Delmar’s Standard Textbook of Electricity

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Author(s): Stephen L. Herman
Edition: 6
Publisher: Cengage Learning
Year: 2016

Language: English
Pages: 1021
City: Boston

Cover
......Page 1
Half Title
......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Statement
......Page 0
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 19
Introduction: Electrical Occupations......Page 25
Section 1: Safety, Basic Electricity, and Ohm’s Law
......Page 36
Outline......Page 37
S-1: General Safety Rules
......Page 38
S-2: Effects of Electric Current on the Body
......Page 39
S-3: On the Job
......Page 40
S-4: Protective Clothing
......Page 44
S-5: Ladders and Scaffolds
......Page 47
S-6: Fires
......Page 50
S-7: Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters
......Page 51
S-8: Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters (AFCIs)
......Page 54
Summary
......Page 59
Review Questions
......Page 60
Unit 1: Outline
......Page 64
1-1: Early History of Electricity
......Page 65
1-2: Atoms
......Page 66
1-3: The Law of Charges
......Page 69
1-4: Structure of the Atom
......Page 71
1-5: Electron Orbits
......Page 72
1-6: Valence Electrons
......Page 74
1-7: The Bump Theory
......Page 76
1-8: Power Sources
......Page 79
1-9: Insulators
......Page 80
1-11: Molecules
......Page 81
1-12: Methods of Producing Electricity
......Page 82
1-13: Electrical Effects
......Page 83
Unit 1: Review Questions
......Page 85
Unit 2: Outline
......Page 86
2-2: The Ampere
......Page 87
2-4: The Conventional Current Flow Theory
......Page 88
2-5: Speed of Current
......Page 89
2-6: Basic Electric Circuits
......Page 92
2-7: The Volt
......Page 94
2-8: The Ohm
......Page 95
2-9: The Watt
......Page 97
2-10: Other Measures of Power
......Page 98
2-11: Ohm’s Law
......Page 100
2-12: Metric Prefixes
......Page 104
Unit 2: Summary
......Page 106
Unit 2: Review Questions
......Page 107
Unit 2: Practice Problems
......Page 108
Unit 3: Outline
......Page 109
3-1: Static Electricity
......Page 110
3-3: The Electroscope
......Page 112
3-4: Static Electricity in Nature
......Page 115
3-6: Useful Static Charges
......Page 117
Unit 3: Review Questions
......Page 121
Unit 4: Outline
......Page 122
4-1: The Earth Is a Magnet
......Page 123
4-3: The Electron Theory of Magnetism
......Page 124
4-4: Magnetic Materials
......Page 126
4-5: Magnetic Lines of Force
......Page 127
4-6: Electromagnetics
......Page 128
4-7: Magnetic Measurement
......Page 131
4-8: Magnetic Polarity
......Page 132
4-9: Demagnetizing
......Page 133
4-10: Magnetic Devices
......Page 134
Unit 4: Summary
......Page 137
Unit 4: Review Questions
......Page 138
Unit 5: Outline
......Page 139
5-1: Uses of Resistors
......Page 140
5-2: Fixed Resistors
......Page 141
5-3: Color Code
......Page 145
5-4: Standard Resistance Values of Fixed Resistors
......Page 149
5-5: Power Ratings
......Page 150
5-6: Variable Resistors
......Page 151
5-7: Schematic Symbols
......Page 154
Unit 5: Review Questions
......Page 155
Unit 5: Practice Problems
......Page 157
Section 2: Basic Electric Circuits
......Page 158
Unit 6: Outline
......Page 159
6-2: Voltage Drops in a Series Circuit
......Page 160
6-4: Calculating Series Circuit Values
......Page 162
6-5: Solving Circuits
......Page 164
6-6: Voltage Dividers
......Page 175
6-7: The General Voltage Divider Formula
