Cover
Culinary Herbs and Spices: A Global Guide
Preface
Glossary
Contents
Chapter 1 - An Introduction to Culinary Herbs and Spices: A Global Guide
References
Chapter 2 - Allspice – Jamaican Pepper, Pimenta, Newspice (Pimenta dioica, Pimenta officinalis Lindl)
2.1 Names
2.2 Taxonomy
2.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
2.4 Historical and Current Uses
2.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
2.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
2.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
2.6.2 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
2.6.3 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
2.6.4 Anti- platelet, Hypotensive and Antinociceptive/Analgesic Properties
2.6.5 Potential Use in Managing Menopausal Symptoms
2.6.6 Antimicrobial Properties
2.6.6.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
2.6.6.2 Anti- fungal Activity
2.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 3 - Basil – Sweet Basil, Common Basil, Thai Basil, Tropical Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
3.1 Names
3.2 Taxonomy
3.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
3.4 Historical and Current Uses
3.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
3.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
3.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
3.6.2 Anti- inflammatory and Analgesic Properties
3.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
3.6.4 Cardiovascular Stimulatory and Cardioprotective Properties
3.6.5 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
3.6.6 Hepatoprotective Properties
3.6.7 Anti- ulcerative Properties
3.6.8 Anxiolytic (Calming), Sedative, Hypnotic, Anti- convulsant, Anti- depressant- like, Memory Retaining/Enhancing Properties
3.6.9 Antimicrobial Properties
3.6.9.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
3.6.9.2 Anti- fungal Activity
3.6.9.3 Other Anti- microbial Activity
3.6.10 Anti- parasitic Activity
3.6.11 Effect on the Respiratory System
3.6.12 Effect on Wound Healing
3.6.13 Effect on Fertility
3.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 4 - Bay Leaf (Laurus nobilis)
4.1 Names
4.2 Taxonomy
4.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
4.4 Historical and Current Uses
4.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
4.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
4.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
4.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
4.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
4.6.4 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
4.6.5 Hepatoprotective Properties
4.6.6 Anti- ulcer Properties
4.6.7 Anti- convulsant Properties
4.6.8 Antimicrobial Properties
4.6.8.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
4.6.8.2 Anti- fungal Activity
4.6.9 Alcohol Lowering Properties
4.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 5 - Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L)
5.1 Names
5.2 Taxonomy
5.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
5.4 Historical and Current Uses
5.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
5.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
5.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
5.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
5.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic, Lipid Lowering Properties and Effect on Appetite
5.6.4 Chemopreventive/anti- cancer Properties
5.6.5 Neuroprotective Properties
5.6.6 Antinociceptive/Analgesic and Anti- convulsant Properties
5.6.7 Digestive Properties and Gastrointestinal Stimulant
5.6.8 Prebiotic Potential
5.6.9 Antimicrobial Properties
5.6.9.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
5.6.9.2 Antifungal Activity
5.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 6 - Caraway (Carum carvi)
6.1 Names
6.2 Taxonomy
6.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
6.4 Historical and Current Uses
6.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
6.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
6.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
6.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
6.6.3 Glucose- lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
6.6.4 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
6.6.5 Hepato- and Nephro- protective Properties
6.6.6 Anti- convulsant and Anti- epileptic Properties
6.6.7 Diuretic Properties
6.6.8 Effect on Reproductive Organs
6.6.9 Impact on Drug Bioavailability
6.6.10 Therapeutic Potential of Caraway in the Management of Obesity, Functional Dyspepsia and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
6.6.10.1 Use of Caraway in the Management of Obesity
6.6.10.2 Use of Caraway in the Management of Dyspepsia
6.6.10.3 Use of Caraway in the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
6.6.11 Antimicrobial Properties
6.6.11.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
6.6.11.2 Anti- fungal Activity
6.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 7 - Cardamom – Small Cardamom, Green Cardamom, True Cardamom, Ceylon Cardamom, Malabar Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
7.1 Names
7.2 Taxonomy
7.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
7.4 Historical and Current Uses
7.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
7.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
7.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
7.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
7.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic, Lipid Lowering and Other Cardioprotective Properties
7.6.4 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
7.6.5 Hepatoprotective Properties
7.6.6 Gastroprotective Activity
7.6.7 Gut Modulatory and Anti-nausea Properties
7.6.8 Neuroprotective Properties and Impact on Behaviour, Learning, Memory and Development
7.6.9 Anticonvulsant Properties
7.6.10 Anti- microbial Activity
7.6.10.1 Antibacterial Properties
7.6.10.2 Antifungal Activity
7.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 8 - Chives (Allium schoenoprasum)
8.1 Names
8.2 Taxonomy
8.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
8.4 Historical and Current Uses
8.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
8.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
8.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
