Filamentous Fungi Biorefinery, the latest release in the Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering series, builds on knowledge on the classification of filamentous fungi and presence and roles played in ecosystems. The importance of filamentous fungi is then further corroborated through a description of their present applications in biotechnological processes. Knowledge on fungal biology is extended through discussion on structure and composition together with a description of growth potentialities of filamentous fungi in/on a wide range of substrates. In addition, the morphology of filamentous fungi is then described and its implications during integration in industrial processes is discussed.
The book then provides an overview on the use of filamentous fungi for the production of a wide range of value-added products, including feed and food products, alcohols, organic acids, pigments, enzymes, antibiotics and biopolymers. All provided state-of-arts are extended to a description of the present degree of application of filamentous fungi towards the production of those products using low-value substrates, identification of research gaps, and proposes future research avenues.
Author(s): Mohammad Taherzadeh, Jorge Ferreira, Ashok Pandey
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 596
City: Amsterdam
Cover
Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
World of fungi and fungal ecosystems
Introduction
Fungal morphology
General aspects of reproduction
Fungal nutrition
Nutrient uptake
Lifestyles of fungi
Taxonomy of fungi
Fungal diversity
Fungal ecosystems
Terrestrial ecosystems
Aquatic ecosystems
Extremophile environments
Applications of fungi in biorefineries
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Fungal biotechnology
Introduction
Fungal cultivation and requirements
Fungal cultivation medium
Growth chemical requirements
Design and preparation of culture medium
Fungal fermentation process
Inoculum preparation
Types of fermentation processes
Effects of process variables on growth and product formation
Fungal biorefineries
Fungal biorefinery-based industries
Agriculture
Food and feed
Pharmaceutical
Pulp and paper
Textile
Biotechnological industries for biofuels, biochemical, and biomaterial production
Adding value to organic wastes through fungi
Strategies to improve investment and productivity in fungal biorefineries
Fungal metabolites
Ascomycetes
Ethanol
Citric acid
Gluconic acid
Itaconic acid
Zygomycetes
Ethanol
Lactic acid
Fumaric acid
Basidiomycetes
Ethanol
Pigments and enzymes
Fungal biomass
Ascomycetes
Human food
Animal feed
Zygomycetes
Food and feed applications
Chitosan
Basidiomycetes
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Fungal biology
Introduction
The fungal world
Growth of fungi
Nutrition and transport in fungi
Fungal reproduction
Unicellular yeast form
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Glomeromycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Metabolic and genetic complexity in fungi
Genome
Classification of fungi
Opisthosporodia
Aphelidea
Rozellidea
Microsporidia
Chytridomycota (Chytrids)
Chytridiomycetes
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Monoblepharidomycetes
Neocalimastigomycota
AGF protein domains and homologous genes
Blastocladiomycota
Zygomycetous fungi
Zoopagomycota
Entomophthoromycotina
Zoopagomycotina
Kickxellomycotina
Glomeromycota
Mucoromycota
Mortierellomycotina
Mucoromycotina
Dikarya
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Mycotoxins
Introduction
Major groups of mycotoxins: chemistry and processing stability
Occurrence of mycotoxins in food
International regulation
Toxigenic fungi and factors affecting mycotoxins production
Intrinsic factors
Extrinsic factors
Prevention and reduction of mycotoxins
Prevention of mycotoxins
Good agricultural practices
Controlling the fungi growth and the storage condition
Networking
Reduction of mycotoxins
Reduction by physical methods
Reduction by biological methods
Reduction by chemical methods
Detection and determination of mycotoxins
Detection and determination by the spectrometric method
Detection and determination by chromatographic method
Advance technology
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Sampling, preservation, and growth monitoring of filamentous fungi
Introduction
Applications of filamentous fungi
Isolation, identification, and sampling of filamentous fungi
Isolation and purification of filamentous fungi
Spore isolation
Isolation of single spore
Sampling and isolation of filamentous fungi from environments
Sampling and isolation of filamentous fungi from fermented products
Sampling procedures for filamentous fungi
Identification of filamentous fungi
Preservation of filamentous fungi
Short-term preservation
Long-term preservation
Cryopreservation of filamentous fungi
