Decent Work and Economic Growth

Decent Work and Economic Growth
Series Preface
Volume Preface
List of Topics
About the Editors
About the Section Editors
Contributors
A
Aid for Trade (AfT): Leveraging Trade as a Booster for Economic Growth and Structural Changes in Developing Countries
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Aid for Trade: The Birth of a Concept
Doha Development Agenda and Trade-Related Assistance
Aid for Trade: Operationalization of the Initiative and Its Scope
Trade Policy and Regulations
Trade Development
Trade-Related Infrastructure
Building Productive Capacity
Trade-Related Adjustment
Other Trade-Related Needs
Aid for Trade in Practice
Concluding Summary
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Anthropocene and Migration: Challenges in the Twenty-First Century
Definition
Introduction
Mobility and Anthropocene
Law Challenges
Internal Displacements
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
ASEAN-5
Assessment of the Sustainability Reports: Evidence from Brazilian Listed Companies
Definitions
Literature Review
Economic-Based Disclosure Theories (Especially Voluntary Disclosure and Signaling Theories)
Sociopolitical Theories of Disclosure
Methods to Measure the Quality of Sustainability Reports
Research Method
Method to Calculate the Scores
Terminology, Sample Selection, and Study Period
Statistical Tools Used
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
B
Bad Work
Beyond GDP: Saving the Planet by Measuring the Effectiveness of Policies
Definitions
A Quest for Integrated Solutions to Meet Multiple Goals
GDP and Beyond
Doubting the Blessings of Economic Growth
The SDG Achievement Index
Calculating the Effectiveness of Policy
The Effectiveness Frontier
Diagnostics
Concluding Comments
References
Biobased Economy: Critical Foundation for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
Synonyms
Definitions
Overview
Concepts
Biobased Supply Chains
Biomass Production
Biomass Conversion
Biogas
Bioethanol
Polylactic Acid (PLA)
Biobased Value Pyramid
Exergy
Biorefinery
Closing Material Loops and Reverse Logistics
Future Developments
Cross-References
References
Bioeconomy
Business Models for Sustainability (BMfS)
Businesses
C
Career
Career Behavior
Child Associated with an Armed Force or Armed Group
Child Combatant
Child Recruitment
Circular Economy
Closed Loop Supply Chains
Collective Bargaining Agreements: A Global Discourse on Decent Sustainable Living
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction: History, Theoretical Underpinning, and Processes
Economic Rationality for Collective Bargaining
Collective Bargaining and Its Linkages with the UN SDGs
Policy Approach to Reaching Agreements in Collective Bargaining
Conclusion and Recommended Points
Cross-References
References
Collective Employment Agreements
Community Service
Community-Based Development
Community-Based Socioeconomic Development Programs: A Catalyst for SDGs
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Progress of SDG Goal 8 in 2019
Some Rising Community-Based Socioeconomic Development Programs
Preexisting Community-Based Socioeconomic Development Programs
Newly Rising Community-Based Socioeconomic Development Programs
Key Issues to Discuss for Creating Future Community-Based Programs
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Companies
Competencies for Sustainable Entrepreneurship
Definitions
Setting the Stage
Sustainable Entrepreneurship
Sustainable Entrepreneurs
Competencies for Sustainable Entrepreneurship
Approaches to Individual Competence
Competencies for Change Agents in Specific Work Contexts
Competencies for Sustainable Entrepreneurship
Future Directions
Research Agenda
Impact Agenda
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Conceptualizing Green Economies: Origins, Evolution, and Imperatives
Synonyms
Definition
Green Economy: Origins and Evolution
Key Initiatives
Multilateral
Inclusivity
Green Jobs
Natural Capital
Indicators
Regional/National Approaches
Europe
Asia Pacific
Africa
Latin America
Local/Grassroots
Relevance to SDGs
Critiques/Debates
Challenges and Opportunities
Cross-References
References
Contribution of Enterprises in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Evolution of the Role of Enterprises in Sustainable Development
Traditional View: Compliance and Maximization of Shareholder Value
Corporate Citizenship: Responding Beyond Compliance
Proactive Role: Business in Society
Enterprise Engagement with the SDGs
Enterprise Endorsement of the SDGs
The UN Global Compact
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development
Evaluation and Reporting of Sustainability Performance
Asymmetries Between Large, Small, and Microenterprises in Sustainable Development
Alternative Enterprise Models
Cooperatives
Community Interest Companies
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Corporate Accountability
Corporate Citizenship
Corporate Regional Engagement
Corporate Regional Responsibility
Corporate Responsibility
Corporate Social Performance
Corporate Social Responsibility and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Synonyms
Definitions
About Corporate Social Responsibility and the SDGs
The Problematic Nature of Defining Corporate Social Responsibility
Sustainability as a Guidance for CSR
Standards for CSR
Link between the First Interpretations of CSR and the SDGs
Post Triple Bottom Line Views on CSR
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Corporate Social Responsibility Manager: Job Roles, Challenges, and Individual Competencies
Definition
Introduction
The CSR Profession
CSR Managers´ Job Roles
CSR as an Adaptation Process
CSR Manager´s Job Roles and Challenges in the CSR Adaptation Process
CSR Managers´ Individual CSR Competencies
To Conclude
Cross-References
References
Corporate Social Responsiveness
Corporate Spatial Responsibility and Sustainable Development Goals
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Trajectories of Corporate (Spatial) Responsibility
The Contemporary Field of Corporate Engagement and the Place of CSpR
Motives, Types, and Intensities of CSpR
CSpR and SDG 8 Targets
CSpR and Macroeconomic Targets (8.1, 8.2, 8.10)
