Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Smart Solutions for Wastewater: Road-mapping the Transition to Circular Economy

Cover



Contents
Contributors
Preface
1 - Introduction to smart solutions for wastewater: Road-mapping the transition to circular economy
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Water-smart solutions to enhance the transition to circular economy
1.3 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
2 - Treatment and disposal of sewage sludge from wastewater in a circular economy perspective
2.1 Introduction
2.2 European laws
2.2.1 European directives on SS and wastewater treatments
2.2.2 Revision of the SSD
2.3 SS management
2.3.1 Increase in the SS production
2.3.2 SS disposal and costs
2.3.3 Environmental impact
2.4 SS reuse
2.4.1 Land applications
2.4.2 Energy recovery
2.4.3 Construction materials
2.4.4 Drawbacks and limitations
2.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
3 - Integration of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production into urban wastewater treatment plants
3.1 Introduction
3.2 PHAs: biobased and biodegradable alternative to plastics
3.2.1 Properties and applications
3.2.2 Current industrial production methods and developments
3.3 A circular economy approach: PHA production integrated into WWTPs
3.4 A detailed view of the independent PEs for PHA production by using MMCs
3.4.1 Substrate acidogenic fermentation (PE1)
3.4.2 Culture selection (PE2)
3.4.3 PHA accumulation (PE3)
3.5 PHAs extraction from microbial cells (PE4)
3.5.1 Solvent extraction
3.5.2 NPCM digestion
3.5.3 Influence of the type of extraction on polymer properties
3.6 Economic sustainability of PHAs production process
3.7 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
4 - Production of volatile fatty acids from sewage sludge fermentation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biological mechanism and strategies for VFA production from sewage sludge
4.2.1 Biological mechanism of sludge anaerobic fermentation
4.2.2 Influence of key operational conditions on VFA production
4.2.2.1 Influence of temperature
4.2.2.2 Influence of pH
4.2.2.3 Influence of retention time
4.2.2.4 Influence of OLR
4.2.2.5 Influence of other factors
4.2.3 Influence of sludge composition and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio on VFA production
4.2.4 Control strategies for enhancing VFA production
4.2.4.1 Hydrolysis improvement
4.2.4.2 Acidification enhancement
4.2.4.3 Methanogenesis inhibition
4.3 Trends and innovations in VFA production from sewage sludge
4.3.1 Sludge pretreatments
4.3.1.1 Chemical pretreatments
4.3.1.2 Physical pretreatments
4.3.1.3 Biological pretreatments
4.3.1.4 Hybrid pretreatments
4.3.2 Fermentation reactor configurations
4.3.3 Enhanced strategies for VFA production from sludge fermentation
4.4 Final applications of sludge-derived VFA and economic evaluation
4.4.1 Sludge-derived VFA applications
4.4.1.1 Carbon source for nutrient removal in WWTP
4.4.1.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates production
4.4.2 Economical evaluation of VFA production from sewage sludge
4.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
5 - Zeolites for the nutrient recovery from wastewater
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Structure and chemical composition of zeolites
5.2.1 Chemical composition and structure of zeolites
5.2.1.1 Primary and secondary building units of zeolites
5.2.1.2 Pores, cages, and channels
5.2.1.3 Cation exchange capacity of zeolites
5.2.1.4 Selectivity of zeolites
5.3 Natural zeolites and synthetic zeolites
5.3.1 Natural zeolites
5.3.1.1 Most important natural zeolites
Clinoptilolite-heulandite
Chabazite
Phillipsite
5.3.2 Synthetic zeolites
5.3.2.1 Most important synthetic zeolites
Zeolite A
Zeolite X and zeolite Y
Zeolite ZMS-5
5.4 Applications of zeolites
5.4.1 Catalysis
5.4.2 Agriculture
5.4.3 Industrial wastewater treatment
5.5 Use of zeolite for nutrients recovery
5.5.1 Nutrients recovery mechanism
5.5.2 Regeneration of zeolites
5.5.3 Reuse of enriched zeolites
5.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
6 - Wastewater treatment sludge composting
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Legislation about sewage sludge
6.2.1 European legislation
6.2.1.1 Directive 86/278/CEE
6.2.1.2 Revisions of Directive 86/278/EEC
6.2.1.3 Regulation (EU) 2019/1009
6.2.2 Italian legislation
6.2.2.1 Legislative Decree 99/92
6.2.2.2 Art. 41 of the Legislative Decree No. 109/2018
6.2.2.3 Upcoming regulatory developments for sludge in agriculture
6.2.3 Sewage Sludge legislation in other countries
6.3 Sewage sludge composting
6.3.1 Composting
6.3.2 Bulking agents
