALITY
How Much Myocardial Damage Occurs in COVID-19?
In Whom Does Myocardial Damage Occur and How Do We Identify It?
Any Pathological Finding?
Global View of Myocardial Infarction (STEMI / NSTEMI) After COVID-19
Did The Pandemic Affect Heart Attacks?
What Should Be Done?
COVID-19 and Myocardial Damage, Myocarditis
Fulminant Myocarditis (FM)
Symptoms and Signs in Myocarditis
Ancillary Studies
THROMBOTIC EVENTS, BLEEDING, COAGULOPATHIES, AND COVID-19
Cytokine-Mediated Alveolar Inflammation Triggers the Formation Of Microthrombi In The Pulmonary Vasculature, Which Can Culminate Into Thrombi Or Embolism In Severe Cases
Increased D-dimer, PT, aPTT, CRP, ESR, and PCT Levels Noted on Presentation were Found To Be Associated With Death In Covid-19 Patients (Al-Samkari et al., 2020)
Additional Note: Mean Values Of Fibrinogen, Ferritin, Pct Are Also Higher In Patients With Thrombosis
Pathological Mechanism
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Gastrointestinal Signs and Symptoms in the Course of COVID-19
INTRODUCTION
HOW IMPORTANT IS GIS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE VIRUS?
Which GI Findings Do We Mention About?
Children and GI Complaints
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) and COVID-19
Hepatic Damage and COVID-19
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Is Our Psychology Affected By the Pandemic? How?
WHAT ARE STRESS REACTIONS? WHAT CAN WE DO?
WHY ARE WE STRESSED DURING THIS PERIOD?
ADVERSE EMOTIONAL, PHYSICAL, OR COGNITIVE RESPONSES THAT ARISE IN RESPONSE TO THE EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC INCLUDE
COVID-19 and our Psychology: What do the Researchers Say?
COVID-19 and Dealing with Stress
Coping with Stress
Awareness of Emotions
Social Relations
Try not to Disturb your Routine and Sleep Patterns
Do Hobbies Work?
What Does Physical Activity Bring us?
Bias and Stigmatization
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
COVID-19 and Our Brain: What's New?
INTRODUCTION
HOW CAN COVID-19 AFFECT THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM?
WHAT KIND OF DAMAGE DOES COVID-19 CAUSE IN THE BRAIN?
WHAT KINDS OF NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS DO COVID-19 CAN BE EVIDENT?
DOES IT HAVE LONG-TERM EFFECTS ON THE CNS?
EFFECTS OF COVID-19 ON PEOPLE WITH NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
DOES COVID-19 INCREASE THE RISK OF STROKE?
MANY PATIENTS MENTION LOSS OF SMELL / TASTE
IS THERE AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANOSMIA AND RESPIRATORY FAILURE?
DOES COVID-19 TRIGGER BRAIN TISSUE INFLAMMATION (ENCEPHALITIS)?
WHAT ARE THE TREATMENT METHODS AFTER COVID-19 INFLICTS THE CNS?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
COVID-19 Pneumonia and ARDS: The Real Killer?
DEFINITION
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIAGNOSIS
THE MOST COMMON CT FINDINGS ON PRESENTATION (ADAPTED FROM PAN ET AL, 2020)
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
OTHER SITUATIONS TO BE DISTINGUISHED
SERUM ANTIBODY DETECTION
LABORATORY FINDINGS
RISK FACTORS FOR SEVERE DISEASE
ARDS
Treatment of Pneumonia and ARDS
Hypoxia Management in Severe and Critical COVID-19 Patient
Specific Drug Treatments
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Pregnancy, COVID-19, and Children: Dangerous Trio?
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PREGNANT WOMEN WITH COVID-19?
Should there be a Different Warning for Pregnant Healthcare Workers?
Could the Pregnant Women with Covid-19 Transmit the Disease to the Baby?
How is Protection from Covid-19 during Pregnancy?
What are the General Treatment Methods in Pregnant Women?
