Data Visualization in Society

Cover
Table of Contents
List of tables
Table 7.1 Overview of NSI websites and accessibility score from the WTKollen checker tool
Table 18.1 Telling vs. showing
Table 18.2 Narrative constituents
Table 19.1 Comparison of features contributing to aesthetics of data sublime in Halloran 2015 and 2018
Table 19.2 Comparison of features contributing to connection between scale and individual in Halloran 2015 and 2018
Table 26.1 Three maps seen from DeSoto’s and Muehlenhaus’s categorizations
List of figures
Figure 2.1. The height of Belgians from 18 to 20 years. Reprinted from Physique sociale ou Essai sur le développement des facultés de l’homme (p. 355), by A. Quetelet, 1997 [1869], Brussels: Académie Royale de Belgique. Copyright 1997 by Académie Royale d
Figures 5.1 and 5.2. Default views for the Buienradar website and (Android) app for Monday April 30, 2018 at around 11:35 a.m. CET. Screenshots by Eef Masson, used under quotation exception. Copyright 2006-20 by RTL Nederland.
Figure 5.3. Weather report with textual and graphic elements in NRC Handelsblad (a Dutch national newspaper) for the weekend of April 21 and 22, 2018. Screenshot by Eef Masson, used under quotation exception. Copyright 2018 by NRC Handelsblad.
Figure 5.4. Shower radar and rain graph visualizations on the Buienradar website, set to Amsterdam, for Monday April 30, 2018, 11:35 a.m. CET. Screenshot by Eef Masson, used under quotation exception. Copyright 2006-20 by RTL Nederland.
Figure 9.1. ‘Raw’ version of the network graph in the ‘Overview’ after the data import into Gephi. Created by D. van Geenen using Gephi.
Figure 9.2. Spatialized graph after the application of ForceAtlas 2 (Scaling: 2.0, Gravity: 20.0; node size based on degree). Created by D. van Geenen using Gephi.
Figure 9.3. Exported, spatialized, filtered, and annotated graph. Created by D. van Geenen and M. Wieringa using Gephi and Photoshop in preparation of conference presentations.
Figure 10.1. Visualizing mental illness: A day of OCD. Copyright 2017 by J. Simpson. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 12.1. Screenshot of Google Public Data. Based on free material from Google Public Data. Source of data: Eurostat, CC-BY licence.
Figure 12.2. Screenshot of the starting image on Gapminder tools. Based on free material from gapminder.org, CC-BY license.
Figure 12.3. Screenshot of group 7’s screen after placing the word document side by side with the same graph as the one displayed in Figure 12.1. Based on free material from Google Public Data. Source of data: Eurostat, CC-BY licence.
Figure 12.4 Versions of graph to answer task 2 on child mortality in three countries. a) Group 2 and 3 with intended axis variables, b) Group 1, c) Group 4, d) Group 5. Based on free material from gapminder.org, CC-BY licence.
Figure 13.1. Some of the sketches students created. Photos by Emily Bhargava. Printed with permission.
Figure 13.2. The data mural. Photo by Rahul Bhargava. Printed with permission.
Figure 13.3. The WTFcsv results screen. Printed with permission.
Figure 15.1a. Visual data hedging through the use of a confidence interval. Illustration by A. Archer & T. Noakes.
Figure 15.1b. An alternate visual form of hedging with maximum y-axis. Illustration by A. Archer & T. Noakes.
Figure 15.1c. Another visual form of hedging with the maximum and minimum values labelled. Illustration by A. Archer & T. Noakes.
Figure 15.2. Maximum and minimum values indicated using separate line graphs. Illustration by A. Archer & T. Noakes.
Figure 15.3. Nyanga versus Newlands. Poster by E. van der Walt, 2017. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 15.4. Language, Education and Internet Access in neighbouring wards of Cape Town: Camps Bay versus Hout Bay. Poster by Alana Schreiber, 2017. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 16.1. Charles Joseph Minard’s map of Napoleon’s Russian Campaign 1812-1813. C. J. Minard (1869). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard#/media/File:Minard.png). Public domain.