CSpR and Policy Targets (8.3, 8.6, 8.9)
CSpR and Social Targets (8.5, 8.7, 8.6, 8.8)
CSpR and Environmental Targets (8.4, 8.7, 8.9)
Concluding Summary
Cross-References
References
Corporate Spatial Volunteering
Corporate Stakeholder Responsibility
Corporate Sustainability
Corporate Sustainability Responsibility
Corporate Urban Responsibility
Corporations
Cradle-to-Cradle
Creative Strategies for Sustainable Development in Small Cities
Definitions
Introduction
Building a Creative Strategy for Sustainable Development
Creative Economy
Creative Industries
Creative Space
Creative People
Approaches on the Relationship Between Creativity and Sustainable Development
The Creative Industries Approach
The Creative Class Approach
Creative Small Cities Approach
Key Ingredients for Creative Strategies in Small Cities
Local Leadership and Agents of Change
Community Engagement
Creative Brokers
Networking
Creative-Friendly Local Education System
Promotion of Quality of Life
Concluding Summary
Cross-References
References
Creative Work
Creativity, Innovation, and Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Creativity, Knowledge, and Innovation
Innovation as a Community Product
Promoting an Innovative Business System
Sustainability and Innovation
Business Theory and Sustainable Development
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Credit and Sustainable Development
D
Debt and Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Household Debt
The Global Increase in Household Debt
Different Types of Debt and Their Social Outcomes
The Macroeconomics of Household Debt
Small Companies´ Debts
The Health Burden of Debt
Possible Paths and the Roles for Different Actors
Cross-References
References
Decent Work
Decent Work for Women Through Digital Social Network
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Decent Work According to Women
Social Network and Decent Work
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Decent Work in China
Definitions
Introduction
The Regulatory Framework
Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining
Workplace Representation
Trade Union Reform
Decent Work and Migrant Workers
Labor Market Challenges
Workplace Decent Work Issues
Gender Equality at Work
Decent Work in the Emerging Digital Era
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Decent Work Promotion in India
Definition of Goal 8: Decent Work
Part I. Introduction: The need for Goal 8
SDG 8 Indicators and Targets
Decent Work and Economic Growth: Why It Matters
Unemployment
SDG 8 Global Achievements
Part II. Goal no.8 Implementation in India
SDG Programs and Policies in India
Central Government Schemes to Achieve Goal 8
The SDG India Index
National Goals for Goal 8
Goal 8 Index Scores: All India and State Wide Scores
Conclusion
References
Decent Work: Conceptualization and Policy Impact
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theoretical Development of Decent Work
Operationalization and Measurement of Decent Work
Sustainable Development Goals and Decent Work
Regional Applications of Decent Work: Example of the European Union
Policy Impact and Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Decoupling of Economic Growth from Environmental Degradation
Definitions
Introduction
The Challenge of Decoupling Economic Development from Deforestation
Background
Literature Review
Causes of Deforestation in Brazil
Implications of Deforestation in Brazil on Human Welfare
Impacts of Deforestation Policies in Brazil
Shortcomings of Relevant Literature
Theory
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Decreasing Youth Unemployment as a Way to Achieve Sustainable Development
Definitions
Introduction
The Concept of Youth Unemployment and the Specific Aspects That Differentiate It from General Unemployment
Effects of Youth Unemployment on Economic Growth and on Society
Decent Work for Young People and Its Relationship with the Economic and Social Context
Informality
Labor Poverty and Youth Unemployment
Possible Policies for the Promotion of Decent Employment Among Young People in the Context of Sustainable Development
Conclusions or Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Defense of the Right to Work
Degrowth and the Sustainable Development Goals
Definitions
Introduction
Defining Degrowth
A Movement of Academics and Activists
Critique of Degrowth and Responses
Sustainable Development Goals
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Dematerialized Economy
Demographic Challenges and Sustainable Development
Definition
Population, Sustainable Development, and Space
Accelerated Growth
Spatial Disparities
Disparities Based on Heterogeneity
Challenges: The Urban-Rural Divide
Challenges: Mobility
Concluding Thoughts
Cross-References
References
Developing Economies
Development of Skills for Technological Change in ASEAN-5
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
ASEAN-5: An Overview
Growth Strategies Related to Skills Development for Technological Change
Skills Availability in ASEAN-5
Recent Shifts in Demand for Skills
ASEAN-5 and the Global Trends: Human Capital Capacity Index
ASEAN-5 and the Global Trends: Global Competitiveness Index 4.0
Key Challenges to Skills Development and National Responses
Cross-References
References
Internet Pages
Discussing Approaches to Standard of Living
Definition
Introduction
An Overview of the Main Macroeconomic Measures Used to Assess Well-Being
Main Theoretical Approaches to Standard of Living
Practical Approaches to Standard of Living
Standard of Living Versus Quality of Life
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Diverse
Domestic Material Consumption, Our Modern Economies, Lifestyles, and Environmental Sustainability
Definitions
Introduction
Types of Materials
Fossil Fuels
Metal Ores
Industrial and Construction Minerals
Biomass
Domestic Material Consumption and Sustainability
Growth Versus Downshifting
The Role and Limits of Business and Consumers in Change to SCP
Car Transport: Essential for Happiness?
The Global Compact
Indicative Planning and Leapfrogging: Dongtan and Tianjin Ecocities
Measuring Happiness; Does All Growth Result in Happiness?
