Delisas Physical Medicine & Rehabilitati

Principles of Assessment and Evaluation
Clinical Evaluation
OVERVIEW
SETTING AND PURPOSE
PATIENT HISTORY
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
ANATOMICAL INFORMATION REQUIRED TO TEST INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE STRENGTH
SUMMARY AND PROBLEM LIST
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
The Physical Examination
EXAMINATION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
EXAMINATION OF THE SHOULDER
EXAMINATION OF THE LUMBAR SPINE
EXAMINATION OF THE KNEE
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Assessment of Human Muscle Function
WHY MUSCLE?
MUSCLE ACTIONS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
STUDIES OF SINGLE MUSCLE FIBERS
FUNCTIONAL TESTS OF MUSCLE PERFORMANCE
MUSCLE FUNCTION, EXERCISE TRAINING, AND FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of the Peripheral Nervous System
INTRODUCTION
PREPARING FOR THE ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION
TYPES OF ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC TESTING
DISEASE PROCESSES
REPORT WRITING
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Human Walking
NORMAL HUMAN GAIT
ENERGY CONSERVATION AND GAIT
KINETICS
DEVELOPMENT OF GAIT
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY IN GAIT ANALYSIS
ABNORMAL GAIT
BODY WEIGHT–SUPPORTED TREADMILL TRAINING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Imaging Techniques Relative to Rehabilitation
MUSCULOSKELETAL IMAGING
SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME AND SUPRASPINATUS INJURY
SHOULDER INSTABILITY AND DISRUPTION OF THE ANTERIOR CAPSULAR MECHANISM
TENDINITIS OR RUPTURE OF OTHER SHOULDER MUSCLES
ELBOW
ISCHEMIC NECROSIS OF THE HUMERAL HEAD
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
OTHER WRIST ABNORMALITIES
ISCHEMIC NECROSIS
FEMOROACETABULAR IMPINGEMENT
OTHER HIP ABNORMALITIES
CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURIES
MENISCAL INJURIES
COLLATERAL LIGAMENT INJURIES
OTHER KNEE ABNORMALITIES
LIGAMENT INJURIES
OTHER ANKLE ABNORMALITIES
COMMON ARTHRITIDES
SPINE AND SPINAL CORD IMAGING
BRAIN IMAGING
ISCHEMIC STROKE
HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
SUBARACHNOID AND INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE
EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
CONTUSIONS AND INTRAPARENCHYMAL HEMORRHAGE
DIFFUSE BRAIN INJURIES
WHITE MATTER DISEASES
PENETRATING TRAUMA
COMPLICATIONS OF BRAIN INJURY
GRAY MATTER DISEASES
EMERGING IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES OF INTEREST TO THE PHYSIATRIST
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY
DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING
FLUID-ATTENUATED INVERSION RECOVERY IMAGING
IN VIVO MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY IMAGING
PERFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING AND FMRI
USI OF MUSCLE
USI OF PERIPHERAL NERVE
REFERENCES
USI OF J OINTS
Diagnostic Ultrasound
INTRODUCTION
EXAMPLES OF SHOULDER PATHOLOGY
EXAMPLES OF ELBOW PATHOLOGY
EXAMPLES OF KNEE PATHOLOGY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Principles and Applications of Measurement Methods
PSYCHOMETRIC PARAMETERS USED TO EVALUATE TESTS AND MEASURES
PRINCIPLES OF EVALUATION, TESTING, AND INTERPRETATION
CONTEMPORARY MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT WHEN A STANDARDIZED TEST IS NOT AVAILABLE
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Functional Evaluation and Management of Self-care and Other Activities of Daily Living
INTRODUCTION
ISSUES IN ADL EVALUATION
MANAGEMENT OF BASIC SELF-CARE SKILLS
