The primary concern of environmental sustainability is to: (i) reduce use of physical and depletable resources; (ii) recycle and use renewable resources; (iii) redesign the production process to eliminate the production of toxic materials and protect the environment. Biochar, as a renewable material, can be produced from various sustainable biomass feedstocks through pyrolysis technologies. Biochar Towards Sustainable Environment highlights the contribution of biochar to environmental sustainability. The book provides a detailed overview of the sustainable biomass wastes feedstocks and different technologies for biochar production, and its sustainable applications in various aspects.
Author(s): Huu Hao Ngo, Wenshan Guo, Ashok Pandey, Sunita Varjani, Daniel C.W. Tsang
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 477
City: Amsterdam
Cover
Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Sustainable technologies for biochar production
Introduction
Biomass as raw material for production of biochar
Biochar production process technology
Simple autothermal biochar production technology
Simple allothermal biochar production technology
Continuous biochar production technology
Auger pyrolysis technology
Rotary kiln pyrolysis technology
Process intensification and its application in biochar production
Product characteristics of biochar
Pore size and volume
pH by biochar
Cation exchange capacity
Electrical conductivity (EC)
Water holding capacity
The content of macro and micromineral elements
Biochar morphology
FTIR analysis of biochar products
Sustainable and economic criteria and future prospects for biochar production technologies
Sustainable factors in biochar production technology
Economics of biochar
Future prospect of biochar technology and commodity
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Sustainability considerations of biochar production in biowaste management
Introduction
Sources and management of biowastes
Municipal solid waste
Agricultural residuals
Animal manure
Biosolid
Technologies for sustainable biochar production from biowastes
Environmental benefits of biochar production from biowaste
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Biochar for sustainable construction industry
Introduction
Types of biochar
Raw materials of biochar
Production of biochar
Application of biochar in construction materials
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)
Properties of fresh cement
Workability
Setting time
Properties of hardened cement
Compressive properties
Tensile properties
Flexural properties
Durability
Porosity
Shrinkage properties
Magnesium phosphate cement
Asphalt-based materials
Plastic composites
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Biochar for sustainable drainage system
Introduction
Challenges in sustainable drainage system
Climate and storm water quantity
Storm water quality
Role of biochar amendment
General requirements of filter media
Biochar selection
Biochar production
Biochar and soil health of SuDS
Removal mechanisms of biochar
Roles of aging biochar-amended systems
Design of SuDS
Design rainfall
Trade-off between performance and cost
Buried services
Underdrain
Size of transition and drainage layer
Future scenarios
Biochar as an engineered media
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Sustainable application of biochar for water purification
Introduction
Sustainable applications of biochar for water purification
Industrial wastewater purification
Municipal wastewater purification
Agricultural wastewater purification
Storm water treatment
Application of different biochar in water environment
Activated carbon
Magnetic biochar
Chemically modified biochar
Mechanism of biochar in water purification
Removal mechanism for heavy metals
Removal mechanism for organic contaminants
Removal mechanism for nutrients
Sustainable application examples
Adsorption technology of biochar
Ozone and biochar coupling technology
Potassium permanganate and activated carbon coupling technology
Membrane and activated carbon coupling technology
Biochar catalysis technology
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Production of biochar from biowaste and its application in wastewater treatment
Introduction
Biochar production methods
Pyrolysis
Hydrothermal combustion (HTC)
Gasification
Biochar characteristics
Effects of feedstock composition
Effects of reaction temperature
Biochar modification and functionalization
Pretreatment methods
Oxidative pretreatment
Alkali pretreatment
Hydrothermal pretreatment
Ultrasonic pretreatment
Microwave pretreatment
Metal modification
Other methods
Posttreatment technologies
Biochar applications in wastewater treatment
Removal of heavy metals by biochar
Removal of nutrients by biochar
Removal of pesticides by biochar
Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by biochar
Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal-care products by biochar
Biochar-based hybrid wastewater treatment
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Role of biochar in nutrients recovery from wastewater
Introduction
Preparation and physicochemical characteristics of biochar
Preparation of biochar
Modified biochar
Acid-base modification
Oxidant modification
Metal salt or metal oxide modification
Other compound material modification
Performance of nutrients recovery from wastewater
Nitrogen recovery
Nitrogen adsorption performance using biochar
Influencing factors
Preparation process
pH
Coexisting ions
Removal mechanism
Electrostatic attraction
Ion-exchange
Surface complexation
Phosphorus recovery
Performance of biochar on phosphorus adsorption
Influencing factors
Temperature
Initial concentration of phosphate
pH
Coexisting ions
Other factors
Removal mechanism
Electrostatic attraction
Ion-exchange
Ligand exchange
Surface precipitation
Sustainable assessment of nutrient recovery
Conclusion and perspectives
References
Application of biochar for improving sewage sludge treatment
Introduction
Sustainable application of biochar in improving sludge dewaterability
Interaction mechanisms
Radical generation
Dewatering
EPS variations
Total organic carbon
