Mastering the theory and application of electrical concepts is necessary for a successful career in the electrical installation or industrial maintenance fields, and this new fifth edition of DELMAR'S STANDARD TEXTBOOK OF ELECTRICITY delivers! Designed to teach by blending concepts relating to electrical theory and principles with practical 'how to' information that prepares you for situations commonly encountered on the job. Topics span all the major aspects of the electrical field including atomic structure and basic electricity, direct and alternating current, basic circuit theory, three-phase circuits, single phase, transformers, generators, and motors. This revision retains all the hallmarks of our market-leading prior editions and includes enhancements such as updates to the 2011 NEC, a new chapter on industry orientation, and new coverage of constant-current transformers and fuel cells as well as tips on energy efficiency throughout the text
Author(s): Stephen Herman
Edition: 5th
Publisher: Delmar Cengage Learning
Year: 2010
Language: English
Pages: 1153
Tags: Физика;Электродинамика / Электричество и магнетизм;
Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Dedication Page......Page 18
A Note about Calculations......Page 19
New to this Edition......Page 20
• Math Presentation......Page 21
• “Why You Need to Know”......Page 22
Supplement Package......Page 23
About the Author......Page 25
Acknowledgments......Page 26
Electrical Personnel......Page 27
Union and Nonunion Employees......Page 28
Communication......Page 29
Working on a Team......Page 30
Green Building......Page 31
Solar Energy......Page 32
Wind Power......Page 35
Lighting......Page 38
Summary......Page 39
SECTION l: Safety, Basic Electricity, and Ohm’s Law......Page 40
Safety Overview......Page 41
S–1: General Safety Rules......Page 42
S–2: Effects of Electric Current on the Body......Page 44
S–3: On the Job......Page 45
S–4: Protective Clothing......Page 50
S–5: Ladders and Scaffolds......Page 54
S–6: Fires......Page 57
S–7: Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters......Page 58
S–8: Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters (AFCIs)......Page 60
S–9: Grounding......Page 66
UNIT 1: Atomic Structure......Page 72
1–1: Early History of Electricity......Page 73
1–2: Atoms......Page 75
1–3: The Law of Charges......Page 79
1–4: Structure of the Atom......Page 80
1–5: Electron Orbits......Page 82
1–6: Valence Electrons......Page 84
1–7: Electron Flow......Page 85
1–9: Semiconductors......Page 90
1–10: Molecules......Page 91
1–11: Methods of Producing Electricity......Page 92
1–12: Electrical Effects......Page 94
UNIT 2: Electrical Quantities and Ohm’s Law......Page 97
2–1: The Coulomb......Page 98
2–2: The Ampere......Page 99
2–4: The Conventional Current Flow Theory......Page 100
2–5: Speed of Current......Page 102
2–6: Basic Electric Circuits......Page 105
2–7: The Volt......Page 107
2–8: The Ohm......Page 108
2–9: The Watt......Page 110
2–10: Other Measures of Power......Page 112
2–11: Ohm’s Law......Page 114
2–12: Metric Prefixes......Page 120
UNIT 3: Static Electricity......Page 126
3–1: Static Electricity......Page 127
3–3: The Electroscope......Page 129
3–4: Static Electricity in Nature......Page 132
3–5: Nuisance Static Charges......Page 135
3–6: Useful Static Charges......Page 136
UNIT 4: Magnetism......Page 141
4–1: The Earth Is a Magnet......Page 142
4–3: The Electron Theory of Magnetism......Page 144
4–4: Magnetic Materials......Page 146
4–5: Magnetic Lines of Force......Page 147
4–6: Electromagnetics......Page 148