AN OVERVIEW OF INTERVENTION APPROACHES
MAJOR SELF-CARE CONSIDERATIONS BY FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION
SUMMARY OF REMEDIATION STRATEGIES
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Disability Determination
MODELS OF DISABLEMENT
ICF 2001
MAJOR U.S. DISABILITY SYSTEMS COMPARED
PREVALENCE AND COSTS OF DISABILITY
PHYSICIAN EVALUATING AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS OF THE INDEPENDENT MEDICAL EXAMINATION
MEDICAL IMPAIRMENT RATING
WORK DISABILITY DETERMINATION AND THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT
TREATING, RATING, AND TERMINATION-OF-CARE ISSUES
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
Applying the ICF in Rehabilitation Medicine
INTRODUCTION
THE ICF
ICF-BASED CLASSIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF FUNCTIONING
IMPLEMENTATION AND APPLICATION OF THE ICF
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
REFERENCES FOR TABLE 11-2
REFERENCES FOR TABLE 11-4
Systematically Assessing and Improving the Quality and Outcomes of Medical Rehabilitation Programs
INTRODUCTION
BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS
PROGRAM EVALUATION AND OUTCOMES MANAGEMENT
QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND IMPROVEMENT
GUIDELINES AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR PERFORMANCE MONITORING
OTHER APPROACHES TO PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT
PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY AND HEALTH SYSTEMS ISSUES
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
The Rehabilitation Team: Systems-Based Practice
Rehabilitation Team Function and Prescriptions, Referrals, and Order Writing
TEAM DYNAMICS
CONFLICT AND DISAGREEMENT
TEAM BUILDING AND DEVELOPMENT
REHABILITATION TEAM COMMUNICATION METHODOLOGY
STYLES OF INTERACTIONS
MULTIPLICITY OF CARE PROVIDERS
THERAPY REFERRALS AND ORDER WRITING
WRITTEN PROTOCOLS, PRESCRIPTIONS, ORDERS, AND REFERRALS
EQUIPMENT PRESCRIPTIONS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Psychological Aspects of Rehabilitation
REHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGY: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS
DIRECT SERVICES
INDIRECT SERVICES
PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT TO DISABILITY
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Speech, Language, Swallowing, and Auditory Rehabilitation
INTRODUCTION
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION PATHOLOGY
SPEECH PRODUCTION
MOTOR SPEECH DISORDERS
LANGUAGE
SWALLOWING IMPAIRMENT
PHYSIOLOGY OF SWALLOWING
MANAGEMENT OF SWALLOWING IMPAIRMENT
HEARING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Sexuality and Disability
INTRODUCTION
THE COMPLEXITY OF SEXUAL FUNCTIONING
SEXUAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
DISABILITY–RELATED DISRUPTIONS TO SEXUAL FUNCTION
SEXUALITY IN SPECIFIC DISABILITIES
SEXUAL REHABILITATION FRAMEWORK
CURRENT THERAPIES FOR SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Vocational Rehabilitation, Independent Living, and Consumerism
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VR AND IL SERVICES
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY
THE CONSUMER MOVEMENT IN REHABILITATION
VR SERVICE SYSTEMS
EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES: A REVIEW OF FINDINGS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Community Participation and the Environment: Theoretical, Assessment and Clinical Implications
INTRODUCTION
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL CONSIDERATIONS
LINKS BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND PARTICIPATION: WHAT DOES THE EVIDENCE SHOW?