Protein and polysaccharide
Dewaterability performance
Sustainable application of biochar in improving anaerobic sludge digestion
Enhancement of methane production
Performance
The role of biochar in methane production
Establishment of direct interspecies electron transfer
Evolution of microbial community
Sustainable application of biochar in improving anaerobic sludge fermentation
Mechanisms and enhancement of volatile fatty acids production
Mechanisms and enhancement of hydrogen production
Sustainable application of biochar in improving aerobic sludge treatment
Interaction mechanisms
Sludge reduction performance
Microbial community
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Sustainable application of biochar for storm water reuse
Introduction
Sources, quantity and quality of storm water, reuse requirement and biomass
Sources, quantity and quality of storm water
Requirements for storm water reuse
Biomass and modifying technique for biochar production
Biomass for biochar preparation
Modifying technique for biochar production
Application of biochar for storm water reuse
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Further reading
Biochar for sustainable remediation of soil
Introduction
Potential effects of biochar on soil
Biological properties
bacteria
Fungus
Microbial biomass
Soil enzyme activity
Chemical properties
Organic matter
Nitrogen
Carbon
CEC
pH
Physical properties
Soil bulk density
Soil porosity
Soil hydraulic properties
Soil temperature and color
Environmental risks
Biochar and bioeconomy
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Biochar for sustainable agriculture
Introduction
Evolution of biochar production technologies for sustainable agriculture purposes
Modification of biochar for sustainable agriculture
Influence of biochar on soil nutrient dynamics, enzymes, and microbial community
Biochar and climate change
Impact on soil carbon sequestration
Impact on soil N2O and CH4 emission
Role of biochar in soil bioremediation
Remediation of heavy metals
Remediation of organic pollutants
Remediation of pesticide residue
Impact of biochar on crop growth and yield
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Sustainable production and application of biochar for energy storage and conversion
Introduction
Biochar production technology
Thermochemical processes
Pyrolysis
Torrefaction
Carbonization
Gasification
Operation mode
Batch mode
Semibatch mode
Continuous mode
Biochar activation methods
Physical activation
Chemical activation
Biological activation
Biochar market
Applications of biochar in energy storage and conversion fields
Application of biochar in supercapacitors
Application of biochar in batteries
Application of biochar in fuel cells
Application of biochar in hydrogen storage and production
Challenges and opportunities of biochar for energy storage and conversion applications
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Role of biochar in polyaromatic hydrocarbons remediation and environment management
Introduction
Production and properties of biochar
Remediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by biochar
Sorption
Role of biochar addition in availability of polyaromatic hydrocarbons
Applications of biochar in polluted sediments
Biochar coupling with capping materials
Biochar mixed with polluted sediments
Challenges in polyaromatic hydrocarbons remediation
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Environmental sustainability-based comparison for production, properties, and applications of biochar and hyd ...
Introduction
Comparison between biochar and hydrochar production
Operational conditions
Reaction temperature, pressure, and residence time
Feedstocks
Char modification
Solvent extraction and char washing
Optimization of char production for sustainability concerns
Comparison of structure and properties between biochar and hydrochar
Char skeleton
Physiochemical properties
Cleavage of bonds during char production
pH, electrical conductivity and cation exchange capacity
Bulk density
Moisture retention and hydrophobicity
Elemental composition and proximate analysis
Char stability
Energy balance, thermogravimetry, HHV, and grindability
Utilization of biochar and hydrochar
Sustainable adsorbents
Soil amendment
Carbon sequestration
Bioenergy production
Electrochemical devices
Co-catalysts
Anaerobic digestion
Challenges
Optimization of char production and reaction pathways for green economy and sustainability
Effect of various raw biomass on char properties
Conversion mechanisms
Ecotoxicology of biochar and hydrochar and their interactions with microorganisms
Reusability potential of biochar and hydrochar
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Sustainability assessment of biochar applications
Introduction
Biochar applications in typical environmental fields
Remediation of heavy metals
Control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
Sustainability analysis framework and methodology
Technical aspects
Environmental aspects
Economic aspects
Social aspects
Overall assessment
Future potentials and considerations
Biochar applications
Sustainability assessment
Conclusions and perspectives
References
Sustainability assessment of biochar for climate change mitigation
Introduction
Potential of biochar for climate change mitigation
Carbon sequestration
Agricultural and forest soils
Civil infrastructure
Other applications
Direct emissions reduction
Indirect avoided GHG emission
Avoided fossil fuel use
Avoided emissions from waste streams
Avoided emission from fertilizer production
Climate change mitigation calculation of biochar systems
GHG accounting for biochar products
Methods for main GHG fluxes estimation from biochar systems
Carbon stability assessment techniques
Direct emissions reduction calculation method
Indirect avoided emission calculation method
Sustainability assessment for climate change mitigation
Life cycle analysis of biochar
Life cycle sustainability assessment framework
Challenges of current assessments of biochar for climate change mitigation
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Index
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