Integrated Membrane Reactors explores recent developments and future perspectives in the area of membrane reactor (MR) systems. It includes fundamental principles, the different types of membrane materials (such as polymeric and inorganic), the different types of membrane reactors (such as Micro MRs, Enzymatic MRS, Photo-catalytic MRs, Pervaporation MRs, Electrochemical MRs, etc.), their industrial perspective and, finally, there also is an economic evaluation of the metallic MRs. The book provides an extensive review in the area of MRs for each kind of application present in the specialized literature and discusses their modelling and design approaches necessary for MR systems validation in achieving high conversions, energy savings, high yields and high hydrogen (or others) products of the reactions studied.
Author(s): Angelo Basile, Fausto Gallucci
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 370
City: Amsterdam
Cover
Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio)Membranes
Copyright
List of contributors
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction to membrane and membrane reactors
1.1 Introduction and principles
1.2 Membranes
1.3 Membrane bioreactors
1.4 Combination of membranes and catalytic reactions
1.4.1 Interfacial contactor mode
1.4.2 Flow-through contactor mode
1.5 Conclusions and future trends
Nomenclature
Acronyms
Symbols
References
2 Protonic electrocatalytic membrane reactors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ammonia synthesis
2.2.1 The common design of protonic electrocatalytic membrane reactors for the ammonia synthesis
2.2.2 Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction mechanism
2.2.3 Electrolyte materials
2.2.4 Cathode materials
2.2.5 Anode hydrogen feedstocks
2.3 CO2 reduction
2.3.1 The common design of Protonic electrocatalytic membrane reactors for the CO2 reduction
2.3.2 Mechanisms of the CO2 electrocatalytic reduction
2.3.3 Electrolyte materials
2.3.4 Cathodic materials and catalysts
2.3.5 Anodic materials
2.4 Hydrocarbon dehydrogenation
2.4.1 Methane upgrading
2.4.1.1 Electrocatalytic methane coupling
2.4.1.2 Electrocatalytic methane dehydroaromatization
2.4.1.3 Electrocatalytic methane reforming
2.4.2 Conversion of alkanes to alkenes
2.5 Other reactions
2.6 Conclusion and future trends
Nomenclature
Acronyms
References
3 Packed bed membrane reactors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Latest developments in packed bed membrane reactors
3.3 Conclusions and future trends
Nomenclature
Acronyms
References
4 Fluidized bed membrane reactors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Latest developments in fluidized bed membrane reactors
4.3 Conclusions and future trends
Nomenclature
Acronyms
References
5 Microstructured membrane reactors for process intensification
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Design and fabrication
5.3 Examples of microstructured membrane reactors
5.3.1 Polymeric
5.3.2 Metallic membranes
5.3.3 Zeolite membranes
5.3.4 Ceramic oxygen and proton conducting membranes
5.4 Conclusion and future trends
Nomenclature
Acronyms
Symbols
References
6 Pervaporation membrane reactor
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pervaporation membrane reactors
6.3 Fields of application
6.3.1 Esterification reactions
6.3.2 Etherification reactions
6.3.3 Acetalization reactions
6.3.4 Condensation reactions
6.3.5 Bio-alcohol production (pervaporation bioreactors)
6.4 Conclusions and future trends
Nomenclature
Acronyms
References
7 Polymeric membrane reactors
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Polymeric membranes
7.2.1 Structure of polymeric membranes
7.2.1.1 Dense symmetric membranes
7.2.1.2 Mixed matrix membranes
7.2.1.3 Porous membranes
7.2.1.4 Preparation of porous membranes
7.2.1.4.1 Phase-inversion
7.2.1.4.2 Track-etching
7.2.1.4.3 Electrospinning
7.2.1.5 Ionic liquid membranes
7.2.1.6 Microporous membranes
7.3 Classification of membrane reactors
7.3.1 Extractor-type membrane reactors
7.3.1.1 Pervaporation membrane reactors
7.3.2 Contactor-type membrane reactors
7.3.2.1 Interfacial contactor membrane reactors
7.3.2.2 Forced flow-through membrane reactors
7.3.2.2.1 Non-selective flow-through catalytic membrane reactors
