Deep Space Craft: An Overview of Interplanetary Flight

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Deep Space Craft opens the door to interplanetary flight. It looks at this world from the vantage point of real operations on a specific mission, and follows a natural trail from the day-to-day working of this particular spacecraft, through the functioning of all spacecraft to the collaboration of the various disciplines to produce the results for which a spacecraft is designed. These results are of course mostly of a scientific nature, although a small number of interplanetary missions are also flown primarily to test and prove new engineering techniques. The author shows how, in order to make sense of all the scientific data coming back to Earth, the need for experiments and instrumentation arises, and follows the design and construction of the instruments through to their placement and testing on a spacecraft prior to launch. Examples are given of the interaction between an instrument’s science team and the mission’s flight team to plan and specify observations, gather and analyze data in flight, and finally present the results and discoveries to the scientific community.

This highly focused, insider’s guide to interplanetary space exploration uses many examples of previous and current endeavors. It will enable the reader to research almost any topic related to spacecraft and to seek the latest scientific findings, the newest emerging technologies, or the current status of a favorite flight. In order to provide easy paths from the general to the specific, the text constantly refers to the Appendices. Within the main text, the intent is general familiarization and categorization of spacecraft and instruments at a high level, to provide a mental framework to place in context and understand any spacecraft and any instrument encountered in the reader’s experience.

Appendix A gives illustrated descriptions of many interplanetary spacecraft, some earth-orbiters and ground facilities to reinforce the classification framework. Appendix B contains illustrated detailed descriptions of a dozen scientific instruments, including some ground-breaking engineering appliances that have either already been in operation or are poised for flight. Each instrument’s range of sensitivity in wavelengths of light, etc, and its physical principle(s) of operation is described. Appendix C has a few annotated illustrations to clarify the nomenclature of regions and structures in the solar system and the planets’ ring systems, and places the solar system in context with the local interstellar environment.

Author(s): Dave Doody
Series: Springer Praxis Books / Astronautical Engineering
Edition: 1
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2009

