Data-Handling in Biomedical Science

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Introduction......Page 11
How important is maths in data-handling?......Page 13
Abbreviations and the Système International......Page 14
Acknowledgements......Page 18
1.1 Numbers......Page 19
5.8 The logarithmic function......Page 0
Powers of indices......Page 21
Standard form......Page 22
2.1 A ridiculous answer that is wrong......Page 23
3.1 Drawing graphs......Page 27
3.3 Solving equations graphically......Page 34
4.1 Devising equations......Page 37
4.3 Solving equations......Page 39
Quadratic equations......Page 40
Solving equations by successive approximations......Page 46
4.4 Rearranging equations......Page 47
A logarithm is a pure number......Page 50
5.2 Bases used for logarithms......Page 51
5.3 How Napier discovered logarithms, and why logarithms to base e are natural......Page 52
5.4 Calculation of natural logarithms and their conversion to logarithms of other bases......Page 54
5.6 Conversions......Page 55
Logarithms to base 10......Page 56
5.7 Some uses of logarithms......Page 57
Exponential growth of microorganisms......Page 58
Decay of radioisotopes......Page 63
An afterthought......Page 66
6 Simple statistics......Page 68
6.2 Calculating standard deviation......Page 69
6.3 Confidence limits......Page 72
6.6 One-tailed and two-tailed tests of probability......Page 78
6.8 Analysis of variance (ANOVA)......Page 81
7.1 Amounts and concentrations......Page 82
Weight per unit volume of solution......Page 83
Molarity......Page 84
Percentage......Page 85
7.3 Solutions containing a mixture of solutes......Page 86
7.5 Dilutions......Page 87
The precision of dilutions......Page 89
7.6 Making solutions from impure solutes......Page 90
8 Enzymes......Page 91
8.1 Kinetics of enzyme-catalysed reaction......Page 92
8.2 Turnover number......Page 94
8.3 Extracting enzymes from microorganisms......Page 95
8.4 Coupled assays......Page 96
Methods of purification......Page 97
8.6 Enzymic activities and rates of growth......Page 100
Answer......Page 102
9.1 Use of the spectrophotometer......Page 105
9.2 Colorimetric assays......Page 109
Concentrations versus amounts in quantitative spectrophotometric assays......Page 110
Turbid suspensions: optical density and extinction......Page 112
9.4 Absorption spectra......Page 113
The shape of standard curves......Page 115
9.5 Following the course of an enzymic reaction......Page 116
10.1 Sources of energy......Page 117
Electrode potentials......Page 119
10.2 Determining the free energy change in an oxidation–reduction reaction......Page 120
Use of terminal oxidants other than oxygen......Page 121
10.4 Fermentations......Page 124
10.5 Microbial photosynthesis......Page 125
11.1 Isotopes......Page 131
11.2 Scintillation counting......Page 133
Specific activity......Page 135
Background counts......Page 136
Very high rates of counting......Page 137
The reality......Page 138
12.1 Assessment of growth......Page 139
Total counts......Page 140
Lag phase......Page 141
12.3 Microbiological assays......Page 143
Inhibitors of growth......Page 145
12.4 Virus multiplication......Page 147
13.1 The turbidostat......Page 150
13.2 The chemostat......Page 151
The rate of growth of the culture is determined by the dilution rate......Page 152
13.3 Growth rate and concentration of the limiting substrate......Page 154
Rate of uptake of nutrients......Page 155
13.4 A sample problem......Page 156
14.1 Composition of DNA......Page 160
Crossing-over between chromosomes......Page 161
14.3 Restriction endonucleases and mapping their sitesof action on a plasmi......Page 163
Southern blotting......Page 164
Transposons......Page 166
14.4 Here now is a problem that calls for some knowledge of the topics discussed above......Page 167
Problem 1......Page 169
Problem 2......Page 170
Problem 3......Page 173
Problem 4......Page 174
Problem 5......Page 175
Problem 6 (Dr M. M. Attwood)......Page 176
Problem 7 (Professor D. J. Kelly)......Page 177
Problem 9......Page 179
Problem 11 (Professor D. Tempest)......Page 182
Problem 13 (Professor A. Moir)......Page 183
Problem 14......Page 184
Problem 15......Page 185
Problem 16 (Dr M. Wainwright)......Page 186
Problem 17 (Professor J. R. Quayle)......Page 187
Problem 19 (Professor J. R. Guest)......Page 188
Problem 20......Page 190
Problem 22......Page 191
Problem 23 (Dr M. M. Attwood)......Page 193
Problem 24......Page 194
Problem 26 (Professor A. Moir)......Page 196
Problem 27......Page 197
Problem 28 (Dr D. J. Gilmour)......Page 199
Problem 30 (Professor A. Moir)......Page 200
Problem 31......Page 201
Problem 33......Page 202
Problem 34......Page 204
Comments after the ratings are intended as helpful hints......Page 206
Calculation from graphs (Chapter 3)......Page 208
Problem 1......Page 210
Problem 2......Page 211
Problem 3......Page 212
Problem 4......Page 213
Problem 5......Page 214
Problem 6......Page 215
Problem 7......Page 217
Problem 8......Page 218
Problem 9......Page 219
Problem 11......Page 221
Problem 12......Page 222
Problem 13......Page 223
Problem 15......Page 225
Problem 16......Page 228
t-est......Page 229
Problem 17......Page 230
Chlorophyll content after 12 h......Page 232
Problem 19......Page 233
Problem 20......Page 234
Problem 21......Page 235
Problem 22......Page 236
Problem 23......Page 238
Problem 24......Page 239
Problem 25......Page 241
Problem 26......Page 242
Problem 27......Page 243
Problem 28......Page 244
Problem 29......Page 245
Problem 30......Page 246
Problem 32......Page 247
Problem 33......Page 248
Conclusion......Page 251
The last words are that data-handling gets easier the more you do it. Practice, practice, practice. Get confident.......Page 253
Further reading......Page 254
Index......Page 255