This edited book takes an interdisciplinary approach to shed light on the complex dynamics involved in the incidence of online hate speech against migrants in user-generated contexts. The authors draw on case studies from Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Poland and the UK, bringing together qualitative and quantitative analyses on user-generated online comments. The authors argue that online hate speech against migrants must be understood as a symptom of a representation crisis on migration, which can only be fully perceived through the study of the complex linguistic, interactional and connective processes within which it emerges. They focus on representations and shared meanings, community building and otherness, and delve into the role of network ecosystems in the process of the construction of public problems. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and post-graduate students as well as academics working on hate speech and migration studies in a variety of fields, and can also contribute to improving research protocols for automated analyses and detections of online hate speech.
Author(s): Angeliki Monnier, Axel Boursier, Annabelle Seoane
Series: Postdisciplinary Studies in Discourse
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 234
City: Cham
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Anti-Migrant Hate Speech as a Symptom of a Representation Crisis
Online Hate Speech and the Affective Publics of the Internet
From Affects to Politics: Migration as a Public Problem
Structure of the Book and Preliminary Remarks
References
Part I The Representation Crisis: Wicked Migrants, Malevolent Elites
2 Online Hate Speech in the UK and Poland: A Case-Study of Online Reactions to the Killing of Arkadiusz Jóźwik
Setting the Scene
Killing and Wider Context
Anti-Polish Xenophobia in the UK
Framing the Study
Defining Hate Speech
Online Hate Speech
Twitter
Below-The-Line (BTL) Comments
Data and Method
Data Analysis
Quantitative Findings
Polish Data
UK Data
Qualitative Analysis
“Us” and “Them”
Victimising the Perpetrator’s Group
Focus on Socio-Economic Context
Race and Racialisation
Deserving and Undeserving Migrants: Poles vs “Muslims”
Hate Speech Against the Perpetrators
Hate Speech Against the Victim and Victim Blaming
Conclusions and Research Limitations
References
3 Discrediting the Other, Building In-Group Bonds: An Analysis of French and Italian User-Generated Hate Contents
Corpus and Methodology
Lexical Clusters
Distancing Processes
Argumentative Strategies
Conclusion
References
4 “Everything Goes Against the German Here!” Self-Victimising Discourse in Comments on Migration-Related Posts on the Alternative für Deutschland Facebook Page
Hate Speech Online
The Alternative für Deutschland and Its Facebook Presence
Methodology
Analysis
Topoi of Self-Victimisation
Germany as Lunatic Asylum
Indicators of Physical Revulsion
Irony and Sarcasm
Conclusion
References
5 Immigration Statistics in French Online Comment Boards: Mistrust Discourse, Anti-migrant Hate Speech
Xenophobic Rhetoric in Online Comment Sections
On the Empirical Study
Analysis and Findings
Mistrust of Scientific Methodology
Mistrust of Scholars and Intellectuals
Mistrust of Media and Political Institutions
Conclusion
References
Part II The Cyberspace of Cyberhate: Features, Mechanisms, Dynamics
6 Insults, Criminalisation, and Calls for Violence: Forms of Hate Speech and Offensive Language in German User Comments on Immigration
Immigration and Media in Germany
Immigration to Germany
Immigration as a Topic in Media Coverage and Online Discussions
Hate Speech, Offensive Language, and User Comments
What Is Hate Speech?
Hate Speech and Offensive Language in Social Media
Method
Sampling and Data
Coding Scheme and Structured Text Annotation
Results
Negativity, Offensive Language, and Hate Speech in Judgements
The Prevalence of Hate Speech in User Comments
Targets of Offensive Language and Hate Speech in Judgements
Discussion and Conclusion
References
7 The Joint Construction of Hate Speech in Online Discussions
Data
Theoretical and Methodological Framework
Findings and Discussion
Adding Reasons to the Same Argument
Answering Questions
Expressing Agreement
Complimenting
Conclusion
References
8 Social Network Conversations with Young Authors of Online Hate Speech Against Migrants
The Case Study
Conversation 16
De-responsibilisation, Trivialisation and Speed on the Social Web
Selection of Sources, Conspiracy, Cyberutopian Freedom
The “Return of Race” in Hate Speech Against Migrants
Conclusion
References
9 Hate Speech, Fake News and Content Regulation on Social Networks in Europe
Internet, Hate Speech and Freedom of Expression
Hate Speech and Fake News, New Content Regulation Approaches
Counter-Speech, Fact-Checking and Activism: The Emergence of Alternative Forms of Regulation
Conclusion
References
Index