8.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
8.6.3 Lipid Lowering Properties
8.6.4 Anti- hypertensive Properties
8.6.5 Anti- platelet Activity
8.6.6 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
8.6.7 Anti- microbial Activity
8.6.7.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
8.6.7.2 Anti- fungal Activity
8.6.8 Anti- parasitic Activity
8.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 9 - Cinnamon: Cinnamomum verum (syn Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Cinnamomum cassia (syn Cinnamomum aromaticum), Cinnamomum burmanni, Cinnamomum loureiroi
9.1 Names
9.2 Taxonomy
9.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
9.4 Historical and Current Uses
9.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
9.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
9.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
9.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
9.6.3 Antinociceptive/Analgesic and Wound Healing Properties
9.6.4 Glucose Lowering and Anti- diabetic Properties
9.6.5 Lipid Lowering Properties
9.6.6 Anti- obesity Properties
9.6.7 Efficacy in the Treatment of Non- insulin/Non Lipidaemic Symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
9.6.8 Anti- hypertensive Properties
9.6.9 Neuroprotective Properties
9.6.10 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
9.6.11 Anti- microbial Properties
9.6.11.1 Anti- bacterial Properties
9.6.11.2 Anti- fungal Properties
9.6.12 Prebiotic Potential
9.6.13 Anti- parasitic Properties
9.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 10 - Clove (Syzygium aromaticum, Eugenia aomaticum, Eugenia caryophyllata)
10.1 Names
10.2 Taxonomy
10.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
10.4 Historical and Current Uses
10.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
10.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
10.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
10.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
10.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
10.6.4 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
10.6.5 Hepatoprotective Properties
10.6.6 Gastroprotective Properties
10.6.7 Analgesic, Wound Healing, Anti- convulsive, Anxiolytic, Anti- allergic and Aphrodisiac Properties
10.6.8 Anti- microbial Properties
10.6.8.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
10.6.8.2 Anti- fungal Activity
10.6.8.3 Anti- viral Activity
10.6.9 Anti- parasitic Activity
10.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 11 - Coriander or Cilantro Coriander/Chinese Parsley (Coriandrum sativum)
11.1 Names
11.1 Names
11.2 Taxonomy
11.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
11.4 Historical and Current Uses
11.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
11.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
11.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
11.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
11.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
11.6.4 Hypotensive Properties
11.6.5 Hepato- and Renal Protective Properties
11.6.6 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
11.6.7 Neurological and Neuroprotective Properties
11.6.8 Gut Modulatory Properties
11.6.9 Detoxification Properties
11.6.10 Anti- microbial Properties
11.6.10.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
11.6.10.2 Anti- fungal Activity
11.6.11 Anti- parasitic Activity
11.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 12 - Cumin (Cuminum cyminum)
12.1 Names
12.2 Taxonomy
12.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
12.4 Historical and Current Uses
12.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
12.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
12.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
12.6.2 Anti- inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties
12.6.3 Antinociceptive/Analgesic Properties
12.6.4 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
12.6.5 Cardioprotective/Hypotensive Properties
12.6.6 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
12.6.7 Hepatoprotective Properties
12.6.8 Gastrointestinal- protective Properties
12.6.9 Neurological and Neuroprotective Properties
12.6.10 Memory Enhancing and Antioxidant Properties
12.6.11 Anti- epileptic Properties
12.6.12 Effect on Opioid Tolerance and Dependence
12.6.13 Fertility Inhibitory and Promoting Properties
12.6.14 Anti- osteoporotic Properties
12.6.15 Anti- microbial Properties
12.6.15.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
12.6.15.2 Anti- fungal Activity
12.6.15.3 Anti- viral Activity
12.6.16 Antiparasitic Properties
12.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 13 - Dill (Anethum graveolens, Anethum foeniculum, Peucedanum graveolens, Anethum sowa)
13.1 Names
13.2 Taxonomy
13.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
13.4 Historical and Current Uses
13.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
13.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
13.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
13.6.2 Anti- inflammatory and Analgesic Properties
13.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
13.6.4 Hepatoprotective Properties
13.6.5 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
13.6.6 Neuroprotective/Memory Enhancing Properties
13.6.7 Anxiolytic/Calming Properties
13.6.8 Anti- epileptic Effect
13.6.9 Antispasmodic and Contractile Properties
13.6.10 Fertility
13.6.11 Impact on Skin/Dermal Properties
13.6.12 Anti- microbial Properties
13.6.12.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
13.6.12.2 Anti- fungal Activity
13.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 14 - Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
14.1 Names
14.2 Taxonomy
14.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
14.4 Historical and Current Uses
14.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
14.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
14.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
14.6.2 Anti- inflammatory and Analgesic Properties
14.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
14.6.4 Cardioprotective Properties
14.6.5 Hepatoprotective Properties
14.6.6 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
14.6.7 Effect on Fertility and Lactation and Use in the Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Menstrual Disorders and Men...
