Cult as the Catalyst for Division: Cult Disputes as the Motive for Schism in the Pre-70 Pluralistic Environment (Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah)

Cult as the Catalyst for Division: Cult Disputes as the Motive for Schism in the Pre-70 Pluralistic Environment......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 12
Introduction......Page 14
Defining ‘Cult’......Page 15
Premises......Page 17
Object of this Study: The Focus on Cult Issues......Page 19
Detailed Outline......Page 22
Presentation and Sources......Page 28
1.1 Introduction......Page 30
1.2 The Pre-Exilic Period......Page 31
1.3.1 The Effect of the Exile......Page 32
1.3.2 Ideological Dissension among the Returnees......Page 34
1.3.4 Changes in the Practice of Law in the Maccabean Period and its Aftermath......Page 38
1.4.1 The Significance of Exegesis in the Period of Ezra and Nehemiah......Page 39
1.4.2 Exegetical Disputes......Page 42
1.4.2.1 Sabbath Law and the Development of Relativity in the Law......Page 45
1.4.2.2 Contention Concerning Sacrifice......Page 48
1.5 Conclusion......Page 51
2.1 Introduction......Page 54
2.2 Example: The Grain Minhah—the Limited Time for Consumption......Page 58
2.3.1 Consecration of Priests......Page 67
2.3.2 Qumran’s Additional Festivals......Page 74
2.3.2.1 Rabbinic Exegesis: The High Priest’s Minhah......Page 75
2.3.2.2 Qumran Exegesis: The New Festivals......Page 83
2.3.2.3 Conclusion......Page 99
2.4.1 Fishbane’s Analysis......Page 102
2.4.2 Nitzan’s Analysis......Page 116
2.5 Comparing the Styles......Page 117
2.5.1 The General Laissez-faire Attitude and the Fluidity of the Text......Page 118
2.5.1.1 Minor and Major Variations; Versions......Page 121
2.5.1.2 The Qumran Variations......Page 127
2.5.1.3 The Innovative Structure of Qumran’s Non-Biblical Writings: Amalgamations of Texts from Different Sources, Interlacing of Text with Exegesis and New Rules......Page 130
2.5.2 Revelation......Page 134
2.5.2.1 Rabbinic View of Interpretative Authority......Page 136
2.5.2.2 Qumran’s View of Interpretative Authority: Revelation......Page 138
2.5.2.3 Impact of Revelation on Qumran’s Literary Style......Page 142
2.5.2.4 Impact of Revelation on Qumran Halakhah: Differences and Similarities between Qumran and Rabbinic Halakhah......Page 148
2.5.2.5 Revelation versus Exegesis—Complementary or Incompatible?......Page 156
2.6 The Signi cance of the Temple and its Sacri cial Celebrations—Qumran and Rabbinic Perspectives......Page 158
2.7 Conclusion......Page 160
3.1 Scope of the Chapter......Page 164
3.2 Methodology......Page 166
3.3 The Biblical Commands for the Regular Voluntary Minhah......Page 167
3.4.1 Quantities of Flour and Oil......Page 169
3.4.2 Type of Flour......Page 175
3.4.3 The Type of Oil......Page 177
3.4.4 Frankincense......Page 179
3.5.1 Baked Minhah versus Flour Minhah......Page 181
3.5.2 Shift of Privilege from Altar to Priests......Page 187
3.5.3 Rules Regarding the Minhah’s Distribution Among the Priests......Page 203
3.5.4 The Preparation Site......Page 205
3.5.5 The Quantity of Frankincense for the Flour Minhah......Page 215
3.5.6 The Development of Standard Quantities......Page 218
3.5.7 The Components of the “Handful”......Page 220
3.6.1 Sectarian Versus Rabbinic Rules: The Addition of Frankincense......Page 224
3.6.2 Sectarian Versus Rabbinic Rules: the Frankincense of the Showbread......Page 227
3.6.3 Frankincense as a Separate Offering......Page 229
3.7.1 Mixing the Flour and Oil of the Flour Minhah......Page 232
3.7.2 Mixing the Oil of the Oven-Baked Minhah......Page 234
3.7.2.1 Three Applications of Oil for Baked Menahot: The Interpretation of the Rabbinic Concept of “the Menahot Baked in a Form”......Page 235
3.7.4 Oven-Baked Menahot—One or Two Types?......Page 243
3.7.5 How Many Cakes or Wafers Must be Baked?......Page 244
3.7.6 Preparing the Baked Menahot for the Taking of the Memorial Portion......Page 246
3.8.1 Bringing the Minhah Near the Altar......Page 251
3.8.2 Placing the Portion on the Altar......Page 255
3.8.3 Time Limit for Eating the Minhah......Page 257
3.9 The Relationship between Rabbinic Rules and Actual Second Temple Practice......Page 261
3.10 Conclusion......Page 268
4.1 Introduction......Page 270
4.2 Rabbinic References to ‘Dissidents’......Page 271
4.2.1 Pharisaic-Sadducean and Pharisaic —Boethusian Disputes......Page 276
4.2.1.1 Calendar Issues—A Schism with the Boethusians?......Page 277
4.2.1.2 Disputes with Boethusians on Non-Calendar Issues: A More Reliable Proposition......Page 284
4.2.1.4 Conclusion......Page 286
4.2.2.1 The Motive Behind the Alleged Debates......Page 287
4.2.2.2 Different Interpretations of Biblical Commands......Page 288
4.2.2.3 Disputes Instigated by Contrasting Logical or Legal Considerations: Nitzoq and the Responsibility of the Slave’s Owner......Page 290
4.2.2.4 Disputes That May Have Resulted from Slightly Different Biblical MSS......Page 291
4.2.2.5 Were the Rabbinic Sacricial Rules Theoretical or Founded Upon Realities?......Page 294
4.2.2.6 Interim Conclusion......Page 297
4.2.3 The Relationship Between the Sadducees and the Essenes/ Qumranites......Page 298
4.2.4 Interim Conclusion......Page 315
4.3.1 The Creation of a Separate Codex......Page 326
4.3.2 All Halakhot or Particular Ones? The Bet Shammai—Bet Hillel Disputes as a Paradigm......Page 331
4.3.3 The Different Character of the Bet Shammai—Bet Hillel Disputes and Pharisee—Dissident Disputes......Page 338
4.3.4 Significance of the Temple Cult in Israelite Society......Page 347
4.3.5 The Utter Signficance of the Temple Cult in Qumran......Page 351
4.3.6 Interim Conclusions......Page 360
4.4.1 Did the Qumran Group Participate in the Temple Cult?......Page 362
4.4.2 No Individual Obligation to Bring or Perform Offerings......Page 367
4.4.3 What was Josephus’ ἀναθήματα, the “Votive Offering” Sent to theTemple by the Essenes?......Page 371
4.4.4 How did Qumran Resolve the Obligation of Pilgrimage and the Related Offerings?......Page 373
4.4.4.1 Why did Judah ben Dorotai and his Son Go to the “South”?......Page 375
4.5 Conclusion......Page 380
Conclusion......Page 382
Bibliography......Page 392
Citations Index......Page 410
Subject Index......Page 429
Back Matter......Page 438