6.3.3 Reuse of composted sewage sludge
6.4 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
7 - Advances in technologies for sewage sludge management
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Technologies in water treatment line
7.2.1 Minimization technologies
7.2.1.1 Chemical treatment
7.2.1.2 Mechanical treatment
7.2.1.3 Thermal treatment
7.2.1.4 Biological treatment
7.3 Technologies in sludge treatment line
7.3.1 Sludge pretreatment
7.3.1.1 Physical
7.3.1.2 Chemical
7.3.1.3 Biological
7.3.2 Advanced digestion technologies
7.3.3 Dewatering process
7.3.4 Sludge drying
7.3.5 Thermal processes
7.3.5.1 Conventional thermal processes
7.3.5.2 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
7.4 Evaluation and maturity of technologies for reducing sludge production
7.5 Sludge characterization to optimize the dewatering process
7.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
8 - Energy and valuable organic products recovery from anaerobic processes
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Energy balance in wastewater treatment plants and potential energy recovery
8.3 Potential valuable products recovery
8.4 Anaerobic processes focused on liquid products recovery
8.4.1 Production of volatile fatty acids
8.4.2 Production of medium chain carboxylic acids
8.5 Anaerobic digestion (AD) processes focused on gaseous products recovery
8.5.1 Factors affecting AD
8.5.2 Biogas characteristics, use and upgrading
8.5.3 Other implications
8.5.3.1 Regulations and policies
8.5.3.2 Economic implications
8.6 Processes enhancing energy and valuable organic products recovery
8.6.1 Enhanced removal of suspended solids in primary clarifiers
8.6.2 Sludge pretreatment
8.6.2.1 Physical pretreatment methods
8.6.2.2 Thermal pretreatment methods
8.6.2.3 Chemical pretreatment methods
8.6.3 Co-digestion of sewage sludge with organic waste
8.6.3.1 Co-digestion for gaseous products recovery
8.6.3.2 Co-digestion for liquid products recovery
8.7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
9 - Life-cycle assessment for resource recovery facilities in the wastewater sector
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Life-cycle analysis (LCA) as an environmental impact assessment methodology
9.2.1 Defining the goal and scope as a starting point in environmental assessment
9.2.2 Not all decentralized treatments are identical: selecting options on a case-by-case basis
9.2.2.1 Combination of BW, KW, and GW treatments for a pellet biofertilizer manufacturing
9.2.2.2 A simplistic option: focus on the BW treatment
9.2.2.3 Approaching BW, KW, and GW treatments P-recovery as struvite
9.2.3 Three decentralized-centralized combination options in the sludge line
9.2.3.1 Conventional sludge treatment: hydroxyapatite recovery
9.2.3.2 Renanite production from sludge incineration
9.2.3.3 Nutrients recovery from sludge as struvite after thermal disintegration and anaerobic digestion
9.2.4 Summary of configurations
9.2.5 Moving forwards in the environmental assessment through primary and secondary data collection
9.2.6 Turning inventory data into global environmental impacts
9.3 Environmental diagnosis of the different alternatives based on the environmental outcomes
9.3.1 Comparative environmental profiles between configurations
9.3.2 Water line-based phosphorus recovery configurations
9.3.3 Sludge line-based phosphorus recovery configurations
9.4 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
10 - Water reuse in the frame of circular economy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Legal framework of water reuse
10.2.1 Global water reuse guidelines and regulations
10.2.1.1 World Health Organization (WHO)
10.2.1.2 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
10.2.1.3 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
10.3 Worldwide used national water reuse guidelines and regulations
10.3.1 US Environmental Protection Agency 2012, “Guidelines for Water Reuse,” EPA/600/R-12/618
10.4 National water reuse guidelines and regulations in selected EU countries
10.4.1 European Union water reuse legislation
10.4.1.1 The purpose and scope of the Regulation
10.4.1.2 Principal articles of the EU regulation No. 2020/741
Annex I
Annex II
10.4.2 International ISO standards
10.4.2.1 ISO 20670:2018
10.4.2.2 ISO 16075-1:2020
10.4.2.3 ISO 16075-2:2020
10.4.2.4 ISO 16075-3:2021
10.4.2.5 ISO 16075-4:2021
10.4.2.6 ISO 16075-5:2021
10.4.2.7 ISO/AWI 16075-6
10.4.2.8 ISO 20419:2018
10.4.2.9 ISO 20469:2018
10.4.2.10 ISO 20761:2018
10.4.2.11 ISO 20426:2018
10.4.3 European standards
10.4.4 Summary
10.5 Drivers for water reuse: water resources scarcity and climate change; increasing quality and prize of drinking water; ...