......Page 176
6-8: Voltage Polarity
......Page 177
6-9: Using Ground as a Reference
......Page 178
Unit 6: Review Questions
......Page 180
Unit 6: Practice Problems
......Page 182
Unit 7: Outline
......Page 184
7-1: Parallel Circuit Values
......Page 185
7-2: Parallel Resistance Formulas
......Page 188
Unit 7: Review Questions
......Page 203
Unit 7: Practice Problems
......Page 205
Unit 8: Outline
......Page 207
8-2: Solving Combination Circuits
......Page 208
8-3: Simplifying the Circuit
......Page 209
Unit 8: Summary
......Page 224
Unit 8: Review Questions
......Page 225
Unit 8: Practice Problems
......Page 228
Unit 9: Outline
......Page 232
9-1: Kirchhoff’s Laws
......Page 233
9-2: Thevenin’s Theorem
......Page 239
9-3: Norton’s Theorem
......Page 242
9-4: The Superposition Theorem
......Page 245
Unit 9: Summary
......Page 252
Unit 9: Review Questions
......Page 253
Unit 9: Practice Problems
......Page 254
Section 3: Meters and Wire Sizes
......Page 256
Unit 10: Outline
......Page 257
10-1: Analog Meters
......Page 258
10-2: The Voltmeter
......Page 260
10-3: Multirange Voltmeters
......Page 261
10-4: Reading a Meter
......Page 263
10-5: The Ammeter
......Page 266
10-6: Ammeter Shunts
......Page 267
10-7: Multirange Ammeters
......Page 269
10-8: The Ayrton Shunt
......Page 270
10-9: AC Ammeters
......Page 274
10-10: Clamp-On Ammeters
......Page 277
10-11: DC–AC Clamp-On Ammeters
......Page 279
10-12: The Ohmmeter
......Page 281
10-13: Shunt-Type Ohmmeters
......Page 283
10-14: Digital Meters
......Page 284
10-15: The Low-Impedance Voltage Tester
......Page 287
10-16: The Oscilloscope
......Page 288
10-17: The Wattmeter
......Page 298
10-18: Recording Meters
......Page 300
10-19: Bridge Circuits
......Page 301
Unit 10: Summary
......Page 302
Unit 10: Review Questions
......Page 303
Unit 10: Practice Problems
......Page 304
Unit 11: Outline
......Page 306
11-1: The American Wire Gauge (AWG)
......Page 307
11-2: Using the NEC Charts
......Page 309
11-3: Factors That Determine Ampacity
......Page 311
11-4: Correction Factors
......Page 313
11-5: Calculating Conductor Sizes and Resistance
......Page 319
11-6: Calculating Voltage Drop
......Page 328
11-7: Parallel Conductors
......Page 330
11-8: Testing Wire Installations
......Page 333
Unit 11: Review Questions
......Page 335
Unit 11: Practice Problems
......Page 337
Section 4: Small Sources of Electricity
......Page 340
Unit 12: Outline
......Page 341
12-1: The Ionization Process: Magnesium and Chlorine
......Page 342
12-2: Other Types of Ions
......Page 344
12-3: Electroplating
......Page 345
12-5: Conduction in Gases
......Page 346
Unit 12: Summary
......Page 350
Unit 12: Review Questions
......Page 351
Unit 13: Outline
......Page 352
13-1: History of the Battery
......Page 353
13-2: Cells
......Page 354
13-3: Cell Voltage
......Page 355
13-4: Primary Cells
......Page 357
13-5: Secondary Cells: Lead-Acid Batteries
......Page 364
13-6: Other Secondary Cells
......Page 370
13-7: Series and Parallel Battery Connections
......Page 372
13-8: Other Small Sources of Electricity
......Page 374
Unit 13: Summary
......Page 381
Unit 13: Review Questions
......Page 382
Unit 14: Outline
......Page 384
14-1: Electromagnetic Induction
......Page 385
14-2: Fleming’s Left-Hand Generator Rule
......Page 387
14-4: Determining the Amount of Induced Voltage
......Page 388