Policy Implications of the Transition to Sustainable Production and Consumption
Creating the Triangle of Change
Consumption Is a Key Determinant of Change
Anchoring Short-Term Measures on Mainstream Beliefs and Paradigms
The Need for Experimentation
Dialogue Is Key
Conclusion
References
E
Ecological Backpack
Ecological Rucksack
Economic Exploitation of Children
Economic Growth, Technological Progress, and Employment
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Historical Evolution of Working Time
Capital/Labor Substitutability/Complementarity
Working Time and Technological Revolutions
Technology and the Remuneration of Worked Hours (Wages)
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Economic Importance of Agriculture for Poverty Reduction in Nigeria
Definitions
Introduction
Global Issues on the Economic Importance of Agriculture for Poverty Reduction
Empirical Evidence
The Nigerian Agricultural System
Channels Through Which Investment in Agriculture Can Aid Poverty Reduction
Effectiveness of Agricultural Investment in Poverty Reduction
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ecopreneurship
Ecotourism and Sustainable Development
Definitions
Introduction
Environmental Impact of the Tourism Industry
Future Threats to the Tourism Industry
Evolution of the Concepts of Sustainable Tourism and Ecotourism
Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals
Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
Goal 12: Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns
Goal 14: Life Below Water
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Emerging Trends in Productive Employment
Definitions
Introduction
E-Commerce
Taxi Aggregators
Food Delivery Platforms
Automation of Employment
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Empirical Studies of Sex Trafficking
Definitions
Introduction
Demography of Sex Trafficking
Victim Estimates
Trafficker Estimates
Economic and Sociological Analysis of Sex Trafficking
Economics of Sex Trafficking
Demand for Sex Trafficking
Supply of Sex Trafficking
Sociology of Sex Trafficking
Cultural Factors
Anti-sex Work Ideology
Gender Stereotype and Male Victims
Racial Issues
Public Health and Psychological Consequences of Sex Trafficking
Policy Response to Sex Trafficking
Future Research Directions
Criminal Organizations and Networks
Sex Tourism
Sex Robots and Other Technologies
Global Refugee Crisis
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Employee Negotiations
Employment Quality
Enterprise Social Responsibility
Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Development
Entrepreneurship: Opportunity Identification and Entrepreneurial Behavior
Definition
Introduction
Economic Thinkers
Who Is the Entrepreneur
The Opportunity Process
Entrepreneurial Intentions, Cognitions, and Behaviors
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Environmental Awareness
Environmental Entrepreneurship
Environmental Inequality
Environmental Injustice and Economic Growth for Proof Processing
Synonyms
Definition
Environmental Justice: Origins, Evolution, and Significance
From Environmental Racism in America to a Global Movement Against Environmental Injustice
Combatting Environmental Injustice
Legislative Measures
Legal Avenues in Host State (Territorial Scope)
Legal Avenues in Home State National Law (Extraterritorial Scope)
International Law
Grassroots Activism
Transdisciplinary Research
Challenges/Debates
Future Directions
Relevance to the SDGs
Cross-References
References
Environmental Injustice/Ecological Distribution Conflicts
Environmental Racism
Environmental Strategy
Equal Human Rights
Eradicating Child Labor: Ending Economic Exploitation of Children as an Objective of Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definitions
Child Labor in the Sustainable Development Agenda
International Standards on Child Labor: Not All Work by Children Is Equal(ly or Unequivocally Bad)
Basic Distinctions in Child Labor Standards: A Summary
International Standards: Duties Beyond the State
International Standards: Criticism and Controversies
An Agenda for Progressive Elimination of Child Labor: Addressing the Root Causes
Recent Global Trends
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Ethical and Sustainable Sourcing: Toward Strategic and Holistic Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Synonyms
Definitions
Ethical and Sustainable Sourcing
Sustainable Supply (Chain) Management
Supplier Selection, Assessment, and Development
Purchasing Behavior and Buyer-Supplier Relationships
Frameworks for Ethical and Sustainable Sourcing
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Ethical Buying
Ethical Investment
Ethical Procurement
Ethical Purchasing
Exploitation
Exploitative Child Work
Extraction Rates and the Environmental Impacts of Economic Growth in the Twenty-First Century
Synonyms
Definitions
Extraction Rates
Introduction
Deconstructing DMC
Extraction Rates and Components of These Resources
Fossil Fuels
Biomass
Metals
Nonmetallic Minerals
Extraction Rates in the 2030 Agenda
DMC Dilemma
Why Extraction Rates Are Important
Paradox of the 2030 Agenda
Scholarly Debate: Myth of Sustainability?
Ecological Engineers: Path to a Solution?
Current Scenario and the Future
Numbers Tell a Story
Harmonious Rise?