4–7: Magnetic Measurement......Page 151
4–8: Magnetic Polarity......Page 153
4–9: Demagnetizing......Page 154
4–10: Magnetic Devices......Page 155
UNIT 5: Resistors......Page 158
5–1: Uses of Resistors......Page 159
5–2: Fixed Resistors......Page 161
5–3: Color Code......Page 164
5–4: Standard Resistance Values of Fixed Resistors......Page 170
5–5: Power Ratings......Page 172
5–6: Variable Resistors......Page 173
5–7: Schematic Symbols......Page 176
SECTION ll: Basic Electric Circuits......Page 180
UNIT 6: Series Circuits......Page 181
6–1: Series Circuits......Page 182
6–2: Voltage Drops in a Series Circuit......Page 183
6–4: Calculating Series Circuit Values......Page 185
6–5: Solving Circuits......Page 187
6–6: Voltage Dividers......Page 200
6–7: The General Voltage Divider Formula......Page 202
6–8: Voltage Polarity......Page 203
6–9: Using Ground as a Reference......Page 204
UNIT 7:Parallel Circuits......Page 210
7–1: Parallel Circuit Values......Page 211
7–2: Parallel Resistance Formulas......Page 214
UNIT 8: Combination Circuits......Page 236
8–1: Combination Circuits......Page 237
8–2: Solving Combination Circuits......Page 238
8–3: Simplifying the Circuit......Page 239
UNIT 9: Kirchhoff’s Laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems......Page 264
9–1: Kirchhoff’s Laws......Page 265
9–2: Thevenin’s Theorem......Page 272
9–3: Norton’s Theorem......Page 276
9–4: The Superposition Theorem......Page 280
SECTION lll: Meters and Wire Sizes......Page 294
UNIT 10: Measuring Instruments......Page 295
10–1: Analog Meters......Page 296
10–2: The Voltmeter......Page 298
10–3: Multirange Voltmeters......Page 300
10–4: Reading a Meter......Page 302
10–5: The Ammeter......Page 306
10–6: Ammeter Shunts......Page 307
10–8: The Ayrton Shunt......Page 310
10–9: AC Ammeters......Page 315
10–10: Clamp-On Ammeters......Page 319
10–11: DC–AC Clamp-On Ammeters......Page 322
10–12: The Ohmmeter......Page 325
10–13: Shunt-Type Ohmmeters......Page 327
10–14: Digital Meters......Page 328
10–15: The Low-Impedance Voltage Tester......Page 332
10–16: The Oscilloscope......Page 334
10–17: The Wattmeter......Page 345
10–18: Recording Meters......Page 347
10–19: Bridge Circuits......Page 349
UNIT 11: Using Wire Tables and Determining Conductor Sizes......Page 355
11–1: The American Wire Gauge (AWG)......Page 356
11–2: Using the NEC Charts......Page 359
11–3: Factors That Determine Ampacity......Page 361
11–4: Correction Factors......Page 363
11–5: Calculating Conductor Sizes and Resistance......Page 370
11–6: Calculating Voltage Drop......Page 381
11–7: Parallel Conductors......Page 383
11–8: Testing Wire Installations......Page 387
SECTION lV: Small Sources of Electricity......Page 394
UNIT 12: Conduction in Liquids and Gases......Page 395
12–1: The Ionization Process: Magnesium and Chlorine......Page 396
12–3: Electroplating......Page 399
12–5: Conduction in Gases......Page 401
12–6: Ionization in Nature......Page 406
UNIT 13: Batteries and Other Sources of Electricity......Page 408
13–1: History of the Battery......Page 409
13–2: Cells......Page 411
13–3: Cell Voltage......Page 412
13–4: Primary Cells......Page 413
13–5: Secondary Cells: Lead-Acid Batteries......Page 422
13–6: Other Secondary Cells......Page 428
13–7: Series and Parallel Battery Connections......Page 431
13–8: Other Small Sources of Electricity......Page 433
UNIT 14: Magnetic Induction......Page 446
14–1: ElectromagnetiC Induction......Page 447
14–2: Fleming’s Left-Hand Generator Rule......Page 450
14–4: Determining the Amount of Induced Voltage......Page 451