7.3.2.2.2 Selective flow-through catalytic membrane reactors
7.3.3 Distributor-type membrane reactors
7.4 Polymeric membrane microreactors
7.5 Conclusions and future trends
7.6 Acronyms
References
8 Current trends in enzymatic membrane reactor
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Designs of enzymatic membrane reactor
8.3 Membrane characteristics
8.4 Enzyme immobilization in enzymatic membrane reactor
8.5 Enzymatic membrane reactor versus other reactor configurations
8.6 Applications of enzymatic membrane reactor
8.7 Conclusion and outlook
Nomenclature
Acronyms
References
9 Membrane reactors in bioartificial organs
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Bioartificial organs—design issues
9.3 Transport phenomena
9.4 Membrane bioreactor as bioartificial liver
9.4.1 Membrane bioartificial livers in flat configuration
9.4.2 Membrane bioartificial livers in hollow fiber configuration
9.5 Membrane bioreactors for bioartificial kidney
9.5.1 Membranes for BAK
9.5.2 BAK devices in animal studies and clinical trials
9.6 Membrane bioreactor as a biomimetic model for nervous tissue analogue
9.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
Nomenclature
References
10 Photocatalytic membrane reactors
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basic principles of photocatalysis
10.3 Basic of photocatalytic membrane reactors
10.3.1 Types of photocatalysts
10.3.2 Types of membranes
10.3.3 Membrane modules and system configurations
10.3.3.1 Pressurized membrane photoreactors
10.3.3.2 Depressurized (submerged) membrane photoreactors
10.3.3.3 Coupling of photocatalysis with nonpressure membrane operations
10.4 Applications of photocatalytic membrane reactors
10.4.1 Photocatalytic membrane reactors in photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in water
10.4.2 Photocatalytic membrane reactors in the conversion of CO2 in solar fuels
10.5 Advantages and limitations of photocatalytic membrane reactors
10.6 Conclusion and future trends
List of symbols
List of acronyms
Acknowledgments
References
11 Electrochemical membrane reactors
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Electrochemical reactors
11.2.1 General principles
11.2.1.1 Thermodynamics
11.2.1.2 Kinetics
11.2.1.3 Electrochemical efficiency
11.2.2 Endergonic transformers
11.2.3 Exergonic transformers
11.2.4 Cell separators
11.3 Diaphragms for liquid electrolytes
11.3.1 Asbestos
11.3.2 Thermoplastic diaphragms
11.4 Polymer membrane materials
11.4.1 Proton conducting ionomers
11.4.1.1 Chemistry and microstructure
11.4.1.2 Key physical properties
11.4.1.3 Limitations and perspectives
11.4.2 Hydroxyl-ion conducting ionomers
11.4.2.1 Chemistry and microstructure
11.4.2.2 Limitations and perspectives
11.5 Ceramic membrane materials
11.5.1 Nonorganic proton conductors
11.5.2 Oxide-ion conductors
11.5.2.1 Ionic conductivity
11.5.2.2 Limitations and perspectives
11.6 Selected endergonic applications
11.6.1 Water electrolysis
11.6.2 Main water electrolysis technologies
11.6.3 Brine electrolysis
11.6.3.1 Brief historical perspective
11.6.3.2 Performances and technological developments
11.6.3.3 Perspectives
11.7 Conclusions and future trends
Nomenclature
References
Further reading
12 Modeling of membrane reactors
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Packed bed membrane reactors
12.2.1 1D pseudo-homogeneous model
12.2.1.1 Continuity equation
12.2.1.2 Total momentum balance equation
12.2.1.3 Friction coefficient
12.2.1.4 Component mass balance
12.2.1.5 Energy balance
12.2.1.6 1D heterogeneous model
12.2.1.7 Component mass balance
12.2.1.8 Catalyst phase mass balance
12.2.1.9 Energy balance for gas phase
12.2.1.10 Energy balance for solid phase
12.2.2 2D pseudo-homogeneous model
12.2.2.1 Continuity equation
12.2.2.2 Total momentum balance equation
12.2.2.3 Friction coefficient
12.2.2.4 Component mass balance
12.2.2.5 Energy balance
12.2.3 Modeling of fluidized bed membrane reactors
12.3 Conclusions and future trends
Nomenclature
References
13 Techno-economic analysis of membrane reactors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Latest developments in techno-economic analysis for membrane reactors
13.3 Conclusions and future trends
Nomenclature
References
Index