Blueprint for the Future
Cross-References
References
F
Factors of Production, Economic Growth, and Sustainable Development
Definition
Introduction
Factors of Production and Economic Growth
Land and Economic Growth
Labor and Economic Growth
Capital and Economic Growth
Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth
Economic Growth, Economic Development, and Sustainable Development
Conclusion
References
Fair Access to Credit
Fair Trade Development and Growth
Fair Trade History
Fair Trade Movement and Market Development for Decent Work and Economic Growth
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Origins of Fair Trade
Beginnings of Fair Trade History
Birth of Fair Trade Movement
Towards Alternative Trading Model
Fair Trade Market Perspective
Towards International Networking within Fair Trade Movement
Coming out from the Niche - Mainstreaming of Fair Trade
First Fair Trade Labels
Fair Trade Product Market Development
Current Developments
Fair Trade Movement
Fair Trade Market
Concluding Summary
Cross-References
References
Female Entrepreneurship
Firms
Forced Labor
Foreign Direct Investment
Foreign Direct Investment and Decent Work in Sub-Saharan Africa
Definitions
Introduction
Foreign Direct Investment and Sustainable Development
Foreign Direct Investment
FDI and Economic Development
The Decent Work Agenda
Decent Work
Decent Work and Sustainable Development
Decent Work and Foreign Investment
The Development of Sub-Saharan Africa
The Context
Foreign Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa
Decent Work Concerns in Sub-Saharan Africa
Job Creation and Employment
Child Labor
Low Pay, Inequality, Health and Safety
FDI and Decent Work in Sub-Saharan Africa
FDI and Job Creation
FDI and Child Labor
FDI, Income, and Inequality
FDI and Labor Relations
Prospect of FDI and Decent Work in Sub-Saharan Africa
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Future-Proofing Oceans for Food Security and Poverty Alleviation
Definitions
Introduction
Key Challenges Constraining Ocean Services
Food Security and Poverty Alleviation
Ocean Future-Proofing Strategies
Conclusions and the Way Forward
References
G
Gender Equality
Gender Inequality and Female Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Gendered and Noneconomic Entrepreneurship
Women´s Emancipation through Female Entrepreneurship
Beyond Economic Empowerment
Economic Empowerment
Financing Female Entrepreneurship
Concluding Summary
References
Gender Roles, Cultural Norms, and Role of Income in Perceived Value: Women and Unpaid Work
Definition
Trade, Unpaid Work, and Gender Equality
Decent Work and the Gender Wage Gap
Concluding Comments
Cross-References
References
Global Governance
Global Material Flows
Global South
Global Structures of Inequality and Unequal Distribution of Wealth
Definitions
Introduction
Inequality Between Nations
Dependency Theory and Income Inequality
Colonial Past
Inequality Within Nations
Cross-References
References
Globalization, Democracy, and Inequality
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Globalization and Linkage to Decent Work and Economic Growth
Democracy and Linkage to Decent Work and Economic Growth
Inequality and Linkage to Decent Work and Economic Growth
Lessons and Concluding Remarks
Some General Lessons
Concluding Remark
Cross-References
References
Good Works
Government Service
Green Business in the Context of the Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Flexibility in Organizations
Corporative Education
Environmental Education for Green Management
Governance and Public Policies for Green Management
The Importance of Local Power to Implement Environmental Policy
Sustainability Promoting Innovations in Green Management
Green Management and Sustainable Development Goals
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Green Buying
Green Development
Green Entrepreneurship
Green Growth
Green Identity
Green Innovation
Green Investment
Green Procurement
Green Purchasing
Green Sourcing
Green Supply Chain Management
Guarantee of Labor Rights
H
Health Status and Economic Growth
Definition
Introduction
Determinants of Health Status
Importance of Health Status to Economic Growth
Transmission Mechanisms Between Health Status and Economic Growth
Labor Productivity
Labor Supply
Education
Savings and Investment
Longevity
Technology and Innovation
Relationship Between Health Status and Economic Growth Globally
Conclusion and Policy Recommendation
Cross-References
References
History
Household Debt and Sustainable Development
Human Rights Compliance Assessment (HRCA)
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Concept, Scope, and Relevance
Mechanisms
Human Rights Due Diligence (HRDD)
Human Rights Impact Assessments (HRIA)
Self-Assessment of Human Rights Compliance
Reporting Nonfinancial Information
Operational-Level Grievance Mechanism
Cross-References
References
Human Rights Due Diligence
Human Rights Impact Assessment
Human Rights Risk Assessment
Human Smuggling
Human Trafficking and Financing Conflict Measures
Human Trafficking as a Conflict Financing Measure
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Human Trafficking and Conflict Financing
Examples
Libya: Armed Militias and Human Trafficking
ISIL: Trafficking of the Yazidi Community
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
I
ILO
Importance of the Public Service in Achieving the UN SDGS
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction: Conceptual and Theoretical Overview of Public Service(s)
Importance of Public Services and Essential Reforms in the Era of Targeting Growth
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and their Linkages with Effective Public Service Delivery
Policy Approaches in Support of Efficient Public Services Delivery by 2030
Conclusion and Recommended Points
Cross-References
References
Inclusive Business Models: Building Business Ecosystems for Resolving Deep-Rooted Sustainability Problems
Definition
Introduction
Business Models
Base-of-the-Pyramid
Inclusive Business Models (IBMs)
The Meaning of ``Inclusive´´ in IBMs
Fair Trade
Work Integration of Disabled
Social Entrepreneurship
Ecosystems
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Inclusive Employment: A Global Concern
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Barriers to Employment
Disability Barriers to Employment
Gender-Related Barriers to Employment
Age-Related Barriers to Employment
The Need for Inclusive Employment
Inclusive Employment and Inclusive Growth
Strategies and Policies for Inclusive Employment
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Inclusive Growth in India: Issues and Challenges
Definition
Introduction
Assessing Inclusiveness
The Elusive Human Development
Persisting Disparities in Educational Attainment
Growing Income Inequality and Declining Poverty
Rising Life Expectancy and Inaccessible Health Care
The Sagging Environment
Bleak Employment Scenario Amidst High Potentials
Unsustainable Agricultural Growth
Lagging Financial Inclusion
Future Directions
References
