Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Photobioreactors: Design and Applications

Cover



Contents
Contributors
Preface
SECTION
I - General & design considerations
1 - Photobioreactors: An introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of photobioreactors
1.2.1 Tubular type photobioreactors
1.2.2 Flat panel photobioreactors
1.2.3 Column types photobioreactors
1.2.4 Soft frame photobioreactors
1.3 Factors affecting microalgae productivity in photobioreactors
1.4 Modeling and simulation of photobioreactors
1.5 Applications of photobioreactors
1.5.1 Photobioreactors for microalgae-based wastewater treatment
1.5.2 Cultivation of diatoms in photobioreactors
1.5.3 Cultivation of astaxanthin in photobioreactors
1.5.4 Production of biopolymers in photobioreactors
1.5.5 Production of biohydrogen in photobioreactors
1.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
2 - Design and scale-up of photobioreactors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Microalgae cultivation scaling-up process
2.3 Photobioreactor (PBR) design and its scalability principles
2.3.1 Vertical tubular photobioreactors
2.3.1.1 Bubble column photobioreactors (BCPBRs)
2.3.1.2 Airlift photobioreactors (ALPBRs)
2.3.2 Flat panel photobioreactors (FTB/FPPBRs)
2.3.3 Horizontal tubular photobioreactors (HTPBRs)
2.3.4 Helical type photobioreactors (HPBRs)
2.3.5 Stirred tank photobioreactors (STPBRs)
2.3.6 Hybrid type photobioreactors
2.3.7 Flat-panel airlift photobioreactors (FPAPBRs)
2.3.8 Internally illuminated photobioreactors (IIPBRs)
2.3.9 Low-cost plastic bag photobioreactors
2.4 Challenges
2.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
3 - Types of photobioreactors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Vertical column photobioreactors
3.2.1 Stirred tank photobioreactors (ST-PBRs)
3.2.2 Bubble column photobioreactors (BC-PBRs)
3.2.3 Airlift photobioreactors (A-PBRs)
3.3 Horizontal tubular photobioreactors (HT-PBRs)
3.3.1 General description
3.3.2 The mixing in HT-PBRs
3.3.3 Innovative HT-PBRs
3.3.4 Helical tubular photobioreactors
3.4 Flat plate photobioreactors (FP-PBRs)
3.4.1 General description
3.4.2 The mixing in FP-PBR
3.4.3 Innovative FP-PBRs
3.5 Flat panel-airlift photobioreactors (FPA-PBRs)
3.6 Plastic bag photobioreactors (PB-PBRs)
3.7 Taylor vortex photobioreactors (TV-PBRs)
3.8 Torus photobioreactors (T-PBRs)
3.9 Internally illuminated photobioreactor (II-PBRs)
3.10 Other innovative photobioreactors
3.11 Conclusions and perspectives
References
4 - Factors affecting the microalgal biomass productivity in photobioreactors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Factors influencing the general productivity in photobioreactors (PBR)
4.2.1 PBR design considerations
4.2.2 Light illumination and intensity
4.2.2.1 Light intensity
4.2.2.2 Light path
4.2.2.3 Light utilization
4.2.3 Effect of pH
4.2.4 Temperature
4.2.4.1 Temperature versus productivity
4.2.5 Microalgal strains
4.2.6 Trophic modes of cultivation
4.2.7 Operation modes of cultivation
4.2.8 Mixing, heat, and mass transfer
4.2.8.1 Mass transfer characteristics
4.3 Factors influencing the process scale-up
4.3.1 Engineering parameters
4.3.1.1 Light regime
4.3.1.2 Mixing rate
4.3.1.3 Hydrodynamic stress
4.3.1.4 Mass transfer
4.3.2 Operational parameters
4.3.2.1 Carbon and mineral nutrient requirements
4.3.2.2 pH control
4.3.2.3 Thermal regulation
4.4 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
5 - Photobioreactors modeling and simulation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Stoichiometry and kinetics of microalgal growth
5.2.1 Composition of microalgal biomass
5.2.2 Kinetics of microalgal growth
5.2.3 Kinetics of nutrient consumption
5.3 Photobioreactor modeling
5.3.1 Light supply
5.3.2 Temperature
5.3.3 Multiple factors
5.3.4 Medium pH
5.3.5 Dissolved inorganic carbon
5.4 Photobioreactor simulation
5.5 Conclusions and perspective
Acknowledgements
References
6 - Photobioreactors for microalgae-based wastewater treatment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Phycoremediation potential of microalgae—assimilatory nutrients removal
6.3 Open systems for microalgae-based wastewater treatment
6.3.1 High rate algal ponds (HRAP)
6.3.2 Algal turf scrubbers
6.3.3 Advantages, disadvantages, and opportunities of open reactors for efficient and economic wastewater treatment
6.4 Closed photobioreactors for microalgae-based wastewater treatment
6.4.1 Vertical column, tubular and flat plate PBRs
6.4.2 Soft frame photobioreactors
6.4.3 Membrane photobioreactor (MPBR)
6.4.4 Algal biofilm-based photobioreactors
6.4.5 Bottlenecks in the application of closed PBRS for cost-effective wastewater treatment
6.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
SECTION
II - Applications of photobioreactors
7 - High-density microalgal biomass production in internally illuminated photobioreactors
