Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Sustainable Food Waste Management: Resource Recovery and Treatment

Front-Matter_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotechnology-and-Bioengineering
Front Matter
Copyright_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotechnology-and-Bioengineering
Copyright
Contributors_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotechnology-and-Bioengineering
Contributors
Chapter-One---Sustainable-Food-Waste-M_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotechn
Sustainable Food Waste Management: An Introduction
Introduction
Food Waste Generation and Collection
Food Waste Prevention
Food Waste Management and Treatment Technologies
Conventional Food Waste Management Technologies
Newer Food Waste Management Technologies
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter-Two---Food-Waste-Pr_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotechnology-and-B
Food Waste Properties
Introduction
Food Losses and Food Waste
Definition
Sources and Quantities of Food Waste
Properties of Food Waste
Proximate Analysis
Chemical Properties
Nutrient Properties
Elemental Composition and Light Metal Ions
Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Contents
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter-Three---Food-Waste-Generat_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotechnolog
Food Waste Generation and Collection
Introduction
Food Waste Generation
Food Waste Definitions
Quantification-The Problem of Food Waste in Figures
Europe
Asia
America
Food Waste Properties
Physical Properties
Chemical Characteristics
Elemental Properties
Bromatological Properties
Food Waste Collection
Factors Influencing Planning and Implementation of Food Waste Collection Systems
Current State of Food Waste Collection Systems
Number of Streams Targeted for Collection
Collection Methods
Collection Infrastructure-Staff-Frequency
Containers
Indoor
Outdoor
Bulking Containers
Special Collection Systems
Vacuum Collection Systems
Kitchen Grinders
Household-Scale Drying Systems
Bags or Liners
Collection Vehicles
Capacity
Compaction Level and Prevention of Leakage
Lifting Mechanism and Loading Points
Staff/Personnel Involved in Food Waste Collection
Collection Frequency
Cost Considerations
Investment Cost Categories
Operation and Maintenance Cost Categories
Monitoring and Evaluating Food Waste Collection Schemes
Communication Plan and Raising Awareness Activities
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter-Four---Closing-the-Food-Chain-L_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotech
Closing the Food Chain Loop Through Waste Prevention
Introduction
Toward a Sustainable and Circular Food Supply Chain
Target 12.3 of UN Sustainable Development Goals
The European Union Circular Economy Package
The Food Waste Hierarchy
Prevention of Food Surplus and Avoidable Food Waste
Creating Markets for Imperfect Fruits and Vegetables
Redistribution of Food Surplus for Human Consumption
The Current Situation Through Good Practices and Initiatives
Food Banks
Public and Private Funded Initiatives
Bottlenecks for Food Donation
Regulation Issues
Operational Issues
Recycling Food Waste to Animal and Fish Feed
The Current Regulatory Framework
Toward Animal Feed From Food Waste
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter-Five---Food-Waste-Composting--Ch_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotec
Food Waste Composting: Challenges and Possible Approaches
Introduction
Global Food Waste Scenario
Composting
Composting Requirements
Food Waste Properties
Controlling the Acidity During Composting
Addition of Alkaline Materials
Microbial Inoculation
Nitrogen Loss and Its Control Measures
Nitrogen Dynamics in Composting Mass
Factors Influencing Nitrogen Loss During Composting
Temperature and pH
Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio
Aeration Rate
Approaches to Reduce Nitrogen Loss During Composting
Precipitation of Nitrogen Into Struvite Crystals
Use of Lime to Reduce the Salinity in Struvite-Based Composting
Use of Adsorbents
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Further Reading
Chapter-Six---Bioconversion-Technologies-_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biote
Bioconversion Technologies: Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste
Introduction
Principles of Anaerobic Digestion
Characterizing Biochemical Parameters and Synergistic Effects
Substrate composition
Inoculum/microbes
pH/alkalinity
Gas environment
Pretreatment
Codigestion
Inhibition Factors During Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste
Ammonia
Long-chain fatty acids
Sodium
Sulfide
Anaerobic Digestion Technologies for Food Waste
Phase-separated digesters
Bioelectrochemical system
Resource Recovery
Biogas
Biohydrogen (Bio-H2)
Biohythane (CH4 and H2)
Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)
Integrated Treatment of Food Waste Toward Zero Waste Discharge
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter-Seven---Microbial-Conversion-of-Fo_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biot
Microbial Conversion of Food Waste: Volatile Fatty Acids Platform
Introduction
Food Waste
Food Waste Composition
VFAs Production During Anaerobic Digestion
Overview of the Anaerobic Digestion Process
Effects of Operation Conditions on VFAs Production and Composition
pH
Temperature
Retention Time
Organic Loading Rate
The Presence of Oxygen
Substrate
Application of VFAs
Application and Market Value of Individual VFAs
Application of the VFA Mixture
Bioplastics
Biological Nutrient Removal
Bioenergy and High-Value Chemicals
Recovery and Purification of VFAs
Centrifugation
Adsorption
Chemical Extraction
Membrane-Assisted Recovery
Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes
Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration
Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis
The Principle and Control Strategies of Membrane Fouling
Extractive/Diffusive Membrane Processes
Pervaporation
Electrodialysis
Membrane Contactors and Forward Osmosis
Analytical Determination of VFAs
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter-Eight---Bioconversion-Technolog_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotech