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
REFERENCES
Systems-Based Practice of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
MEANS OF GOVERNMENTAL INFLUENCE OVER PM&R
MEDICARE STATUTES AND THE RULEMAKING PROCESS
STATUTORY AND REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS
THE PERVASIVE INFLUENCE OF MEDICARE AND MEDICAID
OTHER GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS
PRIVATE PAYERS OF MEDICAL REHABILITATION SERVICES
STATE LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY ASPECTS OF PM&R PRACTICE
CRITICAL CURRENT REGULATORY AND LEGISLATIVE ISSUES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Ethical Issues in Rehabilitation Medicine
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
CLINICAL PRACTICE ISSUES
POLICY ISSUES
PEDAGOGIC ISSUES
REFERENCES
CONCLUSION
Interactions with the Medicolegal System
STANDARDS OF CLINICAL PRACTICE FOR MEDICOLEGAL EVALUATIONS
INDEPENDENT MEDICAL EVALUATION
DEPOSITION
EXPERT WITNESS REVIEWS
REMUNERATION FOR MEDICOLEGAL WORK
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
PRACTICE STRUCTURE ISSUES
SUGGESTED READINGS
International Aspects of the Practice of Rehabilitation Medicine*
NORTH AMERICA: UNITED STATES AND CANADA
LATIN AMERICA
EUROPE
MEDITERRANEAN, MIDDLE EAST, AND AFRICA
ASIA AND OCEANIA
INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMS
THE INTERNATIONAL REHABILITATION ORGANIZATIONS
THE INTERNATIONAL REHABILITATION JOURNALS—PUBLISHING IN PRM JOURNALS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Major Conditions
Stroke Rehabilitation
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTION
STROKE IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS
RECOVERY FROM STROKE
MOTOR RECOVERY
THERAPY FOR MOBILITY
OUTCOME AND PROGNOSTICATION IN STROKE REHABILITATION
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT DURING REHABILITATION
MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN AND COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME
VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM
DEPRESSION
SEXUALITY
REFERENCES
Traumatic Brain Injury
NATURE OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TBI
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TBI
OUTCOME AFTER TBI
THE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENTPLANNING PROCESS
SPECIAL SUBPOPULATIONS
MEDICAL PROBLEMS AFTER TBI
NEUROCOGNITIVE AND NEUROBEHAVIORAL DEFICITS
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
PARTICIPATION IN COMMUNITY LIFE
MEDICOLEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Multiple Sclerosis
DEMOGRAPHICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MS
TYPES OF MS
OTHER ASSOCIATED DEMYELINATING DISORDERS
DIAGNOSIS OF MS
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REHABILITATION
SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT
SOCIAL, VOCATIONAL, AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
WELLNESS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Rehabilitation of Persons with Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
REHABILITATION AND COLLABORATION
IMPAIRMENTS AND FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION IN PARKINSON’S
TREATMENT
THE ROLE OF EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL THERAPY
OTHER MOVEMENT DISORDERS
OTHER TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS
REFERENCES
Rehabilitation of Spinal Cord Injury
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TRAUMATIC SCI
ACUTE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
ANATOMY, NEUROANATOMY, AND VASCULAR SUPPLY
NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION
PROGNOSTICATING NEUROLOGICAL RECOVERY
MEDICAL ISSUES AFTER SCI
PULMONARY SYSTEM
GU SYSTEM
PAIN AFTER SCI
PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES
SEXUALITY AND FERTILITY
THE FUTURE
REFERENCES
Adult Motor Neuron Disease*
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW OF THE MAJOR ADULT MNDS
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF MND
ALS CLINICAL TRIALS
PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT OF MND
REHABILITATION AND PALLIATIVE CARE
REFERENCES
Peripheral Neuropathy
INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE, DISABILITY, AND COST
PERIPHERAL NEUROANATOMY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
TRAUMATIC PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY AND SUBSEQUENT DEGENERATION AND REGENERATION
NONTRAUMATIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES
HEREDITARY PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES
IMMUNE-MEDIATED PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES
TOXIC, NUTRITIONAL, METABOLIC, AND ENDOCRINE PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES
DIABETIC PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
INFECTIOUS PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
NERVE ENTRAPMENT/COMPRESSION SYNDROMES
TUMORS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH
DIAGNOSIS OF PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
PERIPHERAL NERVE REPAIR FOLLOWING TRAUMA
REFERENCES
DEFINITION AND CATEGORIES OF MYOPATHY
Myopathy
EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH SUSPECTED MYOPATHY
CLINICAL FEATURES OF SPECIFIC MYOPATHIC DISORDERS
ACQUIRED MYOPATHIES
REHABILITATION CONCERNS AND STRATEGIES IN MYOPATHIC DISORDERS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Osteoarthritis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RISK FACTORS
JOINT BIOMECHANICS
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
INTRODUCTION TO NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT
PHARMACOTHERAPY OVERVIEW
REFERENCES
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS
Disorders of the Cervical Spine
AXIAL PAIN AND SYMPTOM REFERRAL
RADICULOPATHY
MYELOPATHY
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
MECHANICAL INTERVENTION, THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE, AND MODALITIES IN THE TREATMENT OF CERVICAL AXIAL AND RADICULAR PAIN
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Rehabilitation of Lumbar Spine Disorders: An Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Approach
ASSESSMENT, DECISION-MAKING PROCESS, AND REHABILITATON TREATMENT TOOLS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
DEFINITION
WHAT IS A PATHOLOGICAL CURVE?