14.6.7.1 Fertility
14.6.7.2 Lactation
14.6.7.3 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
14.6.7.4 Management of Menstrual Disorders
14.6.7.4.1
Premenstrual Tension.A small number of RCTs have investigated the effect of fennel on symptoms of premenstrual tension (PMS), wh...
14.6.7.4.2
Primary Dysmenorrhea.An animal study by Ostad et al.,85 based in part on fennel's use to promote menstruation, demonstrated the ...
14.6.7.4.3
Oligomenorrhea.A recent RCT by Mokaberinejad et al.98 reported that a fennel seed infusion significantly decreased the severity ...
14.6.7.4.4
Effect on Menstrual Bleeding.In light of the reported effects of fennel on dysmenorrhea and its use in some parts of the world t...
14.6.7.4.5
Menopause and its Associated Conditions.Investigations, in the form of clinical trials, into the effects of fennel in women who ...
14.6.8 Potential Use in the Treatment/Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders
14.6.9 Anti- microbial Properties
14.6.9.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
14.6.9.2 Anti- fungal Activity
14.6.10 Other Bioactive Properties
14.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 15 - Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- graecum)
15.1 Names
15.2 Taxonomy
15.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
15.4 Historical and Current Uses
15.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
15.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
15.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
15.6.2 Anti- inflammatory and Analgesic Properties
15.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic, Lipid Lowering Properties
15.6.4 Neuroprotective/Neurological Properties
15.6.5 Hepato- /Renal/Gastro- and Pancreatic Protective Properties
15.6.6 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
15.6.7 Effect on Fertility and Lactation, Weight Management and Use in the Management of Menopause
15.6.7.1 Male Fertility
15.6.7.2 Weight Management
15.6.7.3 Female Fertility and Sexual Function
15.6.7.4 Lactation
15.6.7.5 Management of Menopause
15.6.8 Impact on Exercise Performance
15.6.9 Anti- microbial Properties
15.6.9.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
15.6.9.2 Anti- fungal Activity
15.6.10 Larvicidal Properties
15.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 16 - Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
16.1 Names
16.2 Taxonomy
16.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
16.4 Historical and Current Uses
16.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
16.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
16.6.1 Antioxidant and Anti- inflammatory Properties
16.6.2 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic, Lipid Lowering and Weight Management Properties
16.6.3 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
16.6.4 Anti- nausea/Antiemetic Properties
16.6.5 Nociceptive/Analgesic Properties
16.6.6 Anti- microbial Activity
16.6.6.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
16.6.6.2 Anti- fungal Activity
16.6.7 Prebiotic Potential
16.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 17 - Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus/Cymbopogon flexuosus)
17.1 Names
17.2 Taxonomy
17.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
17.4 Historical and Current Uses
17.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
17.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
17.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
17.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
17.6.3 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
17.6.4 Anxiolytic (Calming), Antinociceptive/Analgesic and Sedative Properties and Effect on Cognitive Function and Mood
17.6.5 Hypotensive Effect
17.6.6 Neuroprotective Effect
17.6.7 Anti- microbial Activity
17.6.7.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
17.6.7.2 Anti- fungal Activity
17.6.8 Anti- malarial Activity
17.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 18 - Mint – Mentha piperita (Peppermint), Mentha spicata (Spearmint), Mentha aquatica (Water Mint), Mentha arvensis (Corn, Field, Wild Mint, Japanese Mint, Marsh Mint)
18.1 Names
18.2 Taxonomy
18.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
18.4 Historical and Current Uses
18.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
18.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
18.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
18.6.2 Anti- inflammatory and Analgesic Properties
18.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
18.6.4 Cardioprotective Properties
18.6.5 Neuroprotective Properties
18.6.6 Other Neurological Properties
18.6.6.1 Impact on Behaviour/Mood, Alertness, Cognitive Function and the Management of Opioid Addiction
18.6.7 Management of Gastrointestinal Symptoms
18.6.8 Hepatoprotective Properties
18.6.9 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
18.6.10 Anti- allergic Properties
18.6.11 Anti- microbial Properties
18.6.11.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
18.6.11.2 Anti- fungal Activity
