Cultural Typologies of Love

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This timely volume offers an integrative approach and a culturally diverse view of love conceptions, experiences, and expressions, building on both individual and cultural typologies of love. It comprehensively presents cultural and cross-cultural studies on how culture affects love, and offers a systematic description of types and cultural models of love. The comprehensive reviews of methodology and findings provide a solid empirical basis for the creation of formal typologies.

This book will be useful for researchers interested in cross-cultural studies of love across many disciplines. Its accessible language also makes it ideal for undergraduate and graduate students. Readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of:

  • Cultural conceptions of love and methods for their research
  • Multiple perspectives in the studies of love across world cultures
  • Cultural models and typologies in an international perspective
  • Cultural models and typologies from an interdisciplinary scientific perspective

Author(s): Victor Karandashev
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 371
City: Cham

Abstract for the Book
Keywords Across the Book (not Chapter Specific)
Acknowledgments
Introduction
The Historical Origins of Love Categorization
The Scientific Puzzle of Love
Personal Evolution in Understanding of Love
The Main Highlights and Structure of This Book
Contents
About the Author
Chapter 1: Love Concepts, Their Diverse Contents, and Definitions
1.1 Multifaceted Concepts of Love
1.1.1 Variety of the Meanings of Love
Love as an Elusive Concept
Love in Its Diversity of Kinds, Constructs, Meanings, and Types
Different Planes of Love
The Varieties of Love
Love in Its Salient Meanings
Psychological Complexity of Love Phenomena
Love Emotions and Love Dispositions
Love as a Relationship
Diverse Scholarship on Emotions and Love
1.1.2 Love as Emotion and Emotional Process
Love as Emotional Process
Appraisals and Relationship Emotions
Love as a Basic Emotion
Love as a Complex Emotion
The Dimensions Describing Love Emotion
Emotions Embodied in Sensations
Methodological Issues in the Study of Love as Emotion
Emotional Complexity of Love
1.1.3 Dispositional Conception of Love
Emotions and Dispositions
Love Dispositions
Moods, Attitudes, and Traits as Disposition of Love
1.1.4 Love as Moods and Habits
The Love Mood
The Dynamics of Love Mood
Psychophysiology of Love Mood
Romantic Mood Induction
1.1.5 Love as Attitudes
Love Attitudes as Personal Dispositions
Love Attitudes and Love Experience
Person-Focused and Relationship-Focused Love Attitudes
Self-Report and Indirect Assessments of Love as Attitudes
1.1.6 Love as Traits
From Emotions to Emotional Traits
Positive and Negative Affectivity
Loving Traits
1.1.7 Love as Actions and Interactions
Behavioral Aspects of Love
Equivocal Actions of Love
Actions of Love as Habits
Love in Motivational Tendencies
The Approach and Avoidance Motivation in Love
Love in Action Tendencies
Love in Actions and Interactions
Structure of Love Interactions
Actions of Compassion and Caring
The Dimensions of Agency and Communion in Relationships
Expressions of Love
1.1.8 Love as a Relationship
The Concept of Love as Relationship
Diversity of Love Relationships
Love Relationships and Romantic Relationships
Characteristics of Love as Relationship
Dyadic Love Relationship
Interdependence in Love Relationships
1.1.9 Love in the Temporal Evolving Perspectives
Dynamic Concept of Love Experience and Relationship
Love as Evolving Emotional Process
Love as Episodic Process
A State of Uncertainty in the Beginning of Love
Relational Uncertainty in the Beginning of Love
Tolerance of Ambiguity in Love
Love as the Short-Term and Long-Term Dynamic Emotional Experience
The Stages of Ongoing Development in Love
Episodic Nature of Emotional Experience and Love
1.1.10 Love as a Cultural Idea
The Idea of Love and Reality of Love
The Idea of Love Reflected in Languages Across Cultures
Religious Conceptions of Love
1.2 The Contents and Definitions of Love Concepts
1.2.1 Conceptual Definitions of Love
Importance of Conceptual Definition of Love
A Possibility of a Common Conceptual System of Love
An Array of Things We Can Conceptualize as Love
Logical Definitions of Love
Descriptive Definition of Love
Prototypical Definitions
Cultural Universality and Variety of Definitions
1.2.2 The Multifaceted and Multilevel Conceptual Structure of Love
Tapping Complexity of Love
Multilevel Structure of Love
Love on the Individual Level
Personal and Cultural Models of Love
Love on the Relationship Level
References
Chapter 2: Models and Typologies of Love
2.1 Construction of Models and Typologies in Social Sciences
2.1.1 The Concepts of Models and Types of Love
Scientific Models of Love
Hierarchical Models of Love
The Concept of Type
Construction of Typologies
Varieties of Models and Types of Love
The Bottom-Up Approach to the Typologies of Love
The Top-Down Approach to the Typologies of Love
2.1.2 Categorization for Construction of Models and Typologies
What Is Categorization?
