Current Advances in Biotechnological Production of Xylitol: Fermentative Production of Xylitol

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Methods for Hemicellulose Deconstruction Aiming to Xylose Recovery: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Factors Responsible for the Recalcitrance of Lignocellulosic Biomass
1.3 Methods for the Deconstruction of Hemicellulose
1.3.1 Chemical Pre-treatments
1.3.2 Hydrothermal Technologies
1.3.3 Physical Pretreatments
1.4 Challenges and Prospects
References
2 Detoxification of Hemicellulosic Hydrolysates for Improved Xylitol Production
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Lignocellulose—Components
2.2.1 Cellulose
2.2.2 Hemicellulose
2.2.3 Lignin
2.3 Complications in Biomass to Xylitol Conversion
2.3.1 Structural Integrity of Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin
2.3.2 Depolymerization
2.3.3 Presence of Non-carbohydrate Fraction
2.3.4 Degradation of Sugars upon Acid Hydrolysis
2.3.5 Loss of Sugars During Detoxification
2.4 Hydrolysis Methods—Sugars and Inhibitors Generation
2.4.1 Chemical
2.4.2 Biological
2.5 Inhibitors
2.5.1 Sugar Degradative Products
2.5.2 Sugar-Bound Organic Acids
2.5.3 Lignin Degradatives
2.6 Detoxification of Hemicellulose Hydrolysate
2.6.1 Physical Methods
2.6.2 Chemical Methods
2.6.3 Biological Adsorption
2.6.4 Combined Detoxification
2.7 Further Prospective and Conclusions
References
3 Fermentative Production of Xylitol from Various Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Distribution Worldwide
3.3 LCB as Sustainable Feedstock for the Production of High-Added Value Products
3.4 Lignocellulosic Biomass Used for the Biotechnological Production of Xylitol
3.5 Process for Obtaining Hydrolysate from Different Biomass
3.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
4 Strain Improvement Methods for Enhanced Xylitol Production
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Current Status of Xylitol Production from Xylose and Hemicellulose Hydrolysate
4.2.1 From Xylose
4.2.2 From C-5 Hydrolysate
4.3 Strain Improvement Strategies
4.3.1 Genetic Engineering
4.3.2 Metabolic Engineering
4.3.3 Cell Surface Display
4.3.4 Adaptive Evolution
4.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
5 An Overview of Different Approaches and Bioreactors for Xylitol Production by Fermentation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Production of Xylitol by Fermentation: General Aspects and Process Conditions
5.3 Bioreactors Used for Xylitol Production by Fermentation
5.3.1 Stirred Tank Bioreactor (STR)
5.3.2 Column Reactors: Bubble, Airlift and Fluidized Bed Bioreactors
5.3.3 Membrane Bioreactor
5.4 Operation Mode of the Bioprocess: Batch, Fed-Batch and Continuous
5.4.1 Batch operation
5.4.2 Fed-Batch Operation
5.4.3 Continuous Operation
5.5 Techniques Applied to Metabolic Engineering
5.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 
References
6 Methods for Xylitol Recovery: Appraisal and Future Perspectives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Recovery and Purification of Xylitol
6.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
7 Critical Analysis on Xylitol Production Employing Integrated Approaches in Sugarcane and Corn Processing Mills
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Context of Global Xylitol Production
7.3 Process Alternatives for the Biotechnological Production of Xylitol and Their Influence on the Selection of Biorefinery Pathways
7.4 Insights on Alternative Valorization Pathways That Could Be Integrated with the Xylitol Biotechnological Process Under the Biorefinery Concept
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Techno-Economic Analysis of Xylitol Production in Stand-Alone and Integrated Biorefineries
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Xylitol Production
8.2.1 Routes and Raw Materials
8.3 Stand-Alone Process, Using Biomass as Raw Material
8.3.1 Process Description
8.3.2 Technical Analysis (Methodology and Results)
8.3.3 Economic Analysis
8.3.4 Tecno-Economic Results for Best Stand-Alone Alternative, to Produce Xylitol
8.4 Xylitol Production as Part of an Integrated Biorefineries
8.4.1 Biorefinery Scenarios
8.4.2 Techno-Economic Analysis (Methodology and Results)
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Addressing Key Challenges in Fermentative Production of Xylitol at Commercial Scale: A Closer Perspective
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Feedstock Supply
9.3 Steam Explosion Pre-Treatment
9.4 Lessons Learned from Industrial Operations
9.5 CASE STUDY: Challenges of Biomass Pretreatment by Steam Explosion
9.6 Identifying Technology Gaps, Process Changes and Challenges in Scaling-Up
9.7 Capital Investment for Lignocellulosic Biorefineries
9.8 Understanding the Sustainability of the Process
9.9 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
10 Applications of Xylitol in Food, Material, Health, and Medical Sector
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Xylitol Applications
10.2.1 Oral and Dental Care
10.2.2 Xylitol as Health Promoter and Applications in the Medical Sector
10.3 Xylitol in Pharmaceutical and Medical Industries
10.3.1 Personal Care and Cosmetics
10.3.2 Xylitol Side Effects
10.4 Xylitol in Food Industry
10.4.1 Safety and Legislation
10.4.2 Food, Confectionery and Bakery Products
10.4.3 Soft Drinks
10.4.4 Chewing Gum
10.4.5 Prebiotics and Probiotics Foods
10.4.6 Pet Food and Farm Animals Feed
10.5 Xylitol in the Chemical Industry/Xylitol-Based Materials
10.5.1 Xylitol-Based Polymers
10.5.2 Xylitol-Based Biopolymers in Tissue Engineering, Wound Healing and Drug Delivery Systems
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Market, Global Demand and Consumption Trend of Xylitol
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Current Scenario of Xylitol Production
11.3 Market Trend
11.4 Global Demand and Supply of Xylitol
11.5 Consumption of Xylitol
11.5.1 Food Sector
11.5.2 Medical, Health Sector and Pharmaceuticals
11.5.3 Other Sectors
11.6 Future Recommendations
11.7 Conclusions
References