Cyanobacterial Biotechnology in the 21st Century

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in Underground Water and the New Perspectives in a Climate Breakdown Scenario
1.1 Freshwater and Cyanobacteria Harmful Blooms
1.2 Cyanotoxins
1.3 Toxic Genera of Cyanobacteria
1.4 Underground Waters
1.5 CyanoHABs´ Control
References
2: On the Pigment Profile of 12 Cyanobacteria Isolated from Unpolluted and Polluted Habitats of Southwest India
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cultures of Cyanobacteria
2.3 Pigment Analysis
2.4 Discussion
2.4.1 Carotenoids
2.4.2 Phycobilins
2.4.3 Other Pigments
2.4.4 Conclusions
References
3: Cyanobacterial Stress and Its Omics Perspective
3.1 Introduction
3.2 ``Omics´´ Data: An Overview of New Technologies
3.3 Light Stress
3.3.1 Physiological Responses of Light Stress in Cyanobacteria
3.3.2 Expression and Regulation of Light-Responsive Genes in Cyanobacteria
3.4 Nutrient Stress
3.4.1 Iron
3.4.1.1 Physiological Functions/Role of Iron
3.4.1.2 Environmental Scenario of Iron
3.4.1.3 Cyanobacterial Responses Under Iron-Limiting Condition
3.4.2 Sulfur
3.4.2.1 Physiological Functions/Role of Sulfur
3.4.2.2 Environmental Scenario of Sulfur
3.4.2.3 Cyanobacterial Regulation of Sulfur Metabolism
3.4.2.4 Response of Cyanobacterial Metabolism Under Sulfur Stress Condition
3.5 Conclusions
References
4: Spirulina: From Ancient Food to Innovative Super Nutrition of the Future and Its Market Scenario as a Source of Nutraceutic...
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biochemical Composition of Spirulina Biomass
4.2.1 Proteins
4.2.2 Carbohydrate
4.2.3 Lipids
4.2.4 Vitamins
4.2.5 Minerals
4.3 Health Benefits of Spirulina
4.3.1 Antioxidant Activity of Spirulina
4.4 Antibacterial and Antiviral Activity of Spirulina
4.5 Anticancer Activity of Spirulina
4.5.1 Spirulina´s Role in Immunity Boosting
4.5.2 Use of Spirulina, Its Perspective as a Source of Functional Feed, and Caution Related to Its Use on Health
4.5.3 Case Study of Spirulina as a Source of Food in India
4.6 Safety Assurance and Toxicological Aspect of Spirulina
4.6.1 Recent Development and Future of Spirulina as a Source of Food
4.6.2 A Market Scenario of Spirulina as a Functional Food
4.7 Conclusion
References
5: Response of Cyanobacteria During Abiotic Stress with Special Reference to Membrane Biology: An Overview
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Abiotic Stress and Adaptive Mechanism
5.3 Two-Component System Protein
5.4 Effect of Salinity and Membrane Response During Salt Stress
5.5 Effect of Temperature Stress and Its Response
5.6 Effect of Heavy Metal Stress and Its Response
5.7 Role of Secondary Metabolites as a Signaling Molecule
5.8 Bioactive Metabolites for Cyanobacterial Adaptations
5.8.1 Phenolics
5.8.2 Flavonoids
5.8.3 Alkaloids
5.8.4 Toxic Metabolites
5.9 Photoprotective Compounds
5.9.1 Scytonemin
5.9.2 Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs)
5.9.3 Terpenoids
5.9.4 Carotenoids
5.9.5 Antioxidants
5.9.6 Vitamins
5.9.7 Phytohormones
5.10 Tools Dedicated to Study Omic Analysis
5.11 Conclusion
References
6: Microalgal Bio-pigments: Production and Enhancement Strategies to Enrich Microalgae-Derived Pigments
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Bio-pigments and Microalgae
6.3 Biosynthesis of the Pigments
6.4 Industrial Application of Microalgal Pigments
6.5 Various Methods Used to Enhance Bio-pigment Production
6.5.1 Effect of Nutrimental Factors on Bio-pigment Synthesis
6.5.2 Effect of Physical Factors on Bio-pigment Synthesis
6.5.3 Use of Molecular Tools for Bio-pigment Synthesis
6.6 Conclusion
References
7: Bioprospecting and Mechanisms of Cyanobacterial Hydrogen Production and Recent Development for Its Enhancement as a Clean E...