The Role of Categorization in Construction of Models and Typologies
The Basics of Typologies
Methods of Categorization
Methodologies for the Construction of Models and Types of Love
What Indicators of Love Can Be Categorized?
What Cases of Love Can Be Categorized?
2.2 Personal Models of Love
2.2.1 What the Personal Models of Love Represent
What the Personal Models of Love Are
Personal Models of Love as Implicit Theories
Personal Models of Love as Schemas
Personal Ideals of Love
2.2.2 The Factors Forming Personal Models of Love
Evolutionary, Social, and Personal Functions of Love
Biological Evolutionary Roots Are in the Personal Models of Love
Neurobiological Roots Are in the Personal Models of Love
Personality Traits Are in the Personal Models of Love
The Role of Imprinting in Personal Models of Love
Effect of Daily Experiences on the Personal Models of Love
Love Is a Rewarding Motivation
The Role of Motivations in Personal Models
The Role of Cultural Experience in Personal Models
Love as Aspiration
Existential Function of Love
2.3 The Examples of Typological Models of Love
2.3.1 Lee’s Typology of Six Love Styles
The Theoretical Descriptions of Love Styles
The Structure of Love Styles
The Method to Assess Love Styles
The Empirically Identified Typology of Love Styles
Cultural Ideologies and Love Styles
Within-Cultural Variation of Love Styles
Advantages, Drawbacks, and Pitfalls of Lee’s Study of Love Styles
2.3.2 C. Hendrick and S. Hendrick’s Typology of Love Attitudes
Transformation of Love Styles into Love Attitudes
The Theory and Method of Love Attitudes
The Fate of Secondary and Tertiary Love Styles
Popularity of the Love Attitudes in Research
2.3.3 Sternberg’s Categorization of Love Stories
Personal Models of Love Stories
The Value of Narrative Approach in Love Categorization
2.3.4 Quadrangular Categorization of Love
Basic Components in Quadrangular Love Theory
Operational Definition of the Love Constructs
Hierarchical Structure of Love Constructs in QLT and QLS
Typologies of Love Experience
2.3.5 The Typology of Love as Attachment
Typology of Behavioral Patterns of Attachment
The Typology of Styles as Categorical Types of Adult Attachment
The Typology of Adult Attachment as Dimensional Types
2.4 Cultural Models, Typologies of Love, and Cultural Factors Affecting Them
2.4.1 The Conception of Cultural Models
Cultural Models in Human Sciences
Structures of Cultural Models
Internal and External Planes of Cultural Models
Typologies of Cultural Models
Methodology of Cultural Models
2.4.2 Cultural Models of Love
Conceptualization of the Cultural Models of Love
Relations Between Different Cultural Models of Love
How Cultural Models of Love Affect Personal Models of Love
2.5 Cultural Factors Shaping Cultural Models of Love
2.5.1 Ecological, Societal, and Cultural Factors Affecting Love
Interplay of Biological, Ecological, Societal, and Cultural Factors Affecting Love
Competitive, Collectivistic, and Individualistic Societies
The Main Cultural Types in the Historical Evolution of Societies
The Cultures of Subsistence-Based Societies
The Cultures of Traditional Collectivistic Societies
The Cultures of Modern Individualistic Societies
The Role of Family Structures in the Value of Love
Modernization of Societies
2.5.2 Individualistic Versus Collectivistic Values and Models of Love
The Concepts of Individualism, Collectivism, and Self
How Individualistic and Collectivistic Values Can Affect Love
Love Attitudes in Individualistic Cultures
Love Attitudes in Collectivistic Cultures
2.5.3 Conservative Versus Liberal Values and Love
Conservative Nature of Romanticism in American Culture
Effect of Conservatism on Romantic Beliefs in Australia