Are the Drugs used in the Treatment of Covid-19 Harmful during Pregnancy?
Can the Woman with COVID-19 Breastfeed her Baby?
Is there Anything to Pay Attention to After Birth?
Can Children Take COVID-19 Medications Used by Adults?
COVID-19 IN CHILDREN: IT IS NOT A FAIRY TALE, IT IS A REALITY
Are the Children “Carriers of COVID-19”?
Are the Signs and Symptoms in Children Different from Adults?
Is COVID-19 more Risky for Children with Asthma or Allergies? What are the Risks?
Are the Laboratory Findings Different in Children?
Which Children get COVID-19?
How is the Covid-19 Virus Transmitted to Children?
Should Masks and Gloves be used for Children who are Going Out Necessarily?
Since The Mortality Rate in Children is Close to Zero, Covid-19 has Nothing to do with Children, Right?
Should Children be Locked up at Home?
Does the Baby's Breastfeeding Affect the Covid-19 Clinical Course?
How is the Diagnosis Made?
Imaging Principles for Pediatric COVID-19 Suspected Cases
Can Sequential Cxr be Requested?
Can CXR be Ordered After Recovery?
Discharge Criteria
How Can we Tell Kids About COVID-19?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
COVID-19 and The Elderly: Is It Different From The Young?
WHAT KIND OF SYMPTOMS SHOULD RAISE SUSPICION OF COVID-19 IN THE ELDERLY?
IS THERE ANY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OTHER EPIDEMICS AND COVID-19 IN THIS REGARD?
IS COVID-19 DIFFERENT IN THE ELDERLY?
IS THERE A DIFFERENCE IN COMPLAINTS AND FINDINGS IN ELDERLY PEOPLE WITH COVID-19 COMPARED TO YOUNG PEOPLE?
THERE ARE SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES FOR THE ELDERLY IN THE TREATMENT AND FOLLOW-UP PROCESS.
WHAT CAN BE DONE?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Principles of Treatment
ANTIVIRALS
Nucleotide Analogues (NA)
1. Favipiravir
2. Ribavirin
3. Remdesivir (GS-5734)
4. Nafamostat Mesylate
5. Nitazoxanide
Neuraminidase Inhibitors (NAI) (Oseltamivir, Zanamivir, Peramivir)
Lopinavir / Ritonavir (Kaletra)
Umifenovir (Arbidol)
Chloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (Plaquenil®)
Does HCQ Have any Benefit in Prophylaxis?
The Dark Side of The Moon: Doubts about HCQ Effectiveness
PRINCIPLES OF ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT IN COVID-19
Co-infections in COVID-19
Use of Antibiotics in the Treatment of COVID-19
Why are Antibiotics Used?
How Do We Decide On Antibiotic Treatment?
Angiotensin 1 Receptor Blockers (AT1RBs) (-sartans: Losartan, telmisartan, olmesartan)
Corticosteroids
Effectiveness of IV Pulse CSD in the Treatment of COVID-19
N-acetyl-cysteine ​​(NAC)
CAN WE USE PAINKILLERS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS IN COVID-19?
How to Decide for Treatment of Pain in The Pandemic Period?
Paracetamol and NSAIDs
How About Aspirin?
Should Pregnant Women Take NSAIDS?
Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) Inhibitors
Specific Pain Syndromes and COVID-19
- Headache
Safety and NSAIDs
The Differences Between the Agents
Tocilizumab as a NSAID
IS VITAMIN C EFFECTIVE IN THE TREATMENT OF COVID-19, SEPSIS AND ARDS?
Antioxidant AscA
AscA in Sepsis
AscA in ARDS
AscA in The Treatment of Acute Lung Injury (ALI)
Effect on Coagulation Disorders
High Dose Vitamin C (AscA) Treatment in COVID-19
VITAMIN D AND COVID-19: A REAL TREATMENT?
Is COVID-19 related to vitamin D?
What are The Claims Related to Infections and DV?