Figure 16.2. From ‘Wind Map’ by F. Viégas and M. Wattenberg (2012). (http://hint.fm/wind). Copyright 2012 by F. Viégas and M. Wattenberg. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 16.3. ‘Blade Runner’ from the project ‘The Color of Motion’ by C. Clark (2014). (https://thecolorsofmotion.com/). Copyright 2014 by C. Clark. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 16.4. ‘Poppy Field’ by V. D’Efilippo (2014): (http://www.poppyfield.org/). Copyright 2014 by V. D’Efilippo. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 16.5a and b. Front and backside of Week 8 (Phone Addiction / A Week of Phone Addiction). From Dear Data by Giorgia Lupi and Stefanie Posavec, 2014 (http://www.dear-data.com/theproject). Copyright 2014 by G. Lupi and S. Posavec. Printed with permiss
Figure 17.1. A static information graphic reporting on the death of the last male northern white rhino. Produced by Graphic News. Copyright 2018 by Graphic News. Printed with permission.
Figure 17.2. Four screenshots from the non-interactive dynamic data visualization ‘Temperature anomalies arranged by country 1900–2016’ showing temperature anomalies arranged by country 1900–2016. By Antti Lipponen (CC BY 2.0).
Figure 17.3. The Seas of Plastic, an interactive dynamic data visualization. Produced by Dumpark. Copyright 2018 by Dumpark. Printed with permission.
Figure 17.4 The decomposition of (1) static information graphics, (2) non-interactive data visualizations, and (3) interactive data visualizations into canvases. Illustration by T. Hiippala.
Figure 18.1. Telling, showing, telling. A modified version of the Martini-Glass structure. Illustration by W. Weber.
Figure 18.2. Screenshot of the intro of the data visualization ‘20 years, 20 titles’, Mobile version. From ‘20 years, 20 titles’, by A. Zehr et al., 2018. (https://www.srf.ch/static/srf-data/data/2018/federer/en.html#/en) Copyright SRF. Reprinted with per
Figure 18.3. Sequential pattern with scrolling and zooming out. Drawn after the graphic ‘Mass exodus: The scale of the Rohingya crisis’ by C. Inton et al., 2017 (http://fingfx.thomsonreuters.com/gfx/rngs/MYANMAR-ROHINGYA/010050XD232/index.html). Reuters G
Figure 19.1. The white timelines of individual lives ending in the red block of WWII. From The Fallen of WWII. Retrieved from http://www.fallen.io/ww2/. Copyright 2015 by N. Halloran. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 19.2. Group of silhouettes rendered equivalent to an isotype figure. From The Fallen of WWII. Retrieved from http://www.fallen.io/ww2/. Copyright 2015 by N. Halloran. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 19.3. Panning up a long column of Soviet deaths. From The Fallen of WWII. Retrieved from http://www.fallen.io/ww2/. Copyright 2015 by N. Halloran. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 19.4. Comparing population of total living with total dead. From The Shadow of Peace: The Nuclear Threat. Retrieved from http://www.fallen.io/shadow-peace/1/. Copyright 2017 by N. Halloran. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 19.5. Visualizing nuclear disarmament alongside proliferation. From The Shadow of Peace: The Nuclear Threat. Retrieved from http://www.fallen.io/shadow-peace/1/. Copyright 2017 by N. Halloran. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 20.1. Example of a data visualization using lines to represent the connections between sanitary problems (central group of purple letter and number codes) and the restaurants in Manhattan, NYC they occurred in, represented as dots in the outer circ
Figure 20.2. Three exemplary compositions of connecting lines and their connected elements. Illustration by V. E. Lechner.