2.5.4 Gender Equality Versus Inequality in Society and Love
The Cultural Traditions of Gender Equality
The Modern Rise of Gender Equality and Its Effect on Love
Gender Equality and Romantic Love
2.5.5 Social Affordances and Freedom of Love
Arranged Marriages and Love
The Systems of Kin Relations and Extended Family Structures
Parental Influence in Love: The Romeo and Juliet Effect
Social Networks and Freedom of Love
The Romeo and Juliet Effect in a Cross-Cultural Perspective
Effect of Social Network on Individual Love Experience
Freedom of Mating Choice and Love
References
Chapter 3: Socio-biological Models of Love
3.1 Basics of Evolution
3.1.1 General Theory of Evolution
General Evolutionary Framework
Levels of Evolution
Evolutionary Processes of Adaptation
3.1.2 Varieties of Evolution
Biological Evolution of Love
Social Factors in Evolution of Love
Societal and Cultural Evolution of Love
Cultural Evolution of Monogamous Love
3.1.3 Evolution in Traditional and Modern Societies
Interaction of Biological, Ecological, Social, and Cultural Evolution
Transitional Evolution from Traditional to Modernized Societies
Controversies of Modern Evolution
3.2 The Biology of Love Attraction
3.2.1 Evolution of Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Love
Do Sexually Dimorphic Animals Love Each Other?
Neurophysiological Evolution of Love
Neurophysiology of Love Types
3.2.2 Genetics of Loving Partners
Genetic Similarity Between Loving Partners
Genetic Diversity Between Loving Partners
3.3 Evolutionary View of Love as Sexual Reproduction
3.3.1 Love as a Pursuit for Genetic Survival
3.3.2 Love for Mating and Sexual Reproduction
3.3.3 Sexual Attraction in Evolutionary Perspective
3.3.4 Love Helps Look for a Potential Mate
3.3.5 The Values of Good Look and Resourcefulness in Love
3.3.6 Cultural Variability of the Values of Good Look and Resourcefulness in Love
3.3.7 Methodological Challenge of Averaging Mate Preference
3.3.8 Mate Preferences and Real Mating
3.3.9 A Causality Issue in Relations Between Good Look and Love
3.4 Evolutionary View of Love as the Social Bonding
3.4.1 Evolutionary Value of Community Bonding Model of Love
Community Bonding for Survival
Social Bonding in Dogs
Social Bonding in Primates
Social Bonding in Human Evolution
Varieties of Human Mating Relationship Systems
Passionate Love as the Adaptation Mechanism in Social Bonding
3.4.2 Ecological and Social Conditions of Evolutionary Adaptive Bonding
Social Conditions of Living and Bonds of Love
Structures of Family Relationships and Love
The Community Bonding Helps Raise a Child
3.4.3 Evolutionary Value of the Pair-Bonding Model of Love
Attachment as the Evolutionary Mechanism of Bonding
Evolutionary Early Forms of Human Mating Relationships
Compassion and Caring in Service of Bonding
References
Chapter 4: Sexual Models of Love
4.1 The Model of Sexual Love
4.1.1 Sex as Sexual Pleasure
Concepts of Sex and Sexual Love
Sexual Love
Cross-Cultural Conceptions of Sexual Love
Social Origins of Sexual Love
4.1.2 Cultural Models of Premarital Sex in Love
Traditional Cultural Models of Premarital Sexual Relations and Chastity
Mormons Models of Premarital Sex in America
The Western Sexual Revolution of Love in the 1960s–1970s
4.1.3 Gender Equality and Premarital Sex
Gender Equality and Sex
Sexual Freedom and Sexualization of Love
4.1.4 Relations of Love and Sex in Modern Cultural Models of Relationships
Premarital Sex and Love Among Modern Americans
The Modern Japanese Cultural Models of Sex and Love
The Role of Sex in Other Types and Models of Love
4.2 The Models of Sensual and Erotic Love
4.2.1 The Features of Sensual Love
Hedonic Pleasure of Bodily Sensations
Kissing in the Model of Sensual Love