14-5: Lenz’s Law
......Page 390
14-6: Rise Time of Current in an Inductor
......Page 392
14-7: The Exponential Curve
......Page 393
14-8: Inductance
......Page 395
14-9: R-L Time Constants
......Page 396
14-10: Induced Voltage Spikes
......Page 398
Unit 14: Summary
......Page 403
Unit 14: Review Questions
......Page 404
Section 5: Basics of Alternating Current
......Page 406
Unit 15: Outline
......Page 407
15-1: Right Triangles
......Page 408
15-2: The Pythagorean Theorem
......Page 409
15-3: Sines, Cosines, and Tangents
......Page 411
15-5: Practical Application
......Page 414
Unit 15: Summary
......Page 421
Unit 15: Review Questions
......Page 422
Unit 15: Practice Problems
......Page 424
Unit 16: Outline
......Page 425
16-2: AC Waveforms
......Page 426
16-3: Sine Wave Values
......Page 433
16-4: Resistive Loads
......Page 439
16-5: Power in an AC Circuit
......Page 440
16-6: Skin Effect in AC Circuits
......Page 441
Unit 16: Summary
......Page 442
Unit 16: Review questions
......Page 443
Unit 16: Practice Problems
......Page 444
Section 6: Alternating Current (AC) Circuits Containing Inductance
......Page 446
Unit 17: Outline
......Page 447
17-1: Inductance
......Page 448
17-2: Inductive Reactance
......Page 451
17-3: Schematic Symbols
......Page 454
17-4: Inductors Connected in Series
......Page 455
17-5: Inductors Connected in Parallel
......Page 456
17-6: Voltage and Current Relationships in an Inductive Circuit
......Page 457
17-7: Power in an Inductive Circuit
......Page 459
17-8: Reactive Power
......Page 460
17-9: Q of an Inductor
......Page 461
Unit 17: Summary
......Page 464
Unit 17: Review Questions
......Page 465
Unit 17: Practice Problems
......Page 466
Unit 18: Outline
......Page 468
18-1: R-L Series Circuits
......Page 469
18-2: Impedance
......Page 470
18-4: Voltage Drop Across the Resistor
......Page 473
18-5: Watts
......Page 474
18-9: Calculating the Reactive Power
......Page 475
18-10: Calculating the Apparent Power
......Page 477
18-11: Power Factor
......Page 479
18-12: Angle Theta
......Page 480
Unit 18: Review Questions
......Page 490
Unit 18: Practice Problems
......Page 491
Unit 19: Outline
......Page 494
19-2: Calculating Circuit Values
......Page 495
Unit 19: Summary
......Page 509
Unit 19: Review Questions
......Page 510
Unit 19: Practice Problems
......Page 511
Section 7: AC Circuits Containing Capacitors
......Page 514
Unit 20: Outline
......Page 515
20-1: Capacitors
......Page 516
20-2: Electrostatic Charge
......Page 519
20-4: Capacitor Ratings
......Page 522
20-6: Capacitors Connected in Series
......Page 524
20-7: Capacitive Charge and Discharge Rates
......Page 525
20-8: RC Time Constants
......Page 526
20-10: Nonpolarized Capacitors
......Page 528
20-11: Polarized Capacitors
......Page 530
20-12: Variable Capacitors
......Page 533
20-13: Capacitor Markings
......Page 534
20-16: Dipped Tantalum Capacitors
......Page 536
20-17: Film Capacitors
......Page 537
20-18: Testing Capacitors
......Page 538
Unit 20: Summary
......Page 540
Unit 20: Review Questions
......Page 541
Unit 20: Practice Problems
......Page 543
Unit 21: Outline
......Page 545
21-1: Connecting the Capacitor into an AC Circuit
......Page 546
21-2: Capacitive Reactance
......Page 547
21-3: Calculating Capacitance
......Page 548
21-4: Voltage and Current Relationships in a Pure Capacitive Circuit
......Page 549
