The discovery and popularization of the concept of culture has led to a many-sided analysis of it and to the elaboration of a number of diverse theories. Since aberrants and the psychologically disturbed are often at loggerheads with their cultures, the attitude toward them and toward their treatment is bound to be influenced by the view of culture which _is accepted it is obvious that the reactions which stem from difi'erent conceptions of culture may range all the way from condemnation of the unhappy individual and confidence in the righteousness of the cultural dictate, to sharp criticism of the demanding society and great compassion for the person who has not been able to come to terms with it. (1947, 14)
Author(s): Kroeber, Alfred L.; Kluckhohn, Clyde
Publisher: Vintage Books
Year: 1963
Language: English
Pages: 449
City: NY
Tags: culture, anthropology, society
Introduction
PART I: GENERAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD CULTURE
Brief survey
Civilization
Relation of civilization and culture
The distinction of civilization from culture in American sociology
The attempted distinction in Germany
Phases in the history of the concept of culture in Germany
Culture as a concept of eighteenth-century general history
Kant to Hegel
Analysis of Klemm's use of the word "Cultur
The concept of culture in Germany since 1850
"Kultur" and "Schrecklichkeit
Danilevsky
"Culture" in the humanities in England and elsewhere
Dictionary definitions
General discussion
Addendum: Febvre on civilisation
PART II: DEFINITIONS
Introduction
Group A: Descriptive
Broad definitions with emphasis on enumeration of content: usually influenced by Tylor
Comment
Group B : Historical
Emphasis on social heritage or tradition
Comment
Group C: Normative
C-I. Emphasis on rule or way
Comment
C-II. Emphasis on ideals or values plus behavior
Comment
Group D: Psychological
D-I. Emphasis on adjustment, on culture as a problem-solving device
Comment
D-II. Emphasis on learning
Comment
D-III. Emphasis on habit
Comment
D-IV. Purely psychological definitions
Comment
Group E: Structural
Emphasis on the patterning or organization of culture
Comment
Group F: Genetic
F-I. Emphasis on culture as a product or artifact
Comment
F-II. Emphasis on ideas
Comment
F-III. Emphasis on symbols
Comment
F-IV. Residual category definitions
Comment
Group G: Incomplete Definitions
Comment
Indexes to Definitions
A: Authors
B: Conceptual elements in definitions
Words not included in Index B
PART III: SOME STATEMENTS ABOUT CULTURE
Introduction
Group a: The Nature of Culture
Comment
Group b: The Components of Culture
Comment
Group c: Distinctive Properties of Culture
Comment
Group d: Culture and Psychology
Comment
Group e: Culture and Language
Comment
Group f: Relation of Culture to Society, Individuals, Environment and Artifacts
Comment
Addenda
Index to Authors in Part III
PART IV: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
A: Summary
Word and concept
Philosophy of history
Use of culture in Germany
Spread of the concept and resistances
Culture and civilization
Culture as an emergent or level
Definitions of culture
Before and after 1920
The place of Tylor and Wissler
The course of post-1920 definitions
Rank order of elements entering into post-1930 definitions
Number of elements entering into single definitions
Final comments on definitions
Statements about culture
B: General Features of Culture
Integration
Historicity
Uniformities
Causality
Significance and values
Values and relativity
C: Conclusion
A final review of the conceptual problem
Review of aspects of our own position
References
Appendices
Appendix A: Historical Notes on Ideological Aspects of the Concept of Culture in Germany and Russia, by Alfred G. Meyer
Appendix B: The Use of the Term Culture in the Soviet Union, by Alfred G. Meyer
Index of Names of Persons
