This book explores next-generation artificial intelligence based on the symbiosis between humans, machines and nature, including the rules and emerging patterns of recognition, and the integration and optimization of various flows through cyberspace, physical space and social space. It unveils a reciprocal human-machine-nature symbiotic mechanism together with relevant rules on structuring and evolving reality, and also proposes a multi-dimensional space for modelling reality and managing the methodologies for exploring reality. As such it lays the foundation for the emerging research area cyber-physical-social intelligence. Inspiring researchers and university students to explore the development of intelligence and scientific methodology, it is intended for researchers and broad readers with a basic understanding of computer science and the natural sciences.
Next-generation artificial intelligence will extend machine intelligence and human intelligence to cyber-physical-social intelligence rendered by various interactions in cyberspace, physical space and social space. With the transformational development of science and society, a multi-dimensional reality is emerging and evolving, leading to the generation and development of various spaces obeying different principles. A fundamental scientific challenge is uncovering the essential mechanisms and principles that structure and evolve the reality emerging and evolving along various dimensions. Meeting this challenge requires identifying the basic relations between humans, machines and nature in order to reveal the cyber-physical-social principles.
Author(s): Hai Zhuge
Publisher: Springer Singapore
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 351
City: Singapore
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 The Evolving Reality
1.1 Where Are We?
1.2 Who Are We?
1.3 Dimensions and Methodology
1.3.1 Physical Dimension
1.3.2 Social Dimension
1.3.3 Cyber Dimension
1.4 Cyber-Physical Society and Cyber-Physical-Social Intelligence
1.5 Symbiosis
1.6 Human-Computer Symbiosis
1.7 Human-Machine-Nature Symbiosis
1.8 Dynamic Modelling
1.9 Philosophy of Cyber-Physical-Social Intelligence
1.9.1 Necessity
1.9.2 Thinking
1.9.3 Multi-dimensional Methodology
1.9.4 Cyber-Physical-Social Existence
1.9.5 Cyber-Physical-Social Knowledge
1.9.6 Cyber-Physical-Social Life
1.9.7 Cyber-Physical-Social Minds
1.9.8 Time as a Dimension and a Process
1.10 Summary
References
2 Characteristics, Interactions, Properties and Assumptions
2.1 Characteristics of Cyber-Physical-Social Space
2.2 Basic Interactions
2.3 Properties on Humanity and the Nature
2.4 Assumptions of Studying Cyber-Physical-Social Space
2.5 Summary
References
3 Cyber-Physical-Social Semantic Link Network
3.1 Modelling the Evolving Reality
3.2 Modelling Society
3.2.1 Socio-Relational Systems
3.2.2 Competition and Symbiosis
3.2.3 Productive Force and Productivity
3.2.4 Flows
3.2.5 The Role of Motivation
3.2.6 Locality and Global Influence
3.2.7 Value of Relational Systems
3.3 Social Semantic Link Network Model
3.3.1 Basic Semantic Link Network Model
3.3.2 Social Semantics
3.3.3 Semantics of Semantic Link Network
3.3.4 Modelling Ability
3.3.5 Property of Linking
3.3.6 Social Linking Rules
3.4 General Model and Effect of Symbiosis and Competition
3.5 Probabilistic Semantic Link Network
3.6 Autonomous Semantic Link Network
3.7 Spatial-Temporal Semantic Link Network
3.8 Cyber-Physical-Social Semantic Link Network
3.8.1 A Multi-Space View
3.8.2 A Two-Level View
3.9 Mass and Weight in Value Space
3.10 Relativity of Importance
3.10.1 Locality of Importance
3.10.2 Relativity of Ranking
3.10.3 Relative Weight
3.10.4 Energy of Change
3.11 Evolving Social-Relational System Through Establishing Symbiosis Among Understanding, Learning, Modelling and Construction
3.11.1 General Architecture
3.11.2 Application: Summarization Based on Semantic Link Network
3.11.3 Recommending Research Collaborator
3.12 General Model for Cyber-Physical-Social Semantic Link Network
3.12.1 General Model
3.12.2 Necessity, Assumption and Method
3.13 A Brief History of Graphical Semantics Modelling
3.13.1 Semantic Net
3.13.2 Data Models
3.13.3 Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
3.13.4 Hyperlink, Linked Data and Knowledge Graph
3.13.5 Semantic Link Network
3.13.6 Mapping Models into Multi-dimensional Space
3.13.7 Cyber-Physical-Social Semantic Link Network
3.14 Summary
References
4 Symbiosis among Evolving Spaces
4.1 Symbiosis through Interactions between Spaces
4.2 Co-evolution with Interactions
4.2.1 Influence through Human-Machine-Nature Symbiosis
4.3 Evolving Languages
4.4 Structural Mapping
4.5 Semantic Link Network as a General Language for Representing and Coordinating Things in Cyber-Physical-Social Space
4.6 Driving Forces of Social Evolution
4.7 Symbiotic Co-evolution
