CT of the Airways

THEZONE......Page 1
front-matter......Page 2
Part I......Page 13
1.01 Airway Anatomy and Physiology......Page 14
TRACHEA......Page 35
MAIN BRONCHI......Page 47
SEGMENTAL AND SUBSEGMENTAL BRONCHI......Page 48
NORMAL FINDINGS ON EXPIRATORY CT......Page 56
Tracheobronchomegaly......Page 59
Infectious Bronchitis......Page 60
Bronchiectasis......Page 61
Mucoid Impaction of Bronchi......Page 63
Bronchocentric Granulomatosis......Page 65
Relapsing Polychondritis......Page 67
Cellular Bronchiolitis......Page 69
Respiratory Bronchiolitis......Page 72
Bronchiolitis Obliterans with Intraluminal Polyps (BOOP or OP pattern)......Page 73
Peribronchiolar Metaplasia (Bronchiolarization)......Page 75
Bronchiolocentric Nodules......Page 76
Asthma......Page 78
Diffuse Panbronchiolitis......Page 80
Fume-Related Bronchiolar Injury......Page 81
AXIAL CT IMAGES......Page 84
ALTERNATIVE CT DISPLAY METHODS: MULTIPLANAR AND 3-D RECONSTRUCTIONS......Page 86
IMAGING TECHNIQUE: OPTIMIZING IMAGE QUALITY......Page 87
3-D Reconstruction Methods......Page 92
2-D Multiplanar Reformation Methods......Page 94
TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTION OF SMALL AIRWAY ABNORMALITY......Page 95
DUAL ENERGY CT......Page 98
CONCLUSION......Page 100
INTRODUCTION......Page 104
IMAGING PROTOCOLS......Page 105
TECHNIQUES FOR CT QUANTITATIVE MEASURE OF AIRWAY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION......Page 110
Airway Measurements......Page 113
Lung Attenuation......Page 116
NOVEL CT VENTILATION TECHNIQUES......Page 118
Trachea......Page 119
Peripheral Airways......Page 120
CONCLUSION......Page 121
Part II......Page 127
IMAGING TECHNIQUE......Page 128
PartIV: Pediatric Airways Disorders......Page 0
POST-INTUBATION STENOSIS......Page 131
AMYLOIDOSIS......Page 135
IDIOPATHIC LARYNGOTRACHEAL STENOSIS......Page 137
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE......Page 138
RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS......Page 140
SABER-SHEATH TRACHEA......Page 142
SARCOIDOSIS......Page 144
TRACHEOBRONCHOPATHIA OSTEOCHONDROPLASTICA......Page 146
TRANSPLANTATION......Page 148
TUBERCULOSIS......Page 149
WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS......Page 151
IMAGING ASSESSMENT......Page 157
CT CHARACTERIZATION OF AIRWAY NEOPLASMS......Page 162
BENIGN LESIONS......Page 168
Papillomatosis......Page 169
Lipomas......Page 170
Chondroma......Page 171
Squamous Cell Carcinoma......Page 174
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma......Page 177
Carcinoid......Page 178
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma......Page 183
SECONDARY AIRWAY MALIGNANCIES......Page 185
Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica......Page 186
Amyloidosis......Page 188
Miscellaneous......Page 193
Introduction......Page 197
Congenital or Primary Form......Page 198
Acquired or Secondary Form......Page 199
Histopathology......Page 200
Traditional Diagnostic Approach......Page 201
Provocative Maneuvers for Non-Invasive Functional Airway Imaging......Page 203
Diagnostic Criterion for TBM......Page 205
How to Perform a Functional MDCT Study......Page 206
Diagnostic Interpretation of Functional MDCT Studies......Page 207
Treatment......Page 213
Conclusions......Page 215
DEFINITION OF BRONCHIECTASIS......Page 219
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND PRESENTATION OF BRONCHIECTASIS......Page 221
ETIOLOGIES OF BRONCHIECTASIS......Page 222
CT TECHNIQUE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF BRONCHIECTASIS......Page 223
CT CRITERIA FOR THE DIAGNOSES OF BRONCHIECTASIS......Page 225
CYSTIC FIBROSIS......Page 227
NON-TUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASE INFECTION......Page 230
ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS......Page 234
ALPHA-1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY......Page 236
IMMUNODEFICIENCIES......Page 237
PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA......Page 239
Part III......Page 242
INTRODUCTION......Page 243
Bronchial Dilatation......Page 244
Decreased Lung Attenuation......Page 247
Expiratory Air Trapping......Page 248
Small Airway Hyperresponsiveness......Page 249
CT Assessment......Page 253
Effect of Treatment......Page 256
INFECTIOUS BRONCHIOLITIS......Page 259
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pneumonia......Page 260
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia......Page 261
Chlamydia pneumoniae Pneumonia......Page 262
Bacterial Bronchiolitis......Page 264
Bronchiolitis Due to Granulomatous Disease......Page 266
Bronchiolitis Due to Aspergillus Infection......Page 269
ASPIRATION BRONCHIOLITIS......Page 271
CONCLUSION......Page 273
DIFFUSE PANBRONCHIOLITIS......Page 275
Differential Diagnosis......Page 278
FOLLICULAR BRONCHIOLITIS......Page 280
Toxic Inhalation......Page 281
Anthracosis Related to Biomass Fuels......Page 282
Flock Lung......Page 284
Inflammatory Bowel Disease......Page 287
BRONCHOCENTRIC GRANULOMATOSIS......Page 289
DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY......Page 296
IMAGING FINDINGS......Page 298
Computed Tomography Findings......Page 301
Postinfectious Obliterative Bronchiolitis......Page 312
Obliterative Bronchiolitis Associated with Transplantation......Page 314
Sauropous androgynus-Related Obliterative Bronchiolitis......Page 317
Obliterative Bronchiolitis Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease......Page 319
INTRODUCTION......Page 327
Pathology......Page 328
Clinical Aspects......Page 329
Imaging......Page 330
DESQUAMATIVE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA......Page 333
Clinical Aspects......Page 335
Imaging......Page 336
Pathology......Page 338
Imaging......Page 340
MIXED SMOKING-RELATED DISORDERS......Page 343
LARGE AIRWAYS ABNORMALITIES IN CIGARETTE SMOKERS......Page 345
Part IV......Page 351
Sedation......Page 352
Technical Considerations of Multislice CT......Page 353
Maximum and Minimum Intensity Projection Images......Page 354
Three-Dimensional Volume Rendering......Page 357
Congenital Tracheobronchial Anomalies......Page 359
Congenital Vascular Anomalies......Page 362
ACQUIRED TRACHEAL NARROWING......Page 367
Tracheal Stricture......Page 368
Primary Airway Neoplasms......Page 369
Infection......Page 373
TRACHEOMALACIA AND BRONCHOMALACIA......Page 376
CONCLUSIONS......Page 377
ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 381
Technique......Page 382
ACUTE BRONCHIOLITIS......Page 389
BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS......Page 391
FOLLICULAR BRONCHIOLITIS......Page 395
NEUROENDOCRINE CELL HYPERPLASIA OF INFANCY......Page 396
BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA OR CRYPTOGENIC ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA......Page 399
HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS......Page 400
OTHER CAUSES OF BRONCHIOLITIS......Page 401
back-matter......Page 405