21-5: Power in a Pure Capacitive Circuit
......Page 551
21-6: Quality of a Capacitor
......Page 552
21-8: Effects of Frequency in a Capacitive Circuit
......Page 553
21-9: Series Capacitors
......Page 555
21-10: Parallel Capacitors
......Page 558
Unit 21: Review Questions
......Page 562
Unit 21: Practice Problems
......Page 563
Unit 22: Outline
......Page 565
22-1: Resistive-Capacitive Series Circuits
......Page 566
22-2: Impedance
......Page 567
22-5: True Power
......Page 568
22-9: Reactive Power
......Page 569
22-10: Apparent Power
......Page 571
22-12: Angle Theta
......Page 572
Unit 22: Summary
......Page 579
Unit 22: Practice Problems
......Page 580
Unit 23: Outline
......Page 582
23-1: Operation of RC Parallel Circuits
......Page 583
23-2: Calculating Circuit Values......Page 584
Unit 23: Review Questions
......Page 594
Unit 23: Practice Problems
......Page 595
Section 8: AC Circuits Containing Resistance-Inductance-Capacitance
......Page 598
Unit 24: Outline
......Page 599
24-1: RLC Series Circuits
......Page 600
24-2: Series Resonant Circuits
......Page 610
Unit 24: Summary
......Page 615
Unit 24: Practice Problems
......Page 616
Unit 25: Outline
......Page 619
25-1: RLC Parallel Circuits
......Page 620
25-2: Parallel Resonant Circuits
......Page 629
Unit 25: Summary
......Page 637
Unit 25: Review Questions
......Page 638
Unit 25: Practice Problems
......Page 639
Unit 26: Outline
......Page 641
26-1: Broadband Tuning
......Page 642
26-2: Low-Pass Filters
......Page 643
26-3: High-Pass Filters
......Page 646
26-4: Bandpass Filters
......Page 648
26-5: Band-Rejection (Notch) Filters
......Page 649
26-6: T Filters
......Page 650
26-8: Crossover Networks
......Page 652
Unit 26: Summary
......Page 653
Unit 26: Review Questions
......Page 654
Section 9: Three-Phase Power
......Page 656
Unit 27: Outline
......Page 657
27-1: Three-Phase Circuits
......Page 658
27-2: Wye Connections
......Page 659
27-3: Delta Connections
......Page 662
27-5: Watts and VARs
......Page 665
27-6: Three-Phase Circuit Calculations
......Page 666
27-8: Load 2 Calculations
......Page 673
27-9: Load 1 Calculations
......Page 674
27-11: Power Factor Correction
......Page 675
Unit 27: Review Questions
......Page 680
Unit 27: Practice Problems
......Page 682
Section 10: Transformers
......Page 684
Unit 28: Outline
......Page 685
28-1: Single-Phase Transformers
......Page 686
28-2: Isolation Transformers
......Page 687
28-3: Autotransformers
......Page 709
28-4: Transformer Polarities
......Page 712
28-5: Voltage and Current Relationships in a Transformer
......Page 716
28-6: Testing the Transformer
......Page 718
28-9: Transformer Impedance
......Page 719
Unit 28: Review Questions
......Page 728
Unit 28: Practice Problems
......Page 730
Unit 29: Outline
......Page 732
29-1: Three-Phase Transformers
......Page 733
29-2: Closing a Delta
......Page 738
29-3: Three-Phase Transformer Calculations
......Page 739
29-5: Single-Phase Loads
......Page 745
29-7: Closed Delta without Center Tap
......Page 749
29-8: Delta–Wye Connection with Neutral
......Page 750
29-9: T-Connected Transformers
......Page 751
29-10: Scott Connection
......Page 753
29-11: Zig-Zag Connection
......Page 754
Unit 29: Review Questions
......Page 755
Unit 29: Practice Problems
......Page 757
Section 11: DC Machines
......Page 760
Unit 30: Outline
......Page 761
30-1: What Is a Generator?