14–5: Lenz’s Law......Page 452
14–6: Rise Time of Current in an Inductor......Page 455
14–7: The Exponential Curve......Page 457
14–8: Inductance......Page 459
14–9: R-L Time Constants......Page 461
14–10: Induced Voltage Spikes......Page 462
SECTION V: Basics of Alternating Current......Page 470
UNIT 15: Basic Trigonometry and Vectors......Page 471
15–1: Right Triangles......Page 472
15–2: The Pythagorean Theorem......Page 473
15–3: Sines, Cosines, and Tangents......Page 475
15–5: Practical Application......Page 479
UNIT 16: Alternating Current......Page 492
16–1: Advantages of AC......Page 493
16–2: AC Waveforms......Page 494
16–3: Sine Wave Values......Page 500
16–4: Resistive Loads......Page 508
16–6: Skin Effect in AC Circuits......Page 509
SECTION VI: Alternating Current (AC) Circuits Containing Inductance......Page 516
UNIT 17: Inductance in AC Circuits......Page 517
17–1: Inductance......Page 518
17–2: Inductive Reactance......Page 521
17–3: Schematic Symbols......Page 525
17–4: Inductors Connected in Series......Page 526
17–5: Inductors Connected in Parallel......Page 527
17–6: Voltage and Current Relationships in an Inductive Circuit......Page 529
17–7: Power in an Inductive Circuit......Page 531
17–8: Reactive Power......Page 532
17–9: Q of an Inductor......Page 533
UNIT 18: Resistive-Inductive Series Circuits......Page 540
18–1: R-L Series Circuits......Page 541
18–2: Impedance......Page 543
18–3: Total Current......Page 545
18–4: Voltage Drop across the Resistor......Page 546
18–5: Watts......Page 547
18–8: Total Voltage......Page 548
18–10: Calculating the Apparent Power......Page 550
18–11: Power Factor......Page 552
18–12: Angle Theta......Page 554
UNIT 19: Resistive-Inductive Parallel Circuits......Page 569
19–1: Resistive-Inductive Parallel Circuits......Page 570
19–2: Calculating Circuit Values......Page 571
SECTION Vll: AC Circuits Containing Capacitors......Page 590
UNIT 20:Capacitors......Page 591
20–1: Capacitors......Page 592
20–2: Electrostatic Charge......Page 595
20–3: Dielectric Constant......Page 599
20–4: Capacitor Ratings......Page 600
20–6: Capacitors Connected in Series......Page 602
20–7: Capacitive Charge and Discharge Rates......Page 604
20–8: RC Time Constants......Page 605
20–9: Applications for Capacitors......Page 607
20–10: Nonpolarized Capacitors......Page 608
20–11: Polarized Capacitors......Page 611
20–12: Variable Capacitors......Page 614
20–13: Capacitor Markings......Page 615
20–15: Ceramic Capacitors......Page 617
20–16: Dipped Tantalum Capacitors......Page 618
20–17: Film Capacitors......Page 619
20–18: Testing Capacitors......Page 620
UNIT 21: Capacitance in AC Circuits......Page 627
21–1: Connecting the Capacitor into an AC Circuit......Page 628
21–2: Capacitive Reactance......Page 630
21–3: Calculating Capacitance......Page 631
21–4: Voltage and Current Relationships in a Pure Capacitive Circuit......Page 632
21–5: Power in a Pure Capacitive Circuit......Page 635
21–7: Capacitor Voltage Rating......Page 636
21–8: Effects of Frequency in a Capacitive Circuit......Page 637
21–9: Series Capacitors......Page 639
21–10: Parallel Capacitors......Page 643
UNIT 22: Resistive-Capacitive Series Circuits......Page 651
22–1: Resistive-Capacitive Series Circuits......Page 652
22–2: Impedance......Page 653
22–3: Total Current......Page 654
22–6: Capacitance......Page 655
22–8: Total Voltage......Page 656
22–10: Apparent Power......Page 657
22–12: Angle Theta......Page 658
UNIT 23: Resistive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits......Page 669