Language: English
Pages: 447

Cover......Page 1
Deep Space Craft (Springer, 2009)......Page 3
ISBN 978-3-540-89509-1......Page 4
Table of Contents......Page 5
List of Figures......Page 11
Introduction......Page 15
Author’s Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 18
Foreword......Page 19
1.1 On Location......Page 21
1.1.1 A Busy Realtime Night......Page 24
1.1.2 Realtime as Middle Ground......Page 25
1.1.3 Wake-up Calls......Page 26
1.1.4 Resolution......Page 29
1.2.1 Spacecraft and the Deep Space Network......Page 30
1.2.2 Microwaves......Page 31
1.2.3 Antenna Gain......Page 33
1.2.5 All Things Considered......Page 35
1.2.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio: SNR......Page 39
1.2.7 Amplification......Page 41
1.2.9 The Maser Low-Noise Amplifier......Page 44
1.2.12 The Closed-Loop Receiver......Page 46
1.2.14 Transporting Information......Page 48
1.2.15 Modulation Schemes......Page 49
1.2.16 Power in the Data......Page 50
1.2.17 Error Detection and Correction......Page 51
1.2.18 Telemetry in Lock......Page 54
1.2.19 Data Compression......Page 55
1.2.20 Pushing the Shannon Limit......Page 56
1.2.21 Data Structure......Page 57
1.2.22 Channelized Engineering data and Science data......Page 58
1.2.23 CCSDS......Page 60
1.2.24 Remote Control......Page 61
1.2.25 Beacons in Space......Page 63
Notes......Page 65
References......Page 67
2.1 Martian Miscalculation......Page 69
2.2 Choice of Flight Path......Page 71
2.3.1 Kepler; Newton and his Principia......Page 73
2.3.2 Models and Observables......Page 75
2.3.3 Optical Navigation......Page 76
2.3.4 Autonomous Navigation......Page 77
2.4 Making Measurements......Page 78
2.4.1 Coordinate Systems......Page 79
2.4.2 Measuring the Doppler Shift......Page 82
2.4.3 One, Two, Three Way......Page 84
2.4.4 Measuring Range......Page 86
2.4.5 VLBI — Very Long Baseline Interferometry......Page 87
2.4.6 Putting it all together......Page 90
2.5 Correction and Trim Maneuvers......Page 91
2.5.1 The Target Plane......Page 92
2.5.2 Maneuver Execution......Page 95
2.6 Gravity Assist......Page 98
2.6.1 A Grand Tour......Page 99
2.6.2 How it works......Page 100
2.7 A Familiar Connection Severed......Page 101
Notes......Page 102
References......Page 104
3.1 A Distant Rocking......Page 106
3.2 The Attitude Control System......Page 108
3.3 Intersecting Disciplines......Page 112
3.4.1 Going for a Spin......Page 115
3.4.2 Three-axis control......Page 118
3.4.3 Hybrids......Page 119
3.5.1 AACS Input Devices......Page 120
3.5.2 AACS Output Devices......Page 125
3.6 Scientific Experiments with AACS......Page 133
3.7 AACS Faults and Protection......Page 135
Notes......Page 136
References......Page 137
4.1 Liftoff......Page 138
4.2.1 Water as Reaction Mass......Page 140
4.2.2 Rocket Science......Page 141
4.2.3 A Solid Rocket Example......Page 142
4.2.4 Making Comparisons......Page 143
4.3 Interplanetary Travel Becomes Possible......Page 144
4.3.1 Nozzles......Page 145
4.4.1 Solid Rocket Motors......Page 146
4.4.2 Liquid Monopropellant Systems......Page 148
4.4.3 Liquid Bipropellant Systems......Page 151
4.4.4 Tanks in Free-fall......Page 154
4.4.6 Electrical Propulsion......Page 155
Notes......Page 158
References......Page 160
5.0.2 Spacecraft Bus......Page 161
5.1.1 Voltage and Current......Page 162
5.1.2 Solar Panels......Page 163
5.1.3 Batteries......Page 166
5.1.4 RTGs......Page 168
5.1.5 Power Conditioning and Distribution......Page 171
5.2.1 Functions......Page 173
5.2.3 Components......Page 174
5.2.4 Examples......Page 175
5.2.5 Pre-Launch Structural Testing......Page 176
5.3.2 Data Storage......Page 177
5.3.4 Heater Control......Page 178
5.4 Fault Protection......Page 179
5.4.2 Fault-Tolerant Architecture......Page 180
5.4.3 Fault-Protection Monitors......Page 181
5.4.5 Critical Commands......Page 182
5.5 Thermal Control Subsystem......Page 183
5.5.1 Radiative Heat Transfer......Page 184
5.5.4 Components......Page 186
5.5.5 Atmospheric Entry......Page 190
5.5.6 Thermal-Vacuum Testing......Page 191
5.6.1 Release Devices......Page 192
5.6.2 Extensible Booms......Page 194
Notes......Page 195
References......Page 196
6 Science Instruments and Experiments......Page 198
6.1 Questions......Page 199
6.3.1 The Four Categories......Page 200
6.3.2 The Questions and the Instruments......Page 201
6.3.3 Imaging Science Instruments......Page 203
6.3.4 Altimeters......Page 217
6.3.5 Microwave Radiometers and Scatterometers......Page 218
6.3.6 Optical Spectroscopic Instruments......Page 219
6.3.7 Mass Spectrometers......Page 229
6.3.8 Atmospheric Analysis Instruments......Page 231
6.3.9 Active Spectrometers......Page 232
6.3.10 Magnetometers......Page 233
6.3.12 Impact and Dust Detectors......Page 234
6.3.13 Charged Particle Detectors......Page 235
6.4.1 Solar and Stellar Occultations......Page 236
6.4.2 Radio Science Occultations......Page 237
6.4.3 Radio Science Celestial Mechanics Experiments......Page 239
6.4.4 Superior Conjunction Experiments......Page 240
6.4.5 Radio Science Gravitational Radiation Searches......Page 241
6.4.7 Gravity Field Surveys......Page 242
6.4.8 Calibrations and Ground Truth......Page 243
6.5 Science Data Pipeline......Page 244
6.5.2 WWW Media......Page 245
6.5.3 Peer-Reviewed Journals......Page 246
6.5.4 Meetings of Scientific Institutions......Page 247
6.5.5 Hands on the Data......Page 248
Notes......Page 249
References......Page 251
7.1 Announcement of Opportunity......Page 258
7.1.3 AO Responses......Page 259
7.2.1 Engineering Demonstration Spacecraft......Page 260
7.2.3 Flyby Spacecraft......Page 261
7.2.7 Rover Spacecraft......Page 262
7.3 Making a Mission......Page 263
7.3.2 Competed Missions......Page 264
7.3.4 Administration......Page 265
7.3.5 Mission Phases......Page 268
7.3.6 Reviews......Page 269
7.3.7 Pre-phase A: Concept studies......Page 270
7.3.9 Phase B: Preliminary Design and Technology Completion......Page 276
7.3.11 Phase D: Assembly, Integration and Test, Launch......Page 279
7.4.1 Phase E: Flight Operations and Data Analysis......Page 283
7.4.2 Phase F: Closeout......Page 293
Notes......Page 295
References......Page 296
8.1 Spacecraft Bus Technologies......Page 297
8.2.2 Earth-mass Exoplanet Discoveries......Page 301
8.2.5 Improving Sensor Capability......Page 302
8.3 Print and Electronic Media......Page 303
8.5 Earth-Protective Measures......Page 304
8.6 Earthbound Dividends......Page 305
References......Page 307
Appendix A: Typical Spacecraft......Page 308
The Voyager Spacecraft......Page 309
The New Horizons Spacecraft......Page 311
The Spitzer Space Telescope......Page 313
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory......Page 315
The Galileo Spacecraft......Page 317
The Cassini Spacecraft......Page 319
The Messenger Spacecraft......Page 321
The Huygens Spacecraft......Page 323
The Phoenix Spacecraft......Page 325
Mars Science Laboratory Spacecraft......Page 327
The Deep Impact Spacecraft......Page 329
The Deep Space 1 Spacecraft......Page 331
Appendix B: Typical Instruments......Page 333
Solid-State Imager......Page 334
High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment......Page 335
Radar......Page 336
Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter......Page 337
Infrared Spectrograph......Page 338
Chemistry and Camera......Page 339
Magnetometers......Page 340
Atmospheric Structure Instrument......Page 341
Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer......Page 342
Mini-M¨ossbauer Spectrometer......Page 343
Stellar Reference Unit......Page 344
Deep Space Station 55......Page 345
Appendix C: Space......Page 346
References......Page 348
Appendix D: The Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 353
Notes......Page 354
Appendix E: Chronology......Page 358
Notes......Page 379
Units of Measure......Page 380
Conversions......Page 382
Abbreviations......Page 383
The Greek Alphabet......Page 388
Glossary......Page 389
Index......Page 435