Indiscriminate
Industrial Relations
Informal Economy
Informal Employment
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Critical Appraisal Ascribed to the Definitions of Informal Employment/Economy
Theoretical and Methodological Approach(ES) to Informal Employment
Nature of Informal Employment Based on the Remit of SDGs and Its Association
Informal Employment as a Norm in the Employment Category
Gender Dimension of Informal Employment
Ethnicity and Immigration Dimension of Informal Employment
Sierra Leone as a Contextual Case Example in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
Policy Approach to Informal Employment: Regulation and Deregulation
Recommendations and Implications for the State
Cross-References
References
Innovation
Innovation System = System of Innovation
Innovation Systems for Sustainability
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction: The Role of Innovation for Sustainable Development
Innovation Systems
Central Characteristics of IS
Knowledge-Based
Evolutionary
Complex
IS Meets Current Challenges
Sustainability in IS
The Directionality Dilemma
Sustainable Systems of Innovation
Sustainability-Oriented Innovation Systems
Reflexive Innovation Systems
Dedicated Innovation Systems
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Interdenominational
International
International Labour Organization: A Short History
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Creation of the International Labour Organization
ILO´s Mission and Unique Nature
The ILO´s Journey
The Interwar Period
The Second Founding (During and Immediately After the Second World War)
The Morse Era: Decolonization and the Cold War
From 1970 to the Fall of the Berlin Wall
1990s to the Present: The Collapse of Communism and the Era of Globalization
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
International Perspectives on Living Wages for Sustainable Livelihoods: Project Glow (Global Living Organisational Wage)
Definitions
Introduction
The Global Living Organisational Wage Network
Setting Foundations for a Sufficiency Living Wage (SLW) in Thailand
Establishing a Living Wage Threshold at which Quality of Work Life and of Work Transforms in South Africa
SDG 8.8 - Protect Labor Rights and Close the Capability Gap in the Philippines
SDG 8.9 - Lessons Learned from Sovereignty for Sustainable Tourism Livelihoods in Hawai´i
Final Thoughts
References
Islamic Microfinance: A Tool of Alleviating Poverty and Ensuring Economic Peace
Definitions
Introduction
Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation
Islamic Microfinance
Types of Islamic Microfinance
Feature of Islamic Microfinance
Role of Islamic Microfinance for Poverty Alleviation
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
J
Job Creation
Job Quality
Job Supplies in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods: Role of Universal Work
Definitions
Introduction
Why Job Supply Matters
Declining Interest in Jobs
Theories and Factors Hindering Job Supply Outcomes
Contextualizing Job Supply Problems
Job Problems and Fatalistic Responses
SDG 8 Progress and Options for Reform
The Role of Universal Work
A Charter for Universal Work
Resourcing Universal Work
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
K
Knowledge-Intensive Innovation
L
Labor-Capital Substitutability/Complementarity
Labour
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment
Definition
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA)
Sustainability Assessment
Life Cycle Thinking
Life Cycle Assessment
Goal and Scope Definition
Life Cycle Inventory
Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Life Cycle Interpretation
Iterative LCA Approach
LCA-Derived Concepts for Economic and Social Assessment
Life Cycle Costing
Social Life Cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment
References
Low-Quality Work
M
Manual Scavengers and Sustainable Development
Definitions
Introduction
Background and Objectives
Manual Scavenging
Social Concerns and Issues
Occupational Challenges and Problems
Manual Scavenging in India: A Case Study
Historical Background
The Magnitude of Manual Scavenging in India
Milestones Toward the Upliftment of Manual Scavengers
Sustainable Development Goals and Manual Scavenging
Mexico-Ecological Sanitation Model
Malaysian Model
Micro-Entrepreneurship Model
Public Community Partnership (PCP) Model
Working toward an Equal Society: Role of the Organizations
Various Organizations across the World Working toward the Eradication of Manual Scavenging and their Forms of Initiations Are ...
Suggestions
Government/State
Nongovernmental Organizations
Individuals
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Material Footprint
Material Footprint and Its Role in Agenda 2030
Synonyms
Definitions
Material Footprint
Introduction
The Needs for Environmental Indicators
The Footprint Family
Material Footprint
The Material Footprint Concept
Features of the Material Footprint
The Material Footprint in the Agenda 2030
Macro Scenario
Micro Scenario
Why Material Footprint Is Important
Current Scenario and the Future
Setting a Global Limit
Actual Data
Conclusions and Pathway Ahead
Cross-References
References
Maternity Protection at Work: Decent Work for All During Pregnancy and New Motherhood
Definitions
Introduction
International Labor Standards on Maternity Protection
Maternity Leave and Cash Benefits
Paternity, Parental and Adoption Leave
Employment Protection and Non-Discrimination
Health Protection in the Workplace
Breastfeeding and Childcare Support at Work
Key Insights and Future Outlook
Cross-References
References
Migrant Domestic Workers in the UK: Struggle and Resistance
Definitions
Introduction
The Legal Precarity of MDWs in the UK
The Overseas Domestic Worker (ODW) Visa
Problems with the Nonrenewable Visa
What Is the NRM
Problems with the NRM
ILO 189 and the UK Position
The Nature of Domestic Work and the Exploitations of MDWs in the UK
New Forms of Domestic Worker Organizing in the UK
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Migrant Entrepreneurship Under Institutional Voids
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Institutions and Entrepreneurship
Institutional Voids and Entrepreneurship
Migrant Entrepreneurial Activity
Entrepreneurs and Bricolage
Institutional Entrepreneurship
Migrant Entrepreneurship Challenges and Strategies
Vilification
Finance
Land and Natural Resources
Social Capital
Successful Operation
Concluding Summary
Cross-References
References
Migrant Venture Creation
Migrant Workers, Decent Work, and Economic Growth
Definitions
Migrant Workers and Economic Growth
Protection of Migrant Workers
Migration Policies
Conflict of Laws
International Labour Law
State Cooperation
Corporate Social Responsibility
Cross-References
References
Modern Slavery
Moral Economy of Decent Work
Definitions
Introduction
Decent Work: A Human-Centered Approach
Progress and Contemporary Challenges to Decent Work
The Moral Economy of Employment
The Shifting Emphasis on Decent Work in European Employment Policy Making