18.6.11.3 Anti- viral Activity
18.6.12 Larvicidal/Anti- parasitic Properties
18.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
18.7.1 Peppermint
18.7.2 Spearmint
References
Chapter 19 - Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans)
19.1 Names
19.2 Taxonomy
19.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
19.4 Historical and Current Uses
19.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
19.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
19.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
19.6.2 Anti- inflammatory and Analgesic Properties
19.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
19.6.4 Antithrombotic Properties
19.6.5 Hepatoprotective Properties
19.6.6 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
19.6.7 Antidepressant and Anti- convulsant Properties
19.6.8 Anti- microbial Properties
19.6.8.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
19.6.8.2 Anti- fungal Activity
19.6.9 Anti- parasitic Properties
19.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 20 - Oregano – Oregano/Mediterranean Oregano (Origanum vulgare) and Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens, Lippia palmeri, Hedeoma patens, Poliomintha longiflora) (Also Referred to as Rosemary Mint)
20.1 Names
20.2 Taxonomy
20.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
20.4 Historical and Current Uses
20.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
20.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
20.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
20.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
20.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
20.6.4 Antiplatelet Activity
20.6.5 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
20.6.6 Nephroprotective Properties
20.6.7 Antimicrobial Properties
20.6.7.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
20.6.7.2 Anti- fungal Activity
20.6.7.3 Anti- viral Activity
20.6.8 Anti- parasitic Activity
20.6.9 Prebiotic Potential
20.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 21 - Paprika (Capsicum annuum or Capsicum tetragonum)
21.1 Names
21.2 Taxonomy
21.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
21.4 Historical and Current Uses
21.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
21.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
21.6.1 Antioxidant and Anti- inflammatory Properties
21.6.2 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
21.6.3 Anti- microbial Properties
21.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 22 - Parsley (Petroselinum crispum/Petroselinum Hortense/Petroselinum sativum)
22.1 Names
22.2 Taxonomy
22.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
22.4 Historical and Current Uses
22.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
22.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
22.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
22.6.2 Analgesic and Anti- inflammatory Properties
22.6.3 Glucose Lowering and Anti- diabetic Properties
22.6.4 Anti- platelet Properties
22.6.5 Anti- hypertensive Properties
22.6.6 Hepatoprotective Properties
22.6.7 Renal Protective Properties
22.6.8 Gastroprotective and Antispasmolytic Properties
22.6.9 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
22.6.10 Effect on Fertility
22.6.11 Anti- microbial Properties
22.6.12 Potential Use in the Treatment of Melasma
22.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 23 - Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis syn, Salvia rosmarinus)
23.1 Names
23.2 Taxonomy
23.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
23.4 Historical and Current Uses
23.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
23.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
23.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
23.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
23.6.3 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
23.6.4 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
23.6.5 Antinociceptive/Analgesic Properties
23.6.6 Anxiolytic (Anti- anxiety/Calming) Properties
23.6.7 Anti- hypotensive Properties
23.6.8 Anti- microbial Properties
23.6.8.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
23.6.8.2 Anti- fungal Activity
23.6.8.3 Anti- viral Activity
23.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 24 - Saffron (Crocus sativus var. kashmiriana)
24.1 Names
24.2 Taxonomy
24.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
24.4 Historical and Current Uses
24.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
24.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
24.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
24.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
24.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
24.6.4 Potential Use in the Management of Obesity
24.6.5 Preventive and Therapeutic Potential in the Development and Management of Cardiovascular Disease
24.6.6 Chemopreventive/anti- cancer Properties
24.6.7 Prevention and Therapeutic Potential in the Development and Management of Neurodegenerative Disorders and Other Neurologic...