Sexual and Romantic Kiss as a Cultural Phenomenon
4.2.2 Erotic Model of Love
The Concept of Erotic Love
Erotic Love Is the Love of Beauty
Erotic Love and Physical Attraction
Relations of Erotic Love with Other Models of Love
4.2.3 Erotic Love in Cross-Cultural Perspective
Erotic Art and Erotic Love
Cultural Models of Beauty
Cultural Models of Erotic Love Across Cultural History
A Cultural Variety of Erotic Beauty and Attractiveness
Erotic Adornment and Attire
4.2.4 What Is Erotically Attractive
What Is Beautiful Is Erotically Attractive
Evolutionary Origins of Erotic Attractiveness
What Is Culturally Erotic Is Beautiful
Erotic Attraction of Expressive Behavior
Cultural Modernization and Westernization of Erotic Ideals
The Modern Shifts in Erotic Model of Love
Men’s and Women’s Erotic Love
References
Chapter 5: Models of Passionate and Affectionate Love
5.1 The Model of Passionate Love
5.1.1 The Attributes of Passionate Love Model
On the Concept of Passion
The Passion of Love
The Model of Passionate Love
Functions of Passionate Love
5.2 Ubiquitous Passionate Love Across Cultures
5.2.1 The Model of Passionate Love as a Cultural Idea
Cultural Origins of the Passionate Model of Love
Emergence of the Cultural Model of Passionate Love
Cross-cultural Ubiquity of Passionate Love
5.2.2 Cultural Values and Experiences of Passionate Love
Cultural Values of Passionate Love
Passionate Versus Dispassionate Emotions of Love
The Values and Experience of Passionate Love in Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures
The Individual Culturally Specific Preferences in the Experience of Love
5.2.3 Experience and Expression of Passionate Love Across Cultures
Cross-cultural Variation in the Experience and Expression of Passionate Love
Cross-cultural Dimensionality of Passionate Love
Eros Love Attitudes Across Cultures
Commonality and Variation in the Cultural Models of Passionate Love
5.3 Affectionate Models of Love
5.3.1 On the Concept of Affection
5.3.2 Affectionate Versus Passionate Models of Love
5.3.3 Chinese and Japanese Traditions of Muted Expression of Affectionate Love
References
Chapter 6: Models of Romantic Love
6.1 The Conception of Romantic Love Model
6.1.1 Cultural and Psychological Complexity of Romantic Love
What Is Romantic in the Romantic Love Model
The Major Distinctions of Romantic Love Model
Subjective Notion of the Romantic Love and Romantic Relationships?
Multifaceted Conception of Romantic Love
6.1.2 Romantic Love Model Across Times and Cultures
The Early Cultural Evolution of Romantic Love Model
Evolvement of Truly Romantic Love
The History of Relations Between Cultural Ideals of Romantic Love and Reality
How Romantic Love Model Conquered Premarital Relationships in Modernized Societies
The Cultural Model of Romantic Love Across Cultures
Experience of Romantic Love Across Cultures
6.2 Sex in Romantic Love Model
6.2.1 Romantic Love and Sexual Feelings
The Role of Sex in Romantic Love
How Sex Evolves into Romantic Love
Relative Independence of Romantic Love from Sex
6.2.2 Sex and Romantic Love Across Times and Cultures
Christiaan and Buddhist Cultures About Relations Between Sex and Love
Influence of Social Conditions on Sex and Romantic Love
Cultural Effect of Sexual Inequality and Equality on Romantic Love
6.3 Idealization in Romantic Love Model
6.3.1 Passionate and Affectionate Romantic Love Models
Passionate Romantic Love Model
Romantic Myth of Passion
Passionate Love Is Not Necessarily Romantic Love
Affectionate Romantic Love Model
6.3.2 How Idealization Works in Relationships
The Concept of Idealization
Passion of Love Triggers Idealization
Are Romantic Love Attitudes and Emotions the Symptoms of Immaturity?