23–1: Operation of RC Parallel Circuits......Page 670
23–2: Calculating Circuit Values......Page 671
SECTION Vlll: AC Circuits Containing Resistance-Inductance-Capacitance......Page 686
UNIT 24: Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Series Circuits......Page 687
24–1: RLC Series Circuits......Page 688
24–2: Series Resonant Circuits......Page 699
UNIT 25: Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits......Page 708
25–:1 RLC Parallel Circuits......Page 709
25–2: Parallel Resonant Circuits......Page 718
UNIT 26: Filters......Page 734
26–1: Broadband Tuning......Page 736
26–2: Low-Pass Filters......Page 737
26–3: High-Pass Filters......Page 740
26–4: Bandpass Filters......Page 742
26–5: Band-Rejection (Notch) Filters......Page 744
26–6: T Filters......Page 745
26–8: Crossover Networks......Page 746
SECTION lX: Three-Phase Power......Page 752
UNIT 27: Three-Phase Circuits......Page 753
27–1: Three-Phase Circuits......Page 754
27–2: Wye Connections......Page 756
27–3: Delta Connections......Page 760
27–4: Three-Phase Power......Page 761
27–5: Watts and VARs......Page 762
27–6: Three-Phase Circuit Calculations......Page 763
27–7: Load 3 Calculations......Page 771
27–8: Load 2 Calculations......Page 772
27–10: Alternator Calculations......Page 773
27–11: Power Factor Correction......Page 774
SECTION X: Transformers......Page 782
UNIT 28: Single-Phase Transformers......Page 783
28–1: Single-Phase Transformers......Page 784
28–2: Isolation Transformers......Page 786
28–3: Autotransformers......Page 812
28–4: Transformer Polarities......Page 815
28–5: Voltage and Current Relationships in a Transformer......Page 820
28–6: Testing the Transformer......Page 822
28–7: Transformer Nameplates......Page 823
28–8: Determining Maximum Current......Page 824
28–9: Transformer Impedance......Page 825
UNIT 29: Three-Phase Transformers......Page 840
29–1: Three-Phase Transformers......Page 841
29–2: Closing a Delta......Page 846
29–3: Three-Phase Transformer Calculations......Page 847
29–4: Open-Delta Connection......Page 853
29–5: Single-Phase Loads......Page 854
29–6: Closed Delta with Center Tap......Page 858
29–7: Closed Delta without Center Tap......Page 859
29–8: Delta–Wye Connection with Neutral......Page 860
29–9: T-Connected Transformers......Page 861
29–11: Zig-Zag Connection......Page 864
29–12: Harmonics......Page 866
SECTION Xl: DC Machines......Page 880
UNIT 30: DC Generators......Page 881
30–1: What Is a Generator?......Page 882
30–2: Armature Windings......Page 892
30–4: Pole Pieces......Page 894
30–5: Field Windings......Page 895
30–6: Series Generators......Page 896
30–7: Shunt Generators......Page 900
30–8: Compound Generators......Page 906
30–9: Compounding......Page 907
30–10: Countertorque......Page 910
30–11: Armature Reaction......Page 911
30–12: Setting the Neutral Plane......Page 914
30–13: Paralleling Generators......Page 915
UNIT 31: DC Motors......Page 921
31–1: DC Motor Principles......Page 922
31–2: Shunt Motors......Page 925
31–3: Series Motors......Page 928
31–4: Compound Motors......Page 930
31–5: Terminal Identification for DC Motors......Page 932
31–6: Determining the Direction of Rotation of a DC Motor......Page 933
31–7: Speed Control......Page 936
31–8: The Field-Loss Relay......Page 938
31–9: Horsepower......Page 939
31–10: Brushless DC Motors......Page 942
31–11: Converters......Page 945
31–12: Permanent Magnet Motors......Page 946
31–13: The Right-Hand Motor Rule......Page 954
SECTION Xll: AC Machines......Page 958
UNIT 32: Three-Phase Alternators......Page 959