......Page 762
30-2: Armature Windings
......Page 770
30-5: Field Windings
......Page 772
30-6: Series Generators
......Page 775
30-7: Shunt Generators
......Page 776
30-8: Compound Generators
......Page 781
30-9: Compounding
......Page 782
30-11: Armature Reaction
......Page 785
30-12: Setting the Neutral Plane
......Page 788
30-13: Paralleling Generators
......Page 789
Unit 30: Summary
......Page 791
Unit 30: Review Questions
......Page 792
Unit 31: Outline
......Page 794
31-1: DC Motor Principles
......Page 795
31-2: Shunt Motors
......Page 798
31-3: Series Motors
......Page 800
31-4: Compound Motors
......Page 801
31-5: Terminal Identification for DC Motors
......Page 803
31-6: Determining the Direction of Rotation of a DC Motor
......Page 804
31-7: Speed Control
......Page 807
31-8: The Field-Loss Relay
......Page 808
31-9: Horsepower
......Page 809
31-10: Brushless DC Motors
......Page 811
31-11: Converters
......Page 814
31-12: Permanent Magnet Motors
......Page 815
31-13: The Right-Hand Motor Rule
......Page 821
Unit 31: Summary
......Page 822
Unit 31: Review Questions
......Page 823
Section 12: AC Machines
......Page 826
Unit 32: Outline
......Page 827
32-1: Three-Phase Alternators
......Page 828
32-2: The Rotor
......Page 830
32-3: The Brushless Exciter
......Page 832
32-4: Alternator Cooling
......Page 833
32-5: Frequency
......Page 834
32-6: Output Voltage
......Page 835
32-7: Paralleling Alternators
......Page 836
32-8: Sharing the Load
......Page 838
32-9: Field-Discharge Protection
......Page 839
Unit 32: Summary
......Page 840
Unit 32: Review Questions
......Page 841
Unit 33: Outline
......Page 842
33-2: The Rotating Magnetic Field
......Page 843
33-3: Connecting Dual-Voltage Three-Phase Motors
......Page 856
33-4: Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors
......Page 861
33-5: Wound-Rotor Induction Motors
......Page 883
33-6: Synchronous Motors
......Page 886
33-7: Selsyn Motors
......Page 892
Unit 33: Summary
......Page 895
Unit 33: Review Questions
......Page 896
Unit 34: Outline
......Page 899
34-2: Split-Phase Motors
......Page 900
34-3: Resistance-Start Induction-Run Motors
......Page 903
34-4: Capacitor-Start Induction-Run Motors
......Page 910
34-5: Dual-Voltage Split-Phase Motors
......Page 911
34-6: Determining the Direction of Rotation for Split-Phase Motors
......Page 914
34-7: Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motors
......Page 915
34-8: Shaded-Pole Induction Motors
......Page 917
34-9: Multispeed Motors
......Page 921
34-10: Repulsion-Type Motors
......Page 922
34-11: Construction of Repulsion Motors
......Page 923
34-12: Repulsion-Start Induction-Run Motors
......Page 926
34-14: Single-Phase Synchronous Motors
......Page 928
34-15: Stepping Motors
......Page 930
34-16: Universal Motors
......Page 937
Unit 34: Summary
......Page 945
Unit 34: Review Questions
......Page 946
Unit 35: Outline
......Page 949
35-1: What Are Harmonics?
......Page 950
Unit 35: Review Questions
......Page 959
Appendix A: Identifying the Leads of a Three-Phase, Wye-Connected, Dual-Voltage Motor
......Page 960
Appendix B: AC Formulas
......Page 964
Appendix C: Greek Alphabet
......Page 975
Appendix D: Metals
......Page 976
Appendix E: Scientific Notation
......Page 978
Appendix F: Answers to Practice Problems
......Page 982
Glossary......Page 998
Index......Page 1011