24.6.8 Potential Use in the Treatment of Ocular Disorders
24.6.8.1 Age- related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
24.6.8.2 Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)
24.6.9 Potential Use in the Treatment of Sexual and Menstrual Disorders and Management of the Menopause
24.6.9.1 Sexual Dysfunction
24.6.9.2 Menstrual Disorders
24.6.9.3 Management of the Menopause
24.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 25 - Sage/Common Sage (Salvia officinalis)
25.1 Names
25.2 Taxonomy
25.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
25.4 Historical and Current Uses
25.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
25.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
25.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
25.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
25.6.3 Antinociceptive/Analgesic Properties
25.6.4 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
25.6.5 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
25.6.6 Anti- microbial Properties
25.6.6.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
25.6.6.2 Anti- fungal Activity
25.6.7 Cognitive and Memory Enhancing/Neuroprotective Properties
25.6.8 Anti- menopausal Properties
25.6.9 Anti- diarrheal and Anti- spasmodic Properties
25.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 26 - Star Anise/Chinese Anise (Illicium Verum)
26.2 Taxonomy
26.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
Star Anise/Chinese Anise (Illicium Verum)
26.4 Historical and Current Uses
26.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
26.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
26.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
26.6.2 Weight Management Potential
26.6.3 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
26.6.4 Analgesic and Sedative Properties
26.6.5 Anti- microbial Activity
26.6.5.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
26.6.5.2 Anti- fungal Activity
26.6.5.3 Anti- viral Activity
26.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 27 - Sumac (Rhus Coriaria L., Rhus glabra L., Rhus typhina L.)
27.1 Names
27.2 Taxonomy
27.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
27.4 Historical and Current Uses
27.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
27.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
27.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
27.6.2 Anti- inflammatory and Analgesic Properties
27.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
27.6.4 Cardioprotective Properties
27.6.5 Potential Use in the Management of Obesity
27.6.6 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
27.6.7 Anti- microbial Properties
27.6.7.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
27.6.7.2 Anti- fungal Activity
27.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 28 - Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana/marjorama hortensis)
28.1 Names
28.2 Taxonomy
28.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
28.4 Historical and Current Uses
28.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
28.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
28.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
28.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Activity
28.6.3 Antiplatelet Activity and Cardioprotective Activity
28.6.4 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
28.6.5 Anti- ulcer Activity
28.6.6 Hepatoprotective Activity
28.6.7 Anti- microbial Properties
28.6.8 Anti- acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity
28.6.9 Effect on Hormonal and Metabolic Profile
28.6.10 Other Reported Purported Beneficial Health and Therapeutic Effects of Sweet Marjoram
28.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 29 - Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus)
29.1 Names
29.2 Taxonomy
29.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
29.4 Historical and Current Uses
29.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
29.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
29.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
29.6.2 Anti- inflammatory and Analgesic Properties
29.6.3 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
29.6.4 Antiplatelet Properties
29.6.5 Gastro- and Hepato- protective Properties
29.6.6 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
29.6.7 Neurological and Neuroprotective Properties
29.6.8 Anti- microbial Properties
29.6.8.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
29.6.8.2 Anti- fungal Activity
29.6.9 Anti- parasitic Activity
29.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 30 - Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
30.1 Names
30.2 Taxonomy
30.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
30.4 Historical and Current Uses
30.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
30.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
30.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
30.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
30.6.3 Antinociceptive/Analgesic Properties
30.6.4 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
30.6.5 Hepatoprotective Effects
30.6.6 Antimicrobial Properties
30.6.6.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
30.6.6.2 Anti- fungal Activity
30.6.6.3 Anti- viral Activity
30.6.7 Anti- parasitic Properties
30.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Chapter 31 - Turmeric (Curcuma longa, Curcuma domestica)
31.1 Names
31.2 Taxonomy
31.3 Origin, Description and Adulteration
31.4 Historical and Current Uses
31.5 Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science
31.6 Bioactive Properties, Purported Health Benefits and Therapeutic Potential: Current and Emerging Research
31.6.1 Antioxidant Properties
31.6.2 Anti- inflammatory Properties
31.6.3 Chemopreventive/Anti- cancer Properties
31.6.4 Glucose Lowering, Anti- diabetic and Lipid Lowering Properties
31.6.5 Treatment and Management of Digestive Disorders
31.6.6 Neurological and Neuroprotective Properties
31.6.7 Use in the Treatment of Kidney Disease
31.6.8 Use in the Treatment of Skin Conditions
31.6.9 Ongoing Clinical Trials
31.6.10 Anti- microbial Properties
31.6.10.1 Anti- bacterial Activity
31.6.10.2 Anti- fungal Activity
31.6.10.3 Anti- viral Activity
31.6.11 Larvicidal Activity
31.7 Safety and Adverse Effects
References
Subject Index