Freeze drying of filamentous fungi
Quality control of preserved filamentous fungi
Growth monitoring of filamentous fungi
Direct methods for biomass evaluation
Gravimetric method
Cell count
Optical density
Imaging and microscopy
Impedance and capacitance techniques
Fluorescence techniques
Near-infrared spectroscopy technique
Indirect methods for biomass evaluation
Adenosine triphosphate measurement
Chitin measurement
Calorimetric measurement
CO2 production and oxygen uptake rate
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Industrial wastes as feedstock for filamentous fungi growth
Introduction
Microbiology of filamentous fungi
Diversity of filamentous fungi
Wastes, residuals, and wastewater as nutrients
Role of filamentous fungi in pollution reduction
Removal of microplastic using filamentous fungi
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Further reading
Filamentous fungal morphology in industrial aspects
Introduction
Industrial bioprocess with filamentous fungi
Important factors for industrialization of bioprocess with filamentous fungi
Strain screening and inoculum
Morphology
Rheology
Applications of filamentous fungi in pulp and biofuel industries
Pulp industry
Bio-debarking
Bio-pitching
Bio-retting
Biopulping
Biobleaching
Biofuels industry
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Further reading
Bioreactors and engineering of filamentous fungi cultivation
Introduction
Engineering fundamentals in bioreactor design
Medium viscosity and rheology
Power consumed for agitation
Medium aeration and kLa
Shear forces and shear stress
Traditional bioreactor designs for filamentous fungi cultivation
Mechanically agitated stirred tank reactor
Bubble columns
Air-lift reactor
Trickle-bed bioreactor
Packed-bed bioreactor
Fluidized-bed bioreactor
Rotating-bed bioreactor
Main reactor designs in solid-state fermentation processes
Tray-like bioreactors
Rotating/stirred drum
Filamentous fungi morphology and reactor design
Life cycle of filamentous fungi
Macromorphology of filamentous fungi in submerged fermentations
Link between morphology and productivity
Effect of different reactor designs on morphology
Stirred tank reactors
Other designs
Tailoring filamentous fungi morphology: Future perspectives
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Filamentous fungi processing by solid-state fermentation
Introduction
Main filamentous species and substrates
Bioreactors and process control parameters: Critical aspects
Biological factors
Physicochemical factors
Moisture content and water activity
Temperature
pH
Aeration
Particle size
Mechanical factors
Agitation
Heat and mass transfer in SSF
Bioreactors
Products and current industrial applications
Enzymes
Organic acids
Citric acid
Lactic acid
Succinic acid
Bioactive compounds/secondary metabolites
Pigments
Phenolic compounds
Antibiotics
Biological control agents/biopesticides
Biofuels
Biodiesel
Bioethanol
Biosurfactants
Biopolymers
Other secondary metabolites
Phytostimulatory hormones
Aroma
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Production of industrial enzymes by filamentous fungi
Introduction
Applications of industrial enzymes
Advantages of enzymes production by filamentous fungi
Filamentous fungi in enzymes production
Aspergillus
Fusarium
Penicillium
Rhizopous
Trichoderma
Platforms for enzymes production by filamentous fungi
Solid-state fermentation for enzymes production by filamentous fungi
Submerged fermentation for enzymes production by filamentous fungi
Comparison between solid-state and submerged fermentation in enzymes production by filamentous fungi
Challenges for the development of industrial enzymes production by filamentous fungi
Troubles in oxygen supply
Toxin production
Production and secretion of endogenous proteases and peptidases
Lack of sufficient information
Strategies to improve enzymes production by filamentous fungi
Filamentous fungi morphology in enzymes production
Agitation
Fungal mycelia immobilization
Feeding strategies and cultivation mode
Fermentation pH
Cultivation media
Engineering of filamentous fungi
Heterologous protein expression in filamentous fungi
Economic aspects and filamentous fungal enzymes market
A roadmap toward future research on filamentous fungal enzymes production
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Production of bioactive pigmented compounds by filamentous fungi
Introduction
New non-mycotoxigenic fungal work horses for the production of polyketide pigments as food colorants
Focus on azaphilones
Toward mycotoxin-free Monascus red
Monascus-like pigments from non-toxigenic fungal strains
Fungal hydroxyanthraquinoid (HAQN) pigments as potential food colorants
Focus on anthraquinones
Fungal natural red
Other fungal anthraquinones
Fungi from marine ecological niches as novel sources of chemically diverse pigments