Figure 20.3. Visualization of the connections related to Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson. From ‘Panama Papers—The Power Players’ by The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, 2017 (https://www.icij.org/investigations/panama-papers/the-power-p
Figure 20.4. Two visualizations of spatial movement, using a top-down angle in a route map (upper picture) and a frontal perspective in an arc diagram (lower picture). From ‘Bussed out: How America moves its homeless’ by Outside in America team, N. Bremer
Figure 21.1. Hand-drawn amfAR line graph. Reprinted from Taking Turns (n.p.), by M. K. Czerwiec, 2017, University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. Copyright 2017 by M. K. Czerwiec. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 21.2. HIV virus cell. Reprinted from Taking Turns (p. 6), by M. K. Czerwiec, 2017, University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. Copyright 2017 by M. K. Czerwiec. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 21.3. ATZ pills prescription. Reprinted from Taking Turns (p. 83), by M. K. Czerwiec, 2017, University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. Copyright 2017 by M. K. Czerwiec. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 21.4. HAART medication introduction. Reprinted from Taking Turns (p. 146), by M. K. Czerwiec, 2017, University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. Copyright 2017 by M. K. Czerwiec. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 21.5. Explanation of methane gas. Reprinted from Funny Weather We’re Having at the Moment: Everything you Didn’t Want to Know About Climate Change but Probably Should Find Out (n.p.), by K. Evans, 2006, Oxford: Myriad Editions. Copyright 2006 by Ka
Figure 21.6. Explanation of the Gulf Stream. Reprinted from Funny Weather We’re Having at the Moment: Everything you Didn’t Want to Know About Climate Change but Probably Should Find Out (n.p.), by K. Evans, 2006, Oxford: Myriad Editions. Copyright 2006 b
Figure 21.7. Graph of the Earth’s surface temperature from year 1000-2100. Reprinted from Funny Weather We’re Having at the Moment: Everything you Didn’t Want to Know About Climate Change but Probably Should Find Out (n.p.), by K. Evans, 2006, Oxford: Myr
Figure 22.1. Map/chart included in 1896 US Census documents, showing growth of racial and demographic groups and territorial expansion. From US Census Bureau (1896). Statistical abstract of the United States 1897—Part 2. (https://www.census.gov/library/pu
Figure 22.2. Chart included in 1983 US Census Bureau documents, showing the relative contribution of various continents to immigration totals in the United States. From US Census Bureau (1983). Statistical abstract of the United States: 1984—Section 1 Pop
Figure 22.3. Historical rendering by sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois of trajectory of African slave trade to the Americas. From Du Bois, W.E.B. (1900). The Georgia Negro: A social study. [Map] Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.
Figure 22.4. Native American map rendering on deerskin of tribal information and location. From Nicholson, F. (1724/1900). Map of the several nations of Indians to the northwest of South Carolina. [S.l.: s.n.] [Map]. Retrieved from the Library of Congress
Figure 22.5. Visualization of US immigration as metaphorical rings in a growing tree trunk, with each dash representing 100 immigrants and each ring representing one decade. The image is based on Census data relating to persons’ origin at birth, 1830-2015
Figure 22.6. Evolution over time of visual simulation of US immigration as metaphorical rings in a growing tree trunk.
Figure 22.7. Examples of visual patterns in specific US states relating to immigration as metaphorical rings in a growing tree trunk. White cells represent native-born persons, while coloured cells represent immigrants.
Figure 23.1. Most Americans say they don’t know enough about the abortion pill to say if it is safe and effective. By S. Terzo, 2012. (http://clinicquotes.com/abortionvisual-aids-graphs-and-charts/). Copyright 2012 by S. Terzo. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 23.2. Abortion Rate & Ratio vs. Poverty Rate. By Darwin, 2008 (http://darwincatholic.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/poverty-and-abortion-new-analysis.html). Copyright 2008 by Darwin. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 23.3. Abortion in the United States. By Live Citizen, n.d. (http://schoolofdata.metamorphosis.org.mk/category/data-journalism/page/3/). No copyright information available. Permission sought.
Figure 24.1. The traditional cartographic workflow with special attention to feminist cartography. The diagram shows the steps needed to go from data to map or diagram, split between the cartographic data analysis and the cartographic design. Parallel to
Figure 24.2. The Gender Inequality Index: a) a table with the index value for each country; b) a bar graph with the index order from high to low inequality; c) a map with the geographic distribution of inequality emphasizing high inequality; d) the variab
Figure 24.3. Choosing colours and colour ramps for a choropleth map: a) red, emphasizing high inequality; b) red, emphasizing low inequality; c) green, emphasizing high inequality; d) green, emphasizing low inequality. Illustration by Ricker, Kraak, and E
Figure 24.4. The influence of the map projection: a) the equal-area Mollweide projection; b) the conformal Mercator projection; c) a cartogram based on the country population. Illustration by Ricker, Kraak, and Engelhardt.