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
N
Nonstandard Work
Novelty
Nurturing Career Development for Human Resource Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definition(s)
Introduction: Historical and Theoretical Perspectives of Career Development
Stages of Career Development
Road Map Cycle for Career Development and Practicalities for Real World of Human Empowerment
Career Development Link with the SDGs
Way Forward/Conclusion
Cross-References
References
O
Occupation
Organization
P
Package Bargaining
Perceptions and Challenges of Design for Sustainable Behavior
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Behaviours and Habits
Sensitivity to Sustainable Behaviour: Science
Aspects of Motivation for Sustainable Behaviour
Design for Behaviour Change: The Emergence of an Area
The Structure of the Design Strategy
Conclusion and Assertions
References
Poor-Quality Work
Poverty
Poverty Reduction: Concept, Approaches, and Case Studies
Definitions
Introduction
The Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Development Nexus
Post-2015 Development Agenda and the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Case Studies of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Programs
Cambodia Poverty Reduction Strategy
Nicaragua Poverty Reduction Strategy
Nigeria Poverty Reduction Strategy
Challenges of Poverty Reduction Within the Framework of the Sustainable Development Goals
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Precarious Work and Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Precariousness in Employment
Characteristics of Precarious Work
Precarious Workers
Precariat
Precarity
Conclusions
References
Preserving Culture in Meeting Sustainable Development
Definition
Introduction
The Implicit Bias of GDP
The Measurement of GDP
The Case for Alternatives to GDP
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Product Stewardship
Protection of Labor Rights
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
The Protection of Labor Rights in the European Union
Protection of Labor Rights in the Spanish State
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Public Life
Public Policies for Just Transition: Local Content, Employment, and Human Capital
Definitions
Introduction
Employment and Just Energy Transition
Policies for Employment and Human Capital: Opportunities and Challenges
Concluding Remarks and Policy Implications
References
Purchasing Social Responsibility
Q
Quality of Employment
Quality of Jobs
Quality of Work
R
Raw Material Extraction
Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers in International Law: Prohibition and Elimination
Synonyms
Definitions
Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers in International Law: Prohibition and Elimination
International Prohibitions on the Use and Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers
International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
International Criminal Law (ICL)
International Human Rights Law (IHRL)
International Labor Law (ILL)
UNSC Framework
Complementarity of the Various Frameworks
Contentious Issues Relating to the Prohibitions
Age Threshold
Forced, Compulsory, and Voluntary Recruitment
Direct/Active and Indirect Participation
Obligations of Armed Groups
Elimination: Prevention and Reintegration
Prevention
Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)
Cross-References
References
Remediation Programs for Decent Work
Definitions
Introduction
Remediation Programs and Decent Work
Child Labor, Discrimination, and Forced Labor
Social Dialogue
Compensation, Contracts, and Human Resources
Occupational Safety and Health
Remediation Programs: A Bangladeshi Case
Our Voice: A Digital Helpline for Garment Workers
New Form of Precarity and Its Remedy
References
Responsible Business Conduct
Responsible Buying
Responsible Innovation
Responsible Management for Innovative and Sustainable Firms in the Age of Complexity
Definitions
Introduction
Responsible Management: A Definition
Intellectual Roots
What Waves of Change for Management
The Classical Concept of Management
The Complex Conception of Management
What Directions in Managing Responsibly Organizations?
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Responsible Procurement
Responsible Purchasing
Responsible Research and Innovation
Synonyms
Definitions
Governance of Science, Research, and Innovation
Meaning of RRI Not Fixed
Accounts of RRI
von Schomberg´s Definition
European Commission´s Definition and Six RRI Keys
Stilgoe, Owen, and Macnaghten´s Definition and AIRR Framework
van den Hoven´s Definition: Design to Solve Moral Dilemmas
Shared Characteristics Between the Accounts
Diversity and inclusion
Anticipation and reflection
Openness and transparency
Responsiveness and adaptive change
Ethics
Social utility
History of RRI
The Argument for RRI
Novelty of RRI
Criticism of RRI
RRI and the SDGs
Cross-References
References
Responsible Sourcing
Responsible Supply Chain Management
Rule of Law
S
SDGs Patterns Across the Globe: From Theory to Practice
Definition
Introduction
Brief History of the UN SDGs Initiative
Recent Endeavors on Sustainability Literature
Patterns of SDGs Across the Globe: A Descriptive Presentation
Case Studies: SDGs in Practice
Case Study 1: Women Inequality in Bangladesh
Case Study 2: Food Security and Nutrition in Guatemala
Case Study 3: Promoting Water and Sanitation Access in Philippines
Case Study 4: Youth Employment Opportunities in Fiji
Cross-References
References
Sex Trafficking
Shadow Economy
Shared Value Creation
Skill Development
Skill Formation
Slavery
Smart Tourism and Smart Destinations for a Sustainable Future
Definitions
Introduction
Smart Tourism
Sustainable Tourism
Discussion
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Social Agriculture and Its Related Tourist Activities
Definition
Social Agriculture as an Innovative Model of Multifunctionality
Social Agriculture in the European Framework
Social Farms
Social Agriculture Related to Tourist Activities
Agritourisms
Educational Farms
Sports Farms
Worldwide Opportunities on Organic Farms (WWOOF)
Concluding Summary
References
Social Business for Sustainable Development: Cases from Bangladesh
Definition
Introduction
Setting the Context
Steps towards Engaging with SDGs
Understanding the SDGs
Defining Priority
Reporting and Communicating
Socializing
Value Chain Analysis: Defining the Priority towards SDGs
Technical
Supply Chain
Marketing
Community Engagement
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Social Business in the Context of Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Social Business Model
Social Business and the Sustainable Development
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Social Development
Social Dialogue and the Future of Work
Definitions
Introduction
The ``Key Pieces´´ of Social Dialogue
Levels and Structures
Actors and Contents
Benefits and Constraints
An Unprecedented Experience of Social Dialogue ``Out of the Box´´
Where Should Social Dialogue Go?