7.1 Introduction
7.2 General rules for the design and operation of internally illuminated photobioreactor
7.2.1 Why internal illumination?
7.2.2 Technical trade-offs associated with internal illumination
7.2.3 Heuristic rules for internally illuminated photobioreactor
7.3 Design and demonstration of internally illuminated photobioreactors
7.3.1 Internally illuminated photobioreactor with a double-layered glass tube for thermal insulation
7.3.2 Adjusting light placement depth in internally illuminated cylindrical photobioreactor
7.3.3 Large-scale demonstration of internally illuminated photobioreactor
7.4 Opportunities for photobioreactor with internal illumination
7.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
8 - The application of cyanobacteria in photobioreactors
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Cyanobacteria
8.3 Applications of cyanobacteria
8.3.1 Nutritional value
8.3.2 Medical value
8.3.3 Other values
8.4 Controlling cultivation of cyanobacteria
8.4.1 Light and temperature on cyanobacteria
8.4.2 Salinity and pH
8.4.3 Nutrient elements and carbon sources
8.5 Use of cyanobacteria in a photobioreactor
8.5.1 Open photobioreactor
8.5.2 Tube photobioreactor
8.5.2.1 Design of tube photobioreactors
8.5.3 Flat-plate photobioreactor
8.5.4.1 Design of flat-plate photoreactors
8.5.4 Columnar photobioreactor
8.5.4.1 Design of a columnar photobioreactor
8.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Authors’ contributions
References
9 - Cultivation of diatoms in photobioreactors
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Physiological and biotechnological advantages of diatoms
9.3 Growing diatom in large-scale culture systems
9.4 Selection of bioreactors and their design
9.5 Factors influencing diatom productivity in PBR systems
9.5.1 Light
9.5.2 Temperature and pH
9.5.3 Nutrient requirements
9.5.4 Trophic mode
9.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
10 - Photobioreactor systems for production of astaxanthin from microalgae
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Photobioreactor (PBR) systems
10.2.1 Vertical tubular PBR
10.2.1.1 Bubble column PBR
10.2.1.2 Airlift PBR
10.2.2 Horizontal tubular PBR
10.2.3 Stirred tank PBR
10.2.4 Energy-free rotating floating PBR (RF-PBR)
10.2.5 Flat panel airlift PBRs (FP-ALPBR)
10.2.6 Hybrid usage of PBR
10.3 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
11 - Production of biopolymers in photobioreactors
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biopolymers from microalgae
11.2.1 Poly (hydroxyalkanoates)
11.2.2 Proteins
11.2.3 Polysaccharides
11.3 Upstream and downstream factors that maximize microalgal biopolymer production
11.3.1 Nitrogen source
11.3.2 Light intensity and temperature
11.3.3 Modes of obtaining energy
11.3.4 Extraction methods
11.4 Photobioreactors used to produce biopolymers
11.4.1 Biopolymer production from microalgae
11.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
12 - Production of biohydrogen in photobioreactors
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biohydrogen production in photobioreactor
12.2.1 Role of photobioreactor in biohydrogen production
12.2.2 Key factors of photobioreactor affecting biohydrogen production
12.2.3 Light-heat-mass transfer mechanisms in photobioreactor
12.3 Operation parameters of photobioreactor in the biohydrogen production process
12.3.1 Raw material type
12.3.2 Initial pH
12.3.3 Substrate concentration
12.3.4 Mixing methods
12.3.5 Temperature
12.3.6 Lighting patterns
12.3.7 Operation modes
12.4 Light-heat-mass transfer properties of photobioreactor during biohydrogen production process
12.4.1 Light transfer properties
12.4.2 Heat distribution
12.4.3 Metabolism of substrate and electron transfer
12.5 Cases of typical photobioreactors adopted in biohydrogen production process
12.5.1 Tubular photobioreactor
12.5.2 Circulating tank photobioreactor
12.5.3 Solar energy-based 5 m³ baffle photobioreactor
12.5.4 Combined photo and dark fermentation mode 11 m³ baffle photobioreactor
12.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Index