4.8 Symbiotic Principles in Multi-dimensional Space
4.8.1 Principle of Least Effort
4.8.2 Principle of Most Effort
4.8.3 Experiments in Natural Language Processing and Principle
4.8.4 Moderate Effort in Multi-dimensional Space
4.9 Summary
References
5 Symbiosis on Material-Data-Information-Knowledge Flow Network
5.1 Data and Data Flow
5.2 Knowledge Flow Network
5.2.1 Necessity, Assumptions, Research Problems and Principles
5.2.2 Modelling Knowledge Flow Network
5.2.3 Basic Components of Knowledge Flow Network
5.2.4 Case Study on Scientific Knowledge Flow Network
5.3 Integrating Material Flow, Data Flow, Information Flow and Knowledge Flow
5.4 Cyber-Physical-Socioeconomic Symbiosis
5.5 Material-Data-Information-Flow Network
5.6 Material-Data-Information-Knowledge Flow Network
5.7 Cyber-Physical-Socioeconomic Computing Model for Symbiosis
5.8 Summary
References
6 Strategic Analysis: Construct Symbiotic Network to Create Value
6.1 Academic Symbiosis in Cyber-Physical-Social Space
6.1.1 Characteristics of Academic Symbiotic Network
6.1.2 Social Rules
6.2 Value of Cyber-Physical-Social Symbiotic Network
6.3 Productivity in Cyber-Physical Society
6.4 Find Appropriate Symbiotic Partner
6.5 Symbiosis for Efficient Human Flow
6.6 Summary
References
7 Strategic Analysis: Recommendation of Things in Cyber-Physical Society
7.1 Requirement of Recommending Things
7.2 Establishing Cyber-Physical-Social Symbiotic Network
7.3 Implication
7.4 Summary
References
8 Strategic Analysis: Evolution of Information System in Cyber-Physical-Social Space
8.1 Approaching Reality Through Cyber-Physical-Social Modelling
8.1.1 Dimensions of Modelling
8.1.2 Evolution of Reality
8.2 Transformation of States in Cyber-Physical-Social Space
8.3 Evolve with Innovation
8.4 Evolve Software Methodology Through Technical, Organizational, Economic, Cognitive and Psychological Dimensions
8.5 Evolve Information System with Bounded Rationality
8.6 Related Work
8.7 Summary
References
9 Strategic Analysis: Lifecycle Healthcare and Medicine on Human-Machine-Nature Symbiosis
9.1 Human-Machine-Nature Symbiotic Medicine
9.2 Problems
9.3 Strategies
9.4 Infrastructure of Cyberspace
9.5 Conceptual Model
9.6 Summary
References
10 Semantic Link Network for Understanding and Representing Reality in Cyber-Physical-Social Space—A Model for Managing COVID-19 Pandemic
10.1 Preliminary Understanding of Pandemic
10.2 Modelling Pandemic from Multiple Abstraction Levels
10.3 Semantic Link Network for Modelling Pandemic
10.4 Predicting Next Infected Nodes
10.4.1 Problem and Assumption
10.4.2 General Solution
10.4.3 Infect Patterns
10.4.4 Open Evolving Diagnosis
10.5 Reality, Information, Interest, Knowledge and Computing
10.5.1 Implicit Link Between Reality, Information and Community Interest
10.5.2 Forming Knowledge Flow for Developing and Falsifying Knowledge
10.5.3 Implicit Link Between Reality, Strategy, Knowledge and Information
10.5.4 Computing on Various Types of Information
10.5.5 Implicit Link Between Patterns of Information Flow, Social Roles and Probability of Infection
10.6 Understanding and Managing Pandemic in a Multi-dimensional Space
10.7 Identifying Key Dimensions
10.7.1 Key Dimension, Key Deterministic Dimension and Key Dependent Dimension
10.7.2 Case Study on Identifying Key Deterministic Dimensions for COVID-19
10.8 Representing Strategies and Laws in Multi-dimensional Space
10.9 Challenges
10.9.1 Managing Concurrent Networks in Cyber-Physical-Social Space
10.9.2 Intelligent Industrial Symbiotic Network
10.9.3 Prominent Evolution of Social Relations
10.10 Summary
10.11 Appendix A: Implicit Link between Evolving Reality and Developing Knowledge
10.12 Appendix B: Implicit Link between Power Consumption, Transportation and Pandemic
10.13 Appendix C: Deterministic Dimensions of Pandemic
10.14 Appendix D: Representations of Strategies and Laws
References
11 Computing with Known and Unknown
11.1 Computing with Known
11.2 Computing with Learning from Big Data
11.3 Strategies of Reaching Unknown
11.4 Reach Unknown through Cyber-Physical-Social Link
11.5 Science + Learning + Philosophy
11.6 Summary
References
12 Human-Machine-Nature Reciprocal Science Methodology
12.1 Evolving Cyber-Physical Society
12.2 Multi-dimensional Methodology
12.3 Evolving with Macro Self-organization and Microdesign
12.4 Reciprocal Co-evolution
12.5 Reciprocal Science Paradigm
12.6 Symbiosis-Based Software Methodology
12.6.1 Rationalism and Empiricism on Self-programming
12.6.2 Is Self-programming Possible?
12.6.3 Programmer-Program-Requirement Symbiosis
12.7 Summary
References
13 Toward Cyber-Physical-Social Science
13.1 Harmonious Co-evolution
13.2 Cyber-Physical-Social Intelligence
13.3 Main Contributions
13.4 The Emerging Cyber-Physical-Social Science
13.4.1 Research Object and Aim
13.4.2 Theory and Methodology
13.5 Challenges
References