Figure 25.1. The Global Forest Watch Fires Map by the World Resource Institute. From the Global Forest Watch Fires website (https://fires.globalforestwatch.org/). Creative Commons license. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 25.2. Kepo Hutan Map by Greenpeace in collaboration with the World Resource Institute. From Greenpeace Southeast Asia website (http://greenpeace.org/seasia/id/Global/seasia/Indonesia/Code/Forest-Map/en/index.html). Copyright by Greenpeace. Reprinte
Figure 26.1. A moment in the 15M map. By Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Universidad de Zaragoza. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 26.2 A moment of ‘Left-to-die boat’ map. From Liquid Traces—The Left-to-Die Boat case (https://vimeo.com/89790770). Copyright 2014 by C. Heller & L. Pezzani. Reprinted with permission.
Figure 26.3. Sierra Loba, as it engages in irregular operations in Senegalese coastal waters. From ‘Western Africa’s missing fish: The impacts of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and under-reporting catches by foreign fleets’, by A. Daniels, M.
Acknowledgements
Foreword: The dawn of a philosophy of visualization
Alberto Cairo, Knight Chair at the University of Miami and author of How Charts Lie
1. Introduction: The relationships between graphs, charts, maps and meanings, feelings, engagements
Helen Kennedy and Martin Engebretsen
Section I: Framing data visualization
2. Ways of knowing with data visualizations
Jill Walker Rettberg
3. Inventorizing, situating, transforming: Social semiotics and data visualization
Giorgia Aiello
4. The political significance of data visualization: Four key perspectives
Torgeir Uberg Nærland
Section II: Living and working with data visualization
5. Rain on your radar: Engaging with weather data visualizations as part of everyday routines
Eef Masson and Karin van Es
6. Between automation and interpretation: Using data visualization in social media analytics companies
Salla-Maaria Laaksonen and Juho Pääkkönen
7. Accessibility of data visualizations: An overview of European statistics institutes
Mikael Snaprud and Andrea Velazquez
8. Evaluating data visualization: Broadening the measurements of success
Arran L. Ridley and Christopher Birchall
9. Approaching data visualizations as interfaces: An empirical demonstration of how data are imag(in)ed
Daniela van Geenen and Maranke Wieringa
10. Visualizing data: A lived experience
Jill Simpson
11. Data visualization and transparency in the news
Helen Kennedy, Wibke Weber, and Martin Engebretsen
Section III: Data visualization, learning, and literacy
12. What is visual-numeric literacy, and how does it work?
Elise Seip Tønnessen
13. Data visualization literacy: A feminist starting point
Catherine D’Ignazio and Rahul Bhargava
14. Is literacy what we need in an unequal data society?
Lulu Pinney
15. Multimodal academic argument in data visualization
Arlene Archer and Travis Noakes
Section IV: Data visualization semiotics and aesthetics
16. What we talk about when we talk about beautiful data visualizations
Sara Brinch
17. A multimodal perspective on data visualization
Tuomo Hiippala
18. Exploring narrativity in data visualization in journalism
Wibke Weber
19. The data epic: Visualization practices for narrating life and death at a distance
Jonathan Gray
20. What a line can say: Investigating the semiotic potential of the connecting line in data visualizations
Verena Elisabeth Lechner
21. Humanizing data through ‘data comics’: An introduction to graphic medicine and graphic social science
Aria Alamalhodaei, Alexandra Alberda, and Anna Feigenbaum
Section V: Data visualization and inequalities
22. Visualizing diversity: Data deficiencies and semiotic strategies
John P. Wihbey, Sarah J. Jackson, Pedro M. Cruz, and Brooke Foucault Welles
23. What is at stake in data visualization? A feminist critique of the rhetorical power of data visualizations in the media
Rosemary Lucy Hill
24. The power of visualization choices: Different images of patterns in space
Britta Ricker, Menno-Jan Kraak, and Yuri Engelhardt
25. Making visible politically masked risks: Inspecting unconventional data visualization of the Southeast Asian haze
Anna Berti Suman
26. How interactive maps mobilize people in geoactivism
Miren Gutiérrez
Index