10.5.1 Climate change and water resources
10.5.2 Water and climate stakeholder analysis
10.5.2.1 Agriculture
10.5.2.2 Energy production industry
10.5.2.3 Drinking water production
10.5.2.4 Other industries
10.5.2.5 Ecosystems
10.6 Circular economy and water resources
10.7 Barriers of water reuse
10.7.1 Barriers to water reuse implementation in general
10.7.2 Safety barriers
10.7.3 Economy of water reuse
10.7.4 Public perception
10.7.5 Wider uptake of water-smart solutions project in Prague, CZ
10.8 Processes of recycled water production from effluents of municipal WWTPS
10.8.1 Design of treatment process for recycled water production from effluents of municipal WWTPs
10.8.2 Suspended solids and residual organics
10.8.2.1 Filtration
10.8.2.2 Coagulation and sedimentation
10.8.2.3 Membrane filtration
10.8.2.4 Other methods
10.8.3 Pathogenic microorganisms
10.8.3.1 Chlorination
10.8.3.2 Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation
10.8.3.3 Peracetic acid (PAA)
10.8.4 Micropollutants
10.8.4.1 Sorption to activated carbon
10.8.4.2 Advanced oxidation processes and ozonation
10.8.4.3 High-pressure membrane processes
10.9 Examples of successful water reuse projects in Europe
10.9.1 Overall situation of water recycling in Europe
10.9.2 Environmental purposes
10.9.2.1 Milano – two wastewater treatment plants supplying agricultural use in the large Lombardy region
10.9.2.2 Barcelona – combination of water recycling and desalination for environmental purposes
10.9.2.3 Irrigation of golf courses in Europe
10.9.3 Urban use
10.9.3.1 Disneyland Paris – recycled water use in an amusement park
10.9.3.2 London – Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
10.9.3.3 Lisbon – multipurpose urban use
10.9.4 Industrial use
10.9.4.1 Madrid – not only industrial use
10.9.5 Conclusions of examples of successful water reuse projects in Europe
10.10 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
11 - Governance factors influencing the scope for circular water solutions
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Toward a new paradigm
11.3 Perceived governance challenges
11.4 A multilevel approach
11.5 Main drivers and barriers in the studied cases
11.5.1 Water reuse in Sicily, the Czech Republic, and Ghana
11.5.1.1 Pressures at the wider contexts level
11.5.1.2 Tensions and lock-ins at the structural level
11.5.1.3 Conducive and unconducive factors at the case-specific level
11.5.2 Phosphorus recovery in Norway
11.5.2.1 Pressures at the wider contexts level
11.5.2.2 Tensions and lock-ins at the structural level
11.5.2.3 Conducive and unconducive factors at the case-specific level
11.5.3 Biocomposite production in the Netherlands
11.5.3.1 Pressures at the wider contexts level
11.5.3.2 Tensions and lock-ins at the structural level
11.5.3.3 Conducive and unconducive factors at the case-specific level
11.6 Contextual interactions and need for new governance perspectives
11.6.1 Complex pressures changing over time
11.6.2 Similarities and differences at the structural context level
11.6.3 Case-specific opportunities and challenges
11.6.4 Need for system perspective in governance for water CE
11.7 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
Appendix: List of abbreviations
References
12 - Advances in environmental bioprocess technology for an effective transition to a green circular economy
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Promising biobased products for resource recovery at WWTPs
12.2.1 Short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids
12.2.1.1 Up-stream applications
12.2.1.2 Poststream applications
Biopolymers
Single-cell protein
Bioenergy
12.2.2 Enzyme recovery
12.3 Manipulation of microbial community performance for resource recovery
12.3.1 Bioaugmentation
12.3.2 Enrichment