Cross-References
References
Social Enterprise
Social Entrepreneurship
Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development
Definition
Introduction
The Drivers of Social Entrepreneurship
Social Entrepreneurship and Its Subconcepts
Social Value Creation
Social Entrepreneur
Social Enterprise Organization
Market Orientation
Social Innovation
Contributing to Sustainable Development Goals
Developing the Solution and Scaling the Solution for Impact
The Role of Social Entrepreneurs as Problem Solvers in Society
Conclusion
Future Directions
Social Value Creation
Social Entrepreneur(s) and Their Collaborations
Social Enterprise Organization
Market Orientation
Social Innovation
Cross-References
References
Social Innovation
Social Investment
Social Justice
Social Network
Social Strategy
Social Venture
Socially Responsible Buying
Socially Responsible Investment
Socially Responsible Procurement
Socially Responsible Purchasing
Socially Responsible Sourcing
Socioeconomic Development
Socio-economic Impact Measurement and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
Definitions
Introduction
Socio-economic Impact
Importance of Guiding Businesses
Measuring Socio-economic Impact
Measurement Tools
Base of the Pyramid Impact Assessment Framework
GEMI Metrics Navigator
Impact Measurement Framework
Impact Reporting and Investment Standards (IRIS)
MDG Scan
Measuring Impact Framework
Poverty Footprint
Progress out of Poverty Index
Socio-economic Assessment Toolbox (SEAT)
Input-Output Modeling
Outlook and Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Supply Chain Accountability Through Extraterritorial Tortious Litigation
Definitions
Introduction
Circumventing the Corporate Veil
The Corporate Veil
Developments in English Common Law
Legal Imposition of Responsibility
Assuming Responsibility Through Corporate Social Responsibility Statements
Developments in Canadian Common Law
No Duty of Care Toward Victims of Subcontractors
Adopting Customary International Law into the Common Law
CIL and the Canadian Common Law
The Ability of Tort Law to Bridge the Governance Gap
Conclusion
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Cases
Supporting Sustainability for a Decent Work and Economic Growth in Ghana
Definitions
Introduction
SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth in Ghana
Localizing the SDG 8 in Ghana
Actors in Localizing SDG 8 in Ghana
Private Sector
Academia
The Progress in Localizing SDG 8 in Ghana
Conclusion
References
Sustainability
Sustainability and Collective Bargaining from an Environmental Approach
Definitions
Introduction
Environmental Contents and Collective Bargaining Form a Multilevel Perspective
Current Environmental Provisions in the Collective Agreements
Social Dialogue in the Frame of the Global Climate Emergency
Environmental Clauses in the International Framework Agreements
Cross-References
Acknowledgment
References
Sustainability Innovation
Sustainability Transitions
Sustainability-Driven Innovation
Sustainability-Oriented Innovation
Sustainability-Related Innovation
Sustainable Behaviour
Sustainable Business
Sustainable Business Models
Synonyms
Related Terms
Definition
Background
Emergence of the Concept
What Is a Business Model?
What Is a Sustainable Business Model?
Sustainable Business Models and the SDGs
Sustainable Business Model Types
Sustainable Business Model Tools and Approaches
Idea Generation
Process
Sustainability Assessment
Recent Developments
Novel Approaches for Experimentation
Novel Concepts Such as Circular Economy and Sharing Economy
Collaborative Business Models and Ecosystems
Transitions Research and the Role of Business (Models)
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Sustainable Business Strategies
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Origins of Sustainable Business Strategy: Context and Driving Factors
Business Cases for Sustainable Business Strategy
Sustainable Business Strategy and Maturity Scales: Charting the Journey Through Sustainable Business Strategy
Business Models and Sustainable Business Strategy
Circular Economy and Sustainable Business Strategy
Criticisms of Sustainable Business Strategy
``Win-Win´´ Versus the Reality of Trade-Offs
Limits of Sustainable Business Strategy
Future Prospects
Cross-References
References
Sustainable Buying
Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development Innovation
Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Composing Individual Processes and Collaborative Transformations
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Motivation and Actors
Opportunity Types
Sustainable Entrepreneurship Forms, Processes, and Outcomes
Entrepreneurial Forms
Entrepreneurial Processes
Outcomes of Sustainable Entrepreneurship
Sustainable Entrepreneurship and the SDGs
Recent Contributions
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Sustainable Innovation: Creating Solutions for Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Frameworks of Sustainable Innovation
Disciplines Informing Sustainable Innovation and Issues in Its Definition
Models to Categorize Sustainable Innovations
Components and Dynamics in Sustainable Innovation
The Collaborative Component and the Emergence of New Actors in Sustainable Innovation
Sustainable Innovation, Value Creation, and Value Capture
Future Directions
Cross-References
References
Sustainable Investment: Mobilizing Financial Capital for Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definition
Introduction
Sustainability Issues
Sustainable Investment Strategies
Justifications of Sustainable Investment
Justification from Integrity
Justification from Consequences
Financial Considerations
Concluding Remarks
Cross-References
References
Sustainable Premium Ready Meals for a Daily Nutritional Diet: Human Population Growing Demand
Definitions
Marine Ecosystems and Seaweeds Production
Premium Ready Meals to a Daily Nutritional Diet