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Bioprocesses of Hydrogen Production by Cyanobacteria
7.3 Characteristics and Role of Hydrogen-Producing Enzymes
7.3.1 Hydrogenases
7.3.2 Nitrogenases
7.4 Biohydrogen Production Mechanisms
7.4.1 Direct Biophotolysis
7.4.2 Indirect Biophotolysis
7.4.3 Dark Fermentation
7.4.4 Photofermentation
7.5 Strategies to Improve Cyanobacterial Hydrogen Production
7.5.1 Physiochemical Strategies
7.5.2 Photobioreactor Strategies
7.5.3 Genetic Engineering Strategies
7.5.4 Synthetic Biology Strategies
7.6 Challenges and Improvements of Hydrogen Production from Cyanobacteria
7.7 Future Perspective
7.8 Conclusion
References
8: Molecular Biology of Non-ribosomal Peptide (NRP) and Polyketide (PK) Biosynthesis in Cyanobacteria
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Cyanobacterial Secondary Metabolites
8.3 Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthetases, Polyketides, and Hybrid Pathway
8.3.1 Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthetases (NRPSs)
8.3.2 Polyketide Synthases (PKSs)
8.3.3 Hybrid Pathway (NRPS/PKS)
8.4 Genome Mining in Search of New Natural Products
8.5 Bioactive Compounds from Cyanobacteria
8.5.1 Antimicrobial Compounds
8.5.2 Antiviral Compounds
8.5.3 Anticancer Compounds
8.5.4 Antiprotozoal Compounds
8.6 Natural Product Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Prediction via Bioinformatics
8.7 Exploiting the Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites in Cyanobacteria
8.8 Future Prospects and Challenges of Cyanobacterial Drugs
8.9 Conclusions
References
9: Cyanobacteria as Bioindicator of Water Pollution
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Ecosystem Pollution
9.3 Water Pollution
9.4 Biological Indicators and Their Advantages over Traditional Methods in Determining Water Pollution
9.5 Bioindicator Selection Criteria
9.6 Bioindicator Types
9.6.1 Plant Indicators
9.6.2 Animal Indicators
9.6.3 Microbial Indicators
9.7 Cyanobacteria as Bioindicators of Water Pollution
9.7.1 Cyanobacteria as Indicators of Organic Water Pollution
9.7.1.1 Morphological Characteristics
Heterocytes
Polyphosphate Granules and Calyptra
9.7.1.2 Physiological Characteristics
Chlorophyll-a
Phycobiliproteins
9.7.1.3 Altered Cyanobacterial Community Structure as Water Eutrophication Indicator
9.7.2 Cyanobacteria as Indicators of Heavy Metal Pollution in Water
9.7.2.1 The Morphophysiological and Ultrastructural Features of Cyanobacteria as Bioindicator of Heavy Metal Pollution
9.7.2.2 Altered Bioenergetics in Photosynthesis as Bioindicator of Heavy Metal Pollution
9.7.2.3 Exopolysaccharide Production as Bioindicator of Heavy Metal Pollution
9.7.2.4 Metallothionein Synthesis as Bioindicator of Heavy Metal Pollution
9.7.3 Cyanobacteria as Indicators of Pesticide Pollution
9.7.3.1 Inhibition of Photosystem II Activity in Cyanobacteria as Bioindicator of Herbicide Pollution
9.7.3.2 Inhibition of Nitrogen Fixation as an Indicator of Herbicides Butachlor and Benthiocarb
9.7.3.3 Cyanobacterial Alkaline Phosphatase Activity and Lectin Domain-Containing Hydrolase as Bioindicator of Organophosphoru...
9.7.3.4 Cyanobacteria as Indicators of Different Carbamate-Type Pesticides
9.7.4 Cyanobacteria as Indicators of Pharmaceuticals in Aquatic Systems
9.7.5 Cyanobacteria as Indicators of Aromatic Pollutants in Water
9.8 Conclusions
References
10: Degradation of Xenobiotics by Cyanobacteria
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Dye Biodegradation by Cyanobacteria
10.3 Pharmaceutical Biotransformation by Cyanobacteria
10.4 Heavy Metal Biotransformation by Cyanobacteria
10.5 Pesticide Biotransformation by Cyanobacteria
10.6 Hydrocarbons
References
11: Impact of Pesticides on Cyanobacteria in Aquatic Ecosystems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pesticides in Aquatic Environments
11.3 Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms (HCBs)
11.3.1 How Will Warmer Climatic Conditions Influence Pesticide Effects in Cyanobacteria?
11.4 Risk of Pesticide Pollution Effects in Warm Waters and High Precipitation: Example of South America
11.5 Impact of Pesticides on Cyanobacteria
11.6 Herbicides
11.6.1 Atrazine
11.7 Non-herbicide Pesticides
11.7.1 Insecticides
11.7.1.1 Imidacloprid
11.7.2 Fungicides
11.7.2.1 Carbendazim
11.8 Concluding Remarks
References
12: International Environmental Standards for the Regulation of Freshwater Cyanobacterial Blooms and Their Biotoxins
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Materials and Methods
12.3 Results
12.3.1 Cyanotoxin in Drinking Waters
12.3.1.1 Microcystins
12.3.1.2 Other Cyanotoxins
12.3.2 Cyanotoxins in Bathing Water
12.4 Discussion
12.5 Conclusions
References
13: Therapeutic Potential of Cyanobacteria as a Producer of Novel Bioactive Compounds
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nutritional Supplements
13.3 Vitamins
13.4 Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA)
13.5 Pigments
13.5.1 Cyanobacterial Phycocyanin (CPC)
13.5.2 Scytonemin
13.5.3 Mycosporine-like Amino Acids (MAAs)
13.6 Cyanobacterial Peptides
13.7 Alkaloids
13.8 Polyketides
13.9 Application of Cyanobacterial Metabolites
13.9.1 Antitumoral and Anticancerous Activity
13.9.2 Antiviral Activity
13.9.3 Antibacterial Activity
13.9.4 Antiprotozoal and Insecticidal Activity
13.10 Future Prospects
References
14: Bioactivity Potential of Cyanobacterial Species Inhabitant of Southwestern India
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Cyanobacterial Strains and Their Processing
14.3 Antioxidant Compound Extracts from Cyanobacterial Strains
14.4 Antioxidant Enzymes Assay from Cyanobacterial Strains
14.5 Bioactivity Potential of Cyanobacterial Isolates
14.5.1 Antioxidant Compounds
14.5.2 Antioxidant Enzymes
14.5.3 Antioxidant Potential
14.5.4 Antioxidant Compounds and Enzymes Versus Antioxidant Activities
14.6 Conclusions
References
15: Cyanobacteria-Mediated Heavy Metal and Xenobiotic Bioremediation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Xenobiotics and Heavy Metal Pollutants
15.3 Heavy Metal- and Xenobiotic-Mediated Toxicity
15.4 Cyanobacteria for the Bioremediation of Heavy Metals and Xenobiotics
15.5 Conclusion
References