Bioconversion Technologies: Insect and Worm Farming
Introduction
Fly Larvae for Food Waste Reduction
Black Soldier Fly Larvae
BSFL for Waste Reduction
Housefly Larvae
Waste Types Suitable for Biodegradation by Housefly Larvae
Housefly Larvae as a Feed Source
Earthworms
Cockroach
Life-Cycle of Cockroach
Nutritional Contents of Cockroaches
Application of Cockroaches in Food Waste Treatment
Pharmaceutical Value of Cockroaches
Crickets for Food Waste Reduction
Crickets for Food Waste Reduction
Cricket Nutrient Content
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter-Nine---Bioconversion-Technologies-_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biot
Bioconversion Technologies: Hydrolytic Enzyme Treatment of Food Waste
Introduction
Food Waste Characteristics and Significance of Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Conventional Food Waste Management Models
Hydrolytic Enzymes in Food Waste Treatment
Amylases
Cellulases and Xylanases
Proteases
Lipases
Parameters Effecting Enzyme Activity During Food Waste Treatment
Enzyme Loading
Temperature
pH
Solid to Liquid Ratio
Inducers and Inhibitors
Food Waste Treatment Through Solid/Submerged State Fermentation Strategy
Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-Ten---Bioproducts-From_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotechnology-an
Bioproducts From Food Waste
Introduction
Food Waste Generation
The Problem of Food Waste Generation
Utilization of Food Waste as a Potential Feedstock for Biobased Conversions
Types of Food Wastes Used as Feedstocks and Methods for High-Value Product Conversions
Food Waste Valorization Processes and Conversion to High-Value Products
Bulk Chemicals
Bioconversion of Citrus FW to Citric Acid
Fermentation of FW to Succinic Acid
Specialty or Fine Chemicals From Food Waste
Production of Essential Oils From FW
Biosurfactant Production Using FW as Feedstock
Biobased Materials Derived From FW
Soil Amendment Materials and Green Composites
Biopolymers
PHA Production via Pretreatment-Aided Microbial Fermentation
Multistage Valorization of FW for PHA Synthesis
Pectin Extraction
Animal Protein Synthesis
Bioadhesives Derived From FW
Combustion of Wheat Straw for Synthesis of Bioadhesives
Production of Biofuels From FW Valorization Processes
Gaseous Biofuel Production Using FW: Methane and Hydrogen
Liquid Biofuel Production Using FW: Ethanol and Butanol
Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter-Eleven---Conversion-of-Food-_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotechnol
Conversion of Food Waste to Animal Feeds
Introduction
Types of food waste
Plant-derived food waste
Animal-derived food waste
Nutritional value of food waste
Food Waste to Animal Feed-Processing Methods
Dehydration
Solar drying
Tunnel drying
Spray drying
Freeze drying
Microwave drying
Vacuum drying
Silage
Liquid feeding
Direct Conversion
Indirect Conversion
Food Waste to Animal Feed-Types
Cattle feed
Fish feed
Pet feed
Poultry feed
Duck feed
Swine feed
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter-Twelve---Pyrolysis-and-Gasif_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotechnol
Pyrolysis and Gasification of Food Waste
Introduction
Principles of Pyrolysis and Gasification
Pyrolysis and Gasification Reactors
Factors Affecting the Pyrolysis and Gasification of Food Waste
Effect of Moisture Content on the Pyrolysis and Gasification of Food Waste
Effect of Temperature on the Pyrolysis and Gasification of Food Waste
Copyrolysis of Food Waste With Different Types of Materials
Products of the Food Waste Pyrolysis and Gasification Processes: Gas, Liquid, and Solid Components
Biooil
Biochar
Syngas Characteristics
Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter-Thirteen---Emerging-Technologies_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotec
Emerging Technologies for the Treatment of Food Waste
Introduction
Different Types of High-Value Products Recoverable From Food Waste
Molecules Derived From Vegetable Food Waste
Molecules Derived From Animal Food Waste
Chitosan
Protein Hydrolysates
Collagen
Calcium-Based Adsorbent
Carbon-Based Adsorbent
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Hydrothermal Carbonization
Microwave-Assisted Thermochemical Conversion
Biodrying (Bioevaporation)
Background of Biodrying
Principles
Biodrying Process and Reactor
Influencing Factors on the Biodrying Process
Impact of Moisture Content and FAS
Conditioning With Bulking Agents
Aeration and Agitation
Comanagement of Domestic Wastewater and Food Waste
Codigestion of Food Waste and Sludge
Importance of Codigestion Ratio
Challenges and Opportunities
Food Waste as External C Source to Enhance BNR in Wastewater
Direct Use of Food Waste
Usage of Volatile Fatty Acids Derived From Food Waste
Codigestion of Wastewater and Food Waste
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter-Fourteen---Food-Wast_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotechnology-and-
Food Waste Policy
Introduction
European Perspectives
UK Food Waste Policy Development
France
Denmark
Italy
North America-US Federal Government, State and Canadian Food Waste Policy Initiatives
US Federal Government
USA State and Local Governments
Canada
Australia
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter-Fifteen---Life-Cycle-Assessment-an_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biot
Life-Cycle Assessment and Sustainability Aspects of Food Waste
Introduction
Sustainable Development Goals and the Waste Hierarchy
Managing Food Surplus and Food Waste
The LCA Methodology
Goal and Scope Definition
Goal
Functional Unit
Scope
Method to Calculate the Environmental Impacts
Allocation
Extending the System Boundaries
Inventory Analysis
Construct a Detailed Flow Chart
Collect Data for Each Process in the Detailed Flow Chart
Scale the Data to the Functional Unit
Impact Assessment
Interpretation
Simplified LCA
The Goal and Scope Definition
The Inventory Analysis
The Impact Assessment
The Interpretation
Environmental Perspectives of Different Waste Treatment Methods
Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Index_2021_Current-Developments-in-Biotechnology-and-Bioengineering
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z