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Scoliosis and Other Spinal Deformities
SPINAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENTS WITH SPINAL DEFORMITY
RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF THE SPINE
THE IMPACT OF SCOLIOSIS ON LIFE FUNCTION (SECONDARY MORBIDITIES)
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SCOLIOSIS
SCOLIOSIS DUE TO BONY DYSFUNCTION
SCOLIOSIS DUE TO ELASTIC TISSUE DYSFUNCTION
SCOLIOSIS DUE TO NEUROMUSCULAR DYSFUNCTION
IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS
DEVELOPING A PHYSIATRIC TREATMENT PLAN
SURGICAL TREATMENT OPTIONS
POSTOPERATIVE REHABILITATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Upper Extremity Soft-Tissue Injuries
SOFT-TISSUE INJURIES OF THE SHOULDER
SOFT-TISSUE INJURIES OF THE ELBOW
PERIPHERAL NERVE SYNDROMES
REFERENCES
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ECONOMIC COSTS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PSYCHOSOCIAL
Cumulative Trauma Disorders
ERGONOMICS
CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS
NERVE ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
Hand Disorders
ULNAR NEUROPATHY
THUMB CARPOMETACARPAL OSTEOARTHRITIS
de QUERVAIN’S TENOSYNOVITIS
TRIGGER FINGER “STENOSING TENOSYNOVITIS”
FINGER SPRAINS AND STRAINS
KIENBÖCK’S DISEASE
DUPUYTREN’S DISEASE
COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME
FOCAL DYSTONIA
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
EXAMINATION
ANATOMY
Foot Disorders
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
BIOMECHANICS
MECHANICAL DYSFUNCTION
FRACTURES
LISFRANC’S JOINT INJURIES
FOOT PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES
DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS
REFERENCES
DEFINITION
The Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL EVALUATION FOR OSTEOPOROSIS
PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES FOR PATIENTS AT RISK
PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS
REHABILITATION MANAGEMENT POST-FRACTURE
FEMALE ATHLETE TRIAD
ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD SYSTEMS COORDINATION
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
ARTHRITIC DISEASES
Rehabilitation of the Patient with Rheumatic Diseases
PATIENT EVALUATION
TREATMENT
REHABILITATION INTERVENTIONS
REFERENCES
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEART DISEASE
Cardiac Rehabilitation
REVIEW OF INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS
AN OVERVIEW OF CARDIAC REHABILITATION
PRIMARY PREVENTION
REVIEW OF CORONARY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
AEROBIC CAPACITY
AEROBIC TRAINING
ABNORMAL PHYSIOLOGY
CARDIAC REHABILITATION
CARDIAC REHABILITATION OF THE POST-MI PATIENT
CARDIAC REHABILITATION PROGRAMS IN SPECIAL CONDITIONS
REFERENCES
REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE
Rehabilitation of the Patient with Respiratory Dysfunction
PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND HABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH PARALYTIC AND NEUROMUSCULAR IMPAIRMENTS
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Burn Rehabilitation
ACUTE MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
REHABILITATION
SURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION
COMPLICATIONS
NEUROLOGIC INJURIES
BONE AND JOINT CHANGES
PAIN COMPLICATIONS
SKIN COMPLICATIONS
METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS
PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
FACIAL BURNS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
GENERAL ASPECTS OF REHABILITATION FOR CANCER PATIENTS