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Filamentous fungi for food
Introduction
Filamentous fungi as protein source
Protein quality of various protein sources
Proteins and environmental concerns
Smart proteins
Filamentous fungi in food applications
Fungal filaments vs mushrooms
Fermented food using filamentous fungi
Tempe
Soy sauce
Oncom
Natural food additives and metabolites from filamentous fungi
Natural colorant from filamentous fungi
Flavor enhancer from filamentous fungi
Enzymes from fungi
Other food ingredients
Fungal mycelium-based food
Nutritional consideration
Proteins
Vitamins
Lipid
Other health aspects/functional properties
Safety of fermented foods using filamentous fungi
Mycotoxins
Other harmful contaminants
Pathogenic bacteria in fermented food
Industrial production of filamentous fungi-based food
Traditional processes of food from filamentous fungi
Tempe
Soy sauce
Modern processes
Modern process of tempe production
Production of Quorn
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Filamentous fungi as animal and fish feed ingredients
Introduction
Animal compound feed
Fishmeal
Economic and environmental aspects of fishmeal as feed ingredient
Alternatives to the fishmeal
Single-cell proteins (SCPs)
Fungi kingdom
Fungal biomass composition as animal feed nutrient
Protein and amino acid profile
Fat and fatty acid content
Arachidonic acid (AA)
Linoleic acid (LA)
Alpha linolenic acid (ALA)
Oleic acid
Cell wall components
Glucans
Chitin
Chitosan
Mannose
Minerals
Pigments
Antioxidant agents
Vitamins
Nucleotides
Prebiotics
Animal feed
Applications of fungal biomass as feed
Economic and environmental aspects
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Production of alcohols by filamentous fungi
Introduction
Feedstocks for fermentative production of alcohols
Production of ethanol by filamentous fungi
Production of ethanol by zygomycetes
Production of ethanol by ascomycetes
Metabolic engineering of filamentous fungi for production of ethanol
Ethanol recovery and concentration
Fermentative production of butanol
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Biological production of organic acids by filamentous fungi
Introduction
Itaconic acid
Microorganisms, metabolism, and physiology of itaconic acid biosynthesis
Production and process conditions
Strain engineering and process modifications
Gluconic acid
Microorganisms, metabolism, and physiology of gluconic acid biosynthesis
Production and process conditions
Strain engineering and process modifications
Citric acid
Microorganisms, metabolism, and physiology of citric acid biosynthesis
Production and processing conditions
Genetic and process engineering strategies
Oxalic acid
Microorganisms, metabolism, and physiology of oxalic acid biosynthesis
Production and process conditions
Strain engineering and process modifications
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Production of antibiotics by filamentous fungi
Introduction
History
Filamentous fungi producing antibiotics
Production of antibiotics
Isolation and screening of microbes
Antimicrobial assay
Fermentation process
Submerged fermentation (SmF) for the production of antibiotics
Solid-state fermentation (SSF) for the production of antibiotics
Extraction and purification
Refining
Quality control
Examples of fungal antibiotics
Penicillin
Mode of action
Cephalosporin
Mode of action
Fusidane
Mode of action
Asperchondols
Aspochalasin
Aspergillin
Fumagillin
Claviformin
Tropolone derivative
Other antibiotics from filamentous fungi
Metabolic engineering
Targeted approaches
Untargeted approaches
Metabolomics approaches
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Production of fungal biopolymers and their advanced applications
Introduction
Fungal cell wall
Fungal cell wall polysaccharides
Effect of growing conditions on production of fungal polysaccharides
Extraction and purification of fungal biopolymers
Fungal chitin-glucan and chitin
Fungal chitosan
Applications of fungal biopolymers
Bioemulsifiers and biosurfactants
Wound healing materials
Tissue engineering
Antimicrobial and preserving agent
Textiles (textile fibers, nonwoven textiles, and leather like materials) and paper like materials from fungi
Biocomposites for construction and packaging applications
Other applications of fungal biopolymers
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Versatility of filamentous fungi in novel processes
Introduction
Brewery waste
Fruit industry waste
Bioethanol industry wastes
Fish processing industry waste
Oil processing industry waste
Olive oil processing industry
Palm oil processing industry
Potato processing industry waste
Sugar processing industry waste
Dairy processing industry
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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