12.3.3 Encapsulation technology
12.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
13 - Advanced technologies for a smart and integrated control of odour emissions from wastewater treatment plant
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Full-scale smart solutions for odour control with treatment and abatement solutions
13.2.1 Smart odour treatment with biofilter system
13.2.2 Smart odour treatment with biotrickling filter system
13.2.3 Smart odour treatment with wet air scrubbing
13.2.4 Other smart technologies for odour control and treatment
13.3 Implementation of smart technologies
13.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
14 - Microbial biotechnology for wastewater treatment into circular economy
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Metagenomics
14.2.1 Taxonomical classification by 16S rDNA and ITS amplicon sequencing: metataxonomics
14.2.2 Metataxomics: pipelines of analysis and software
14.2.3 Whole-genome shotgun metagenomics (WGSM)
14.2.4 Metagenomic insights into functions and compositions of microbial communities operating in WWTPs
14.3 Metatranscriptomics
14.4 Metaproteomics
14.5 Resource recovery and energy production by microbial communities: from WWTPs to biorefineries
14.5.1 Production of relevant biopolymers by microbial communities operating in WWTPs
14.5.2 Valuable biogas in WWTPs for energy production
14.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
15 - Biological nutrient recovery from wastewater for circular economy
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Anaerobic processes for nutrients recovery
15.2.1 Anaerobic digestion
15.2.2 Anaerobic membrane bioreactor
15.2.2.1 Configurations of anaerobic membrane bioreactor
15.2.2.2 Characteristics of membranes for anaerobic membrane reactor
Membrane materials
Membrane configuration
15.2.3 Nutrient recovery utilizing the anaerobic process
15.2.3.1 Nutrients recovery from the dewatered sludge
15.2.3.2 Liquid fertilizer application of digestate for farmland
15.2.3.3 Nitrogen recovery by ammonia stripping-absorption
15.2.3.4 Phosphorus recovery as struvite
15.2.4 Application, potentials, and challenges
15.3 Photo-bioprocesses for nutrients recovery
15.3.1 Microalgae-based technologies
15.3.1.1 Characteristics of microalgae species used in wastewater treatment
15.3.1.2 Mechanisms of nutrient recovery by microalgae
15.3.1.3 Configuration of microalgae-based cultivation systems
Suspended open systems
Suspended closed photobioreactors
Immobilized algae system
15.3.1.4 Factors affecting nutrients recovery using microalgae
Nutrients
Light
pH levels
15.3.2 Photosynthetic bacteria-based technologies
15.3.2.1 Classification and metabolic patterns of photobacteria
15.3.2.2 Photosynthetic bacteria-based membrane bioreactor
15.3.2.3 Nutrient recovery and biomass production in photosynthetic bacteria cultivation
15.3.2.4 Impact factors and methods of enhancement
Carbon source, nitrogen source, and carbon/nitrogen ratio
Light
Hydraulic retention time
Sludge retention time
15.3.3 Applications, potentials, and challenges
15.4 Microbial electrochemical technologies for nutrients recovery
15.4.1 Microbial electrolysis cells for nutrients recovery
15.4.2 Microbial fuel cells for nutrients recovery
15.4.3 Applications, potentials, and challenges
15.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
16 - Stakeholder engagement: A strategy to support the transition toward circular economy business models
16.1 Introduction
16.2 From a linear to a circular model for greater sustainable development
16.3 Stakeholder engagement and management of sustainable business models
16.4 How do stakeholders and their engagement affect the transition toward circular business models?
16.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Index