CANCER REHABILITATION SERVICE DELIVERY
Rehabilitation for Patients with Cancer Diagnoses
CANCER-RELATED PAIN
BONY METASTATIC DISEASE
CANCER-RELATED FATIGUE (CRF)
EXERCISE FOR THE CANCER PATIENT
NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS OF CANCER
RADIATION-INDUCED TISSUE DAMAGE
LYMPHEDEMA
IMPACT OF CANCER AND CANCER TREATMENTS ON NUTRITION
CANCER-RELATED SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
RETURN TO WORK AFTER CANCER
SPECIFIC TUMORS AND THEIR REHABILITATION NEEDS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
VASCULAR DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
Vascular Diseases
ARTERIAL DISEASES
VENOUS DISEASE
LYMPHATIC DISEASE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSPLANTATION
Transplantation Medicine: A Rehabilitation Perspective
INFECTION
REJECTION
MALIGNANCY
SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
REHABILITATION ISSUES
QUALITY OF LIFE ISSUES
NOVEL CONCEPTS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
HIV-RELATED DISABILITY
NATURAL HISTORY OF HIV
Rehabilitation of the Individual with HIV
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF HIV
TREATMENT STRATEGIES IN AIDS
COMMON CAUSES OF DEBILITY
PEDIATRIC HIV
PSYCHOSOCIAL AND VOCATIONAL ISSUES
THE FUTURE OF HIV REHABILITATION
REFERENCES
Secondary Conditions and Complications
Physical Inactivity: Physiological and Functional Impairments and Their Treatment
MUSCULOSKELETAL EFFECTS OF IMMOBILITY AND INACTIVITY
INACTIVITY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
JOINT CONTRACTURE
DISUSE OSTEOPOROSIS
EFFECTS OF INACTIVITY ON CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTIONS
GENITOURINARY AND GASTROINTESTINAL SIDE EFFECTS
METABOLISM AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ALTERATIONS
IMMUNE SYSTEM ALTERATION
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND IMMOBILITY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Treatment of the Patient with Chronic Pain
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS IN CHRONIC PAIN
COMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC PAIN
ANATOMY OF PAIN
DIAGNOSTIC AND CLINICAL EVALUATION
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT
COMMON PAIN SYNDROMES: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Spasticity and Muscle Overactivity as Components of the Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SPASTICITY
NORMAL MOTOR FUNCTION AND CONTROL
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SPASTICITY
MANAGEMENT OF SPASTICITY AND THE UMNS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Neurogenic Bladder and Bowel
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE UPPER AND LOWER URINARY TRACTS
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MALE AND FEMALE CONTINENCE MECHANISM
NEUROANATOMY OF THE LOWER URINARY TRACT
CLASSIFICATION OF VOIDING DYSFUNCTION
VOIDING DYSFUNCTIONS FOUND IN COMMON NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS
COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF VOIDING DYSFUNCTION
UROLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE UPPER AND LOWER URINARY TRACT
MANAGEMENT OF VOIDING DYSFUNCTIONS
COMPLICATIONS OF VOIDING DYSFUNCTIONS
THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
EXTRINSIC OR EXTRAINTESTINAL NEURAL REGULATION
INTRALUMINAL CONTENT
INTRINSIC OR ENTERIC NEURAL REGULATION
GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES
RECTODYNAMICS
CLINICAL EVALUATION
BOWEL EVACUATION MECHANICS
MANAGEMENT OF THE NEUROGENIC BOWEL
APPENDIX:SUMMARY OF NEUROGENIC BOWEL MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