6.3.3 Constructive and Destructive Roles of Romantic Idealization
Perceptual Romantic Illusions in Love
The Unique Person to Love and Exceptional Relationship
The Benefits of Romantic Love Ideals
The Adverse Effects of Idealization in Romantic Love Model
Critics of Romantic Love Model
The Romantic Love Complex as a Cultural Ideal
Effects of Cultural Values on the Romantic Idealistic Beliefs
6.4 The Romantic Beliefs that Make Love Romantic
6.4.1 What the Romantic Beliefs Are?
The Origins of Romantic Beliefs
Romantic Views of Life and Love
The Modern Scholarly View of Romantic Love Model
6.4.2 Romantic Beliefs Across Cultures
Cross-Cultural Studies of Romantic Beliefs
Cross-Cultural Variations of Romantic Beliefs
The Role of Culture, Gender, and Age in Romantic Beliefs
6.4.3 Romantic Love Is Irrational
Unknown Causes and Nature of Love
The Mystics of Love
Chemistry of Love
6.4.4 Romantic Love as a Destiny
Cultural Models of Love as a Fate or Choice
Cross-Cultural Presence of the Love Destiny Concept
Love as a Destiny in Burmese Culture
Love as a Destiny in Chinese Culture
6.4.5 Romantic Beliefs and the Real Life
The Issue of Universality of Romantic Love Model
Propaganda of Romantic Love Model
Compatibility of the Romantic Model of Love with Other Models of Love in American Society
6.4.6 Romantic and Other Models of Love in Modern World
Romantic Model Versus Other Models of Love
Romantic Love Versus Pragmatic Love
Romantic Love and Companionship
6.5 Admiration Models of Romantic Love
6.5.1 The Human’s Need for Admiration and Adoration
The Need to Admire
The Need to Be Admired
The Concepts of Admiration and Adoration
6.5.2 Admiration of Celebrities and Parasocial Romantic Model of Love
Cultural Valorization of Celebrities
Cultural Model of Idolizing Celebrities
The Parasocial Model of Love, which Substitutes External Social Relationships
Parasocial Versus Contact Romantic Model of Love
Personalities Predisposed to the Parasocial Model of Love
Fanatic Model of Love
6.5.3 Narcissistic Romantic Model of Self-Love
The Concept of Self-Love
Love of Narcissistic Person
Evolution of Narcissistic Love in the United States
Modern American Narcissistic Culture
Ethnic, Gender, and Age Variation of Narcissism in the United States
Narcissistic Love Across Cultures
References
Chapter 7: Models of Love as Social Connections
7.1 The Community-bonding and Pair-bonding as the Cultural Models of Love
7.1.1 Community and Kinship Love
The Individual Interdependence in Community and Kinship
The Kinship Love in Traditional Societies
Familial Model of Love
7.1.2 Models of Love as Pair-bonding
Emergence of Pair-bonding Love
Diversity of Pair-bonding Relationships
Sexual Monogamy
Cultural Monogamy
7.2 Models of Love as Attachment
7.2.1 Need to Belong and Attachment Love
The Need to Belong Is a Basic Human Need
Need to Belong and Love
In-group Bonding and Pair-bonding as the Types of Attachment
7.2.2 Attachment Models of Love
The Love of Child as Attachment
The Love of Adult as Attachment
Adult Attachment Model of Love Across Cultures
Love as Attachment in Relations with Other Models of Love
7.3 Models of Love as Commitment
7.3.1 The Dutiful Model of Love
The Concept of Love as a Duty
Varieties of Love as a Duty
Emphasis on Love as a Duty in Traditional Collectivistic Societies
Appreciation in the Duty Model of Love
7.3.2 Externally and Internally Imposed Commitment of Love
Typology of Commitment
Love as Externally Imposed Commitment
Love as Internally Imposed Commitment
The Role of Individualistic and Collectivistic Values in Experience of Love as Commitment
7.4 Models of Companionate Love
7.4.1 Companionate Love in Marital and Family Relationships
Concept of Companionate Love
Love for Marriage
The Cultural Model of Marital and Family Love
7.4.2 Western Cultural Models of Companionate Love
Western Scholarly Model of Companionate Love
How the American Model of Companionate Love Evolved
The Modern American Model of Companionate Love
Family Union, Comfort, and Friendship Are the Core Features of American Companionate Love
7.4.3 Eastern Cultural Models of Companionate Love
Cultural Universality of Companionate Love Model
Chinese Companionate Love
The Chinese Concept of Enqing—Grateful Love and Affection
7.5 Models of Love as Union
7.5.1 Compatibility of Partners in Companionate Model of Love
Love as a Union
Compatibility and Coordination Between Partners
Interdependence and Synchrony of Partners in Companionate Love
Love as Interpersonal Complementarity and Self-expansion