Edible Seaweeds and Phycogastronomy
Benefits of Macroalgae Compounds
Processing Technologies and Seaweeds Sensory Profile
Molecular Cooking and Food Technology
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Sustainable Procurement
Sustainable Purchasing
Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Sustainable Supply Management
Sustainable Technology Impact on Agricultural Production
Definition
Introduction
Sustainable Agriculture
Conservation Agriculture
Land Tenure
Honduras and Guatemala
Small Holder Farmers
Diversification of Crops and Agroforestry
Developing Countries
Developed Countries
Forms of Technology
Nanotechnology
Artificial Intelligence
Global Positioning System
Precision Agriculture
Future Projections
Cross-References
References
Sustainable Value Creation
System Innovation
T
Technical and Vocational Education
Technical and Vocational Education and Training
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in South Asia
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Theoretical Relevance of TVET
Overview of the SDG 8 and the Indicators
SDG 8 and the TVET
TVET in South Asia
Understanding the Local Priorities (the Case of Bangladesh)
Structure of TVET in Bangladesh
Reform of the TVET System
National Technical and Vocational Education Framework (NTVQF)
NTVQF Management Information System (MIS)
Women Participation in the TVET
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Technical and Vocational Training
Technical Change
Technological Progress
Technological Revolutions
Technology
Terrorist Financing
Total Material Requirement
Tourism and the Sustainable Development of the Baltic Sea Region
Definitions
Introduction
Concept of Sustainable Development and Tourism
Tourism Industry in the Baltic Sea Region: A Comparative Analysis
Toward Sustainable Tourism Development: Best Practices in BSR Countries
Denmark
Sweden
Finland
Russia: The Republic of Karelia
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Russia: The Kaliningrad Region
Poland
Germany
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Trade
Trade-Related Assistance
Trade-Related ODA
Trafficking in Human Beings
Transformations
Transformations Toward Sustainability
Transitions
Transitions to Sustainable Development
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
The Emergence of Transitions Research
Transitions Research: Explaining Change
Socio-technical Transitions
Socio-institutional and Socio-economic Transitions
Socio-ecological Transitions
Transitions Governance: Inducing Change
Governing Socio-technical Transitions
Strategic Niche Management
Transition Management
Reflexive Governance
Transformative Innovation Policy
Governing Socio-institutional and Socio-economic Transitions
Transformational Sustainability Interventions
Governing Socio-ecological Transitions
Adaptive Governance
Earth System Governance
Current Issues and Criticism
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Triple Bottom Line
Typologies of Sustainable Business
Synonyms
Definitions
Introduction
Sustainable Business Model Definitions
Sustainable Business Model Typology from a Sustainability Perspective
Sustainable Business Model Typology from a Stakeholder´s Perspective
Sustainable Business Model Typology from an Incorporation into the Corporate System Perspective
Sustainable Business Model Typology from a Value Creation Perspective
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
Typologies of Sustainable Business Models
U
Underage Combatant
Underground Economy
Understanding Market Failure in the Developing Country Context
Definition of Market Failure
Introduction
Impairment of Market Failure in Achieving SDG8
Functioning Markets: Requirements
Free Entry and Exit
No Monopoly Power
Information Symmetry
Absence of Market Externalities
Reasons for Market Failure
Externalities
Asymmetric Information
Public Goods
Natural Monopoly
Imperfect Competition
Business Cycles
Heterodox View of Market Failure: Ecological Approach
Leading the Situation: Policies to Combat Failures
Country Case Study of Market Failure: Sierra Leone
Conclusion
References
Unemployment
V
Value Creation in a Circular Economy: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Synonyms
Definitions
Circular Economy
Cradle-to-Cradle (Design)
Product Stewardship
Closed Loop Supply Chains
Introduction
Circular Economy: Servitization
Case Coffee 3
Product Stewardship: Extended Producer Responsibility
Cradle-to-Cradle: Product Design
Closed Loop Supply Chains: Multiple Value Creation
Circular´s Contribution to Sustainability Goals
Cross-References
References
Vocation
W
War Economy
Women and Agriculture: Addressing Hidden Work in Land-Based Livelihoods
Definition
Introduction
Throwing the Spotlight on Women´s Contribution in the Agricultural Sector
Female Engagement in the Grassroots Economy
Women and Unpaid Domestic Labor
Women and Crop Production
Highlighting the Role of Women in the Livestock Sector
Unravelling the Influence of Women in Fisheries and Aquaculture
Addressing Women´s Needs for Technology and Information
Misrepresentation of Women in Labor
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Women and Entrepreneurship
Women Empowerment
Women in Business
Women, Growth, and Empowerment
Definitions
Introduction
Growth´s Effects on Women´s Economic Empowerment
Women´s Empowerment and Its Effects on Growth
Growth and Women´s Empowerment: A Virtuous Cycle?
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Women´s Economic Empowerment
Work
Work Quality
Worked Hours
Worker-Driven Initiatives to Tackle Modern Slavery
Definition
Introduction
What Constitutes Forced Labor, Modern Slavery, and Trafficking?
Shift in the Conditions of Work and Responses from Labor
Worker-Driven Social Responsibility
Shifting Terminologies, Discourses, and Approaches: Specificities of India
Conclusion: Worker-Driven Initiatives to Claim Substantive Gains
References
Workforce
Working/Work Time