ASSESSMENT OF THE NEUROGENIC BOWEL
REFERENCES
Pressure Ulcers
SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
WOUND HEALING
ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: NORMAL SKIN
SITES OF PRESSURE ULCERS
PRESSURE ULCER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
RISK FACTOR MEASUREMENT
ASSESSMENT
PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT
WOUND CARE
GENERAL DRESSING GUIDELINES
PROVISION OF APPROPRIATE SEATING SYSTEMS AND MATTRESSES
SPECIALIZED CLINICS
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PRESSURE ULCERS
NEW CONCEPTS IN PRESSURE ULCER CARE
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Special Populations
Sports Medicine
TEAM APPROACH TO THE INJURED ATHLETE
BASIC TISSUE PHYSIOLOGY
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NONOPERATIVE FUNCTIONAL REHABILITATION
CARDIOVASCULAR ISSUES IN SPORTS
CONCUSSION IN SPORTS
CERVICAL SPINE INJURIES IN SPORTS
SHOULDER
ELBOW
WRIST AND HAND INJURIES IN SPORTS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS FOR LOW BACK PAIN IN ATHLETES
COMMON LOWER EXTREMITY INJURIES IN SPORTS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
TRANSITIONING FROM REHABILITATION TO COMMUNITY-BASED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Physical Activity for People with Disabilities
RESOURCES IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DISABILITY FOR REHABILITATION PROFESSIONALS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Performing Arts Medicine
INTRODUCTION
DANCE MEDICINE
MUSCULOSKELETAL PROBLEMS IN THE MUSICIAN
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Children with Disabilities
THE PEDIATRIC PATIENT: DIFFERENCES TO CONSIDER
COMMON CONCERNS IN TREATING DISABLED CHILDREN
EVALUATION OF THE CHILD WITH A DISABILITY
SPECIFIC CLINICAL CONDITIONS
DISEASE OF OLDER CHILDREN
CONGENITAL BRACHIAL PLEXUS PALSIES
CHILDHOOD TORTICOLLIS
SPINAL CORD DYSFUNCTION
REFERENCES
Adults with Childhood-Onset Disabling Conditions
INTRODUCTION
SPINAL CORD INJURY
CEREBRAL PALSY
SPINA BIFIDA
NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
ACHONDROPLASIA
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Empowering Women with Disabilities to be Self-Determining in their Health Care
INTRODUCTION
BARRIERS TO HEALTH CARE
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
HEALTH DISPARITIES
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE
REPRODUCTIVE AND HEALTH ISSUES FOR ADOLESCENT GIRLS AND YOUNG ADULTS
REPRODUCTIVE AND HEALTH ISSUES FOR WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE
MOTHERING WITH A DISABILITY
MENOPAUSE AND AGING WITH A DISABILITY
DEPRESSION
VIOLENCE AND ABUSE
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Aging and Rehabilitation
AGING—EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
IMPACT OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE HEALTH OF OLDER ADULTS
PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSMENT AND REHABILITATIVE MANAGEMENT OF OLDER ADULTS WITH DISABILITY
REHABILITATION APPROACHES TO COMORBIDITY AND GERIATRIC SYNDROMES
REHABILITATION INTERVENTIONS FOR COMMON DISABLING CONDITIONS IN OLDER ADULTS
GERIATRIC REHABILITATION PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
Primary Care for Persons with Disability
PRIMARY CARE ISSUES IN GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION
DEFINITIONS OF PRIMARY CARE
GENERALIST VERSUS SPECIALIST
MEETING THE POSTREHABILITATION HEALTH CARE NEEDS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
SIX CHARACTERIZATIONS
IMPACT ON HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION AND EXPENDITURES