32–1: Three-Phase Alternators......Page 960
32–3: The Brushless Exciter......Page 964
32–4: Alternator Cooling......Page 967
32–5: Frequency......Page 968
32–6: Output Voltage......Page 969
32–7: Paralleling Alternators......Page 970
32–9: Field-Discharge Protection......Page 973
UNIT 33:Three-Phase Motors......Page 977
33–1: Three-Phase Motors......Page 978
33–2: The Rotating Magnetic Field......Page 979
33–3: Connecting Dual-Voltage Three-Phase Motors......Page 991
33–4: Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors......Page 997
33–5: Wound-Rotor Induction Motors......Page 1016
33–6: Synchronous Motors......Page 1019
33–7: Selsyn Motors......Page 1025
UNIT 34: Single-Phase Motors......Page 1033
34–2: Split-Phase Motors......Page 1034
34–3: Resistance-Start Induction-Run Motors......Page 1038
34–4: Capacitor-Start Induction-Run Motors......Page 1046
34–5: Dual-Voltage Split-Phase Motors......Page 1048
34–6: Determining the Direction of Rotation for Split-Phase Motors......Page 1051
34–7: Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motors......Page 1052
34–8: Shaded-Pole Induction Motors......Page 1055
34–9: Multispeed Motors......Page 1059
34–11: Construction of Repulsion Motors......Page 1061
34–12: Repulsion-Start Induction-Run Motors......Page 1065
34–13: Repulsion-Induction Motors......Page 1067
34–14: Single-Phase Synchronous Motors......Page 1068
34–15: Stepping Motors......Page 1071
34–16: Universal Motors......Page 1079
APPENDIX A: Identifying the Leads of a Three-Phase, Wye-Connected, Dual-Voltage Motor......Page 1088
Instantaneous and Maximum Values......Page 1092
Parallel Resistive Circuits......Page 1093
Parallel Inductive Circuits......Page 1094
Parallel Capacitive Circuits......Page 1095
Resistive-Inductive Series Circuits......Page 1096
Resistive-Inductive Parallel Circuits......Page 1097
Resistive-Capacitive Series Circuits......Page 1098
Resistive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits......Page 1099
Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Series Circuits......Page 1100
Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits......Page 1101
Transformers......Page 1102
Three-Phase Connections......Page 1103
APPENDIX C: Greek Alphabet......Page 1104
APPENDIX D: Metals......Page 1105
APPENDIX E:Scientific Notation......Page 1107
Entering Numbers in Scientific Notation......Page 1109
Setting the Display......Page 1110
Unit 5: Resistors......Page 1111
Unit 7: Parallel Circuits......Page 1112
Unit 8: Combination Circuits......Page 1113
Unit 9: Kirchhoff’s Laws, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, and Superposition Theorems......Page 1114
Unit 10: Measuring Instruments......Page 1115
Unit 11: Using Wire Tables and Determining Conductor Sizes......Page 1116
Sine Wave Values......Page 1118
Unit 18: Resistive-Inductive Series Circuits......Page 1119
Unit 19: Resistive-Inductive Parallel Circuits......Page 1120
RC Time Constants......Page 1121
Capacitive Circuits......Page 1122
Unit 23: Resistive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits......Page 1123
Unit 24: Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Series......Page 1124
Unit 25: Resistive-Inductive-Capacitive Parallel Circuits......Page 1125
Unit 28: Single-Phase Transformers......Page 1126
Unit 29: Three-Phase Transformers......Page 1128
A......Page 1129
C......Page 1130
E......Page 1132
G......Page 1133
K......Page 1134
M......Page 1135
O......Page 1136
P......Page 1137
S......Page 1138
U......Page 1140
Z......Page 1141
INDEX......Page 1142