Immune Modulatory Effect and Vitamin D
Who are The Risk Groups?
Smoking, Men, and vitamin D: a Bad Trio?
Vitamin D in Intensive Care
What Should Be Considered When Getting DV?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Critical Care in COVID-19
CPR, EMERGENCY CARDIAC CARE AND COVID-19: WHAT’S NEW?
Will there be any changes in the CPR?
How Should Cpr / Acls Be Done In Covid-19 Period?
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: (OHCA)
What Does ERC Say For Resuscitation?
What Should We Do If The Intubated Patient Has A Cardiac Arrest?
Prearrest Period
When IHCA Develops
Emergency Airway Interventions During the COVID-19 Period
Is There any Difference in RSI / Rapid Sequential Intubation Application?
What will we Do Before the Procedure for a Patient Who is Coughing and Who May Succumb to Respiratory Failure?
What can we Do to Ensure Mask Seal in Pre-oxygenation?
Avoid Attempting PPV without A Good Seal!
Videolaryngoscopy (VL)
Aspiration
What Can We Do Else?
Case Report
What If We Cannot Succeed With It?
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE AND CARDIAC ADVERSE EFFECTS
HCQ and Cardiac Adverse Effects, Ventricular Arrhythmias
COVID-19 AND RESPIRATORY FAILURE (RF)
ARDS in COVID-19
Management Protocols for RF in COVID-19
Salvage Use Of Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) in The Setting Of Ards Due To COVID-19
Resuscitation in the Prone Position (PP)
Who are not Suitable for PP? (contraindications)
Common Complications of PP
MANAGEMENT OF SHOCK, SEPSIS, RESPIRATORY FAILURE AND ARDS
IV Hydration
Vasopressors
Respiratory Support
Indications of Intubating The Patient With COVID-19 Infection
During Mechanical Ventilation
The LIS or Murray Score Evaluates Lung Injury Over 4 Variables
Sepsis and COVID-19
ANTICOAGULANT TREATMENT WITH HEPARIN IN COVID-19
Can we Administer Nebulized Anticoagulation?
Does It Also Have An Anti-inflammatory And Antiviral Effect?
The Role of Antiplatelet Drugs in COVID-19 Treatment
Phosphodieasterase Inhibitors (PDEI): Dipyridamole
Thienopyridines: Ticlopidine & Clopidogrel
Glycoprotein IIb / IIIa Inhibitors
COVID-19 PLASMA TREATMENT: THE CURRENT SITUATION, DREAMS, AND REALITY
Passive Antibody Treatment (Convalescent / Immune Plasma Treatment)
Do People Who Have Experienced COVID-19 Have IgG?
Mechanism of Action
Preparation of CP
Side Effects
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Principles of Vaccination: Will it be the Definitive Solution?
IS VACCINATION THE DEFINITIVE SOLUTION TO PANDEMICS?
DOES IT TAKE LONG TO DEVELOP THE COVID-19 VACCINE?
AGAINST WHICH PART OF THE SARS-COV-2 STRUCTURE ARE VACCINES DEVELOPED?
Structure of CoV
POTENTIAL VACCINE INITIATIVES THAT CAN BE DEVELOPED AGAINST COVID-19
SOME TYPES OF VACCINES BEING DEVELOPED AGAINST SARS-COV-2
1. Protein Subunit (Subunit) Vaccines
2. Viral Vectored Vaccines
3. MRNA Vaccines
4. DNA Vaccines
5. Attenuated Live Vaccines
6. Other Vaccines
PUBLISHED INTERIM RESULTS OF PHASE 3 CLINICAL STUDIES OF SOME VACCINES DEVELOPED AGAINST SARS-COV-2
1. BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Analysis Results
2. Results of Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Analysis of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine
WILL THE SARS-COV-2 VIRUS VACCINE BE ABLE TO EFFECTIVELY PROTECT US AGAINST THE EPIDEMIC? IF SO, HOW LONG WILL IT PROTECT?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Subject Index
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