ACCESS TO PRIMARY CARE
MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHARACTER OF THE ISSUES
PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION AS A PRIMARY CARE SPECIALTY
HEALTH PROMOTION IN PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
SPECIFIC GENERAL HEALTH–PROMOTING ACTIVITIES
PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE IN THE GENERAL POPULATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Management Methods
Therapeutic Exercise
METABOLIC FUNDAMENTALS
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
ACUTE PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE
HEALTH BENEFITS DERIVED FROM A REGULAR PROGRAM OF EXERCISE
AEROBIC EXERCISE
STRENGTHENING EXERCISE
FLEXIBILITY
PROPRIOCEPTION
THE EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION
EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS
REFERENCES
Aquatic Rehabilitation
INTRODUCTION AND BRIEF HISTORY
THE PHYSICS OF WATER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO AQUATIC REHABILITATION
BIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF AQUATIC REHABILITATION
REHABILITATIVE APPLICATIONS
TECHNICAL ISSUES
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Therapeutic Physical Agents
HEAT AND COLD
ULTRAVIOLET
ELECTROTHERAPY
MODALITY CHOICE AND PRESCRIPTION
REFERENCES
Manipulation, Massage, and Traction
MANIPULATION
MASSAGE
TRACTION
REFERENCES
The Pharmacology of Analgesic Agents
NONNARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENTS
NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENTS
REFERENCES
Injection Procedures
Pharmacotherapy of Disability
ANALGESICS
ANALGESIC MEDICATIONS
LOCAL ANESTHETICS—INJECTABLE ANESTHETICS
MUSCLE RELAXANTS
LOCAL ANESTHETICS—TOPICAL ANESTHETICS
LET
N-METHYL-
ASPARTATE-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
CYCLOOXYGENASE-II INHIBITORS
OPIOID ANALGESICS
OTHER ADJUVANT ANALGESICS
INDIVIDUAL AGENTS
MIXED AGONISTS-ANTAGONISTS
TD AND TOPICAL ANALGESIC MEDICATIONS
ANTICOAGULANTS
ANTITHROMBOTICS
ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC MEDICATIONS
CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICATIONS
ANTIARRHYTHMIC MEDICATIONS
GI MEDICATIONS
HYPNOTICS
HYPOGLYCEMICS
RESPIRATORY MEDICATIONS
TBI MEDICATIONS
REFERENCES
HISTORICAL
GENERAL
MEDICATIONS
SIDE EFFECTS AND COMPLICATIONS
COMMON NERVE BLOCK TECHNIQUES
SPECIFIC NERVE BLOCKS
NERVE BLOCKS AT THE KNEE
NERVE BLOCKS AT THE ANKLE
COMMON MUSCLE INJECTION TECHNIQUES
SPECIFIC TRIGGER POINT INJECTIONS
COMMON JOINT INJECTION TECHNIQUES
INJECTION OF SPECIFIC SKELETAL STRUCTURES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
SUGGESTED READINGS
Spinal Injection Procedures
EPIDURAL STEROID INJECTION
INTERLAMINAR EPIDURAL INJECTION
TRANSFORAMINAL EPIDURAL INJECTION
CAUDAL LUMBAR EPIDURAL INJECTIONS
TIMING, FREQUENCY, DOSE, AND VOLUME OF EPIDURAL INJECTIONS
FLUOROSCOPIC GUIDANCE AND CONTRAST
SELECTIVE NERVE ROOT BLOCK
CONCLUSIONS
ZYGAPOPHYSEAL JOINT INJECTION AND RADIOFREQUENCY MEDIAL BRANCH NEUROTOMY
CONCLUSIONS
SACROILIAC JOINT INJECTION
CONCLUSIONS
DISCOGRAPHY (DIAGNOSTIC DISC INJECTION)
SUMMARY
COCCYX INJECTIONS
CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Palliative Care Symptom Management
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOM ASSESSMENT
PAIN
FATIGUE
NAUSEA AND VOMITING
ANOREXIA AND CACHEXIA
DYSPNEA
HICCUPS AND COUGH
HYDRATION AND NUTRITION
EXERCISE AS PALLIATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Evolution of Biofeedback in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
TRADITIONAL BIOFEEDBACK IN REHABILITATION
RECENT TASK-ORIENTED BIOFEEDBACK APPLICATION IN REHABILITATION