Model of Love as Self-expansion
Self-transcendence in Love as Self-expansion
The Model of Love as the Relationship Building
7.5.2 Typologies of Relationship Dependency in Love
Interdependence in Love and Close Relationship
Individual Types of Relationship Dependency
The Cultural Value of Interdependence and Independence
The Cultures of Interdependency and Independency in Love Relationships
Cultural Attitudes Toward Dependency in Love
Love as Relational Adjustment and Accommodation
Cultural Variations in the Attitudes to be Assertive or Accommodating to the Partner
Self-change in Love
7.5.3 Cultural Typologies of Psychological Intimacy in Love
Intimacy as Closeness and Its Cultural Value
Cultural Diversity of Intimacy
Intimacy as Self-disclosure and Its Cultural Variation
Japanese and American Cultural Models of Expressing Intimacy
Sharing and Communication in the Hispanic Cultural Model of Love
Intimacy in Latin American Cultures
Effect of Individualism and Collectivism on the Cultural Value of Intimacy
7.6 Friendship Models of Love
7.6.1 Lovers as Friends
The Terminology Standing for the Friendship-Based Love
Friendship-Based Love
Pseudo Opposition of Love and Friendship
7.6.2 Friendship Model of Love in Cultural Contexts
American Model of Love as Friendship
Friendship-based Love Across Cultural Groups in North America and Nearby
Friendship-based Love Across Countries
7.7 Altruistic and Benevolent Models of Love
7.7.1 Altruism and Benevolence in Love
The Construct of Altruism
Disciplinary Explorations and Cross-cultural Research of Altruism
The Benefits of Altruism and Prosocial Behavior
Cross-cultural Universality of Benevolent Love
7.7.2 Love as Caring and Giving
Love as Caring
Benefits of Caring
Love as Giving
Communal Relationship in Love
Giving Everything and Anything
7.7.3 Love as Agape
The Concept of Agape
Altruistic Love in Christian Culture
Altruistic Love in the Confucian Culture
Cultural Religious Models of Altruistic Love
The Agape Love in Non-religious Contexts
The Western Agape Attitudes in Relationships
The Chinese Agape Attitudes in Relationships
References
Chapter 8: Models of Rational Love
8.1 Realistic and Pragmatic Models of Love
8.1.1 Real Love Versus Ideal Romantic Love
Positive Biases and Unrealistic Expectations of Romantic Love
The Value of Realistic Perception and Choice in Love
8.1.2 Love in Practical Ways
Love Through Doing
The Puritan Model of Love in the Early American History
Anti-Romantic Puritan Model of Love
Mexican Practical Love
Practical Love in China and Africa
8.2 Exchange Models of Love
8.2.1 The Love Models of Economic and Social Exchange
What are the Exchange Models of Love?
Mating and Dating as Exchange
Economic Exchange Model of Love
Upward Mobility Model of Love
Status Exchange Model of Love in Intercultural Relationships
8.2.2 Investment Models of Love
The Structure of Psychological Investment in Love
Investment Constructs
Personal Investment and Commitment
Cross-Cultural Validity of Investment Model of Love
Types of Personal Investment Models
Model of Love as Parental Emotional Investment
Model of Love as the Adult Emotional Investment in Relationship
Emotional Investment as a Personality Trait
8.2.3 Communal and Equitable Models of Love
Communal Relationship Versus Exchange Relationship
The Mix of Communal and Exchange Models of Love in Close Relationships
The Equity Theory of Love
How Equitable Relationships Work
Cultural Variability in Perception of Equity
8.3 Performing Models of Love
8.3.1 Psychologically Disengaged Love
Performing Play and Game of Love
Gaming and Playful Aspects of Love Relationships
8.3.2 Love as the Role Play
Why Love Is a Play
The Imitation Game of Love
Flirting Is Also a Game of Mating
Playful Model of Love
Cross-Cultural Universality of Playful Forms of Love
Playboys and Playgirls
8.3.3 Love as a Game
Why Love Is Game
Mating Games
Playing Sexual Games
Explicit Sexual Games
Relationship Games
8.3.4 The Model of Ludus Love
The Ludus Type Is a Manipulator
The Ludus Type Is a Conqueror
Ludul Model of Love Across Cultures
References
Conclusions
Toward a Comprehensive Science of Love
The Lexicon of Love Research
Conceptual and Operational Definitions of Love
Multiplicity of the Things We Call Love
Appeal for the Multifaceted, Descriptive, and Complex Models of Love
Typologies of Love Things and Typologies of Cultures
Basic Approaches to the Construction of Cultural Models and Typologies of Love
The Diversity in Cultural Typology of Love
References
Index