REFERENCES
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Therapeutic Electrical Stimulation in Neurorehabilitation
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
TENS FOR PAIN
NMES FOR MOTOR RELEARNING
SPASTICITY
BONE DENSITY
FATIGUE, MUSCLE ATROPHY, AND STRENGTHENING
TISSUE OXYGENATION AND WOUND HEALING
CARDIOVASCULAR AND PERIPHERAL HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS
DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS PROPHYLAXIS
POSTSTROKE SHOULDER PAIN AND SUBLUXATION
SPINAL CORD STIMULATION
DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION
CORTICAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Functional Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLES OF NMES
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF NMES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND PERSPECTIVE ON ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY
Assistive Technology
AT AND ABANDONMENT
HUMAN FACTORS AND AT
AT AND THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONING, DISABILITY, AND HEALTH
AT FOR MOBILITY IMPAIRMENTS
AT FOR COMMUNICATION DISORDERS
AT FOR VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS, INCLUDING BLINDNESS
AT FOR LEARNING AND COGNITION
AT FOR HEARING
AT FOR ERGONOMICS AND PREVENTION OF SECONDARY INJURIES
ELECTRONIC AIDS TO DAILY LIVING
TEAMING AND AT
ASSESSMENT USING A TEAM APPROACH
FUNDING AT
MEASURING OUTCOMES IN AT
THE FUTURE OF ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Upper and Lower Extremity Prosthetics
INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
LE AMPUTATION
UE AMPUTATION
SPECIAL ISSUES IN THE CARE OF INDIVIDUALS WITH AN AMPUTATION
PROSTHETIC PRESCRIPTION EXAMPLE CASES
IN MEMORY OF ANDREW J . GITTER, MD (1957 TO 2003)
INTERNET RESOURCES
REFERENCES
Upper Limb Orthotics
DEFINITIONS AND NOMENCLATURE
UPPER LIMB ORTHOTIC GOALS
BIOMECHANICAL PRINCIPLES
ANATOMICAL PRINCIPLES
COMMON UPPER LIMB ORTHOTIC DESIGNS
SUGGESTED READINGS
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
ROLE AND USE OF ORTHOTICS
TERMINOLOGY
MATERIALS
Lower Extremity Orthotics, Shoes, and Gait Aids
THE SHOE
GAIT AIDS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
Spinal Orthotics
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CERVICAL ORTHOSES (COs)
THORACOLUMBOSACRAL ORTHOSES
LUMBOSACRAL ORTHOSES
CLINICAL USES FOR SPINAL ORTHOTICS
SACROILIAC ORTHOSES
REFERENCES
Wheelchairs
PRESCRIPTION PROCESS
MANUAL WHEELCHAIRS
COMPONENTS
POWER WHEELCHAIRS
SEATING AND POSITIONING
PEDIATRICS
STANDARDS AND DURABILITY
SECONDARY INJURY/ACCIDENTS
FUNDING/INSURANCE
SUMMARY
FUTURE
REFERENCES
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
WHOLE MEDICAL SYSTEMS
MIND-BODY INTERVENTIONS
BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES
MANIPULATIVE AND BODY-BASED THERAPIES
ENERGY THERAPIES
SPECIAL TOPICS: SPORTS MEDICINE, FUNCTIONAL MEDICINE, CAM IN THE INPATIENT SETTING
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Scientific Advances
Evidence-Based Practice in Rehabilitation (Including Clinical Trials)
INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Neural Repair and Plasticity
STROKE
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
SPINAL CORD INJURY
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Regenerative Medicine: Implications in Rehabilitation
INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Rehabilitation Robotics
INTRODUCTION
THE PROBLEM
DIFFERENT ROBOTS: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES?
CLINICAL RESULTS
DISCUSSION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES