This exciting new resource provides a comprehensive overview of the field of cryptography and the current state of the art. It delivers an overview about cryptography as a field of study and the various unkeyed, secret key, and public key cryptosystems that are available, and it then delves more deeply into the technical details of the systems. It introduces, discusses, and puts into perspective the cryptographic technologies and techniques, mechanisms, and systems that are available today. Random generators and random functions are discussed, as well as one-way functions and cryptography hash functions. Pseudorandom generators and their functions are presented and described. Symmetric encryption is explored, and message authentical and authenticated encryption are introduced. Readers are given overview of discrete mathematics, probability theory and complexity theory. Key establishment is explained. Asymmetric encryption and digital signatures are also identified. Written by an expert in the field, this book provides ideas and concepts that are beneficial to novice as well as experienced practitioners.
Author(s): Rolf Oppliger
Edition: 1
Publisher: Artech House
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 650
Tags: cryptography; unkeyed; secret key; public key; random generators; symetric encryption;
Cryptography 101: From Theory to Practice
Contents
Foreword
Preface
References
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 CRYPTOLOGY
1.2 CRYPTOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS
1.2.1 Classes of Cryptographic Systems
1.2.2 Secure Cryptographic Systems
1.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1.4 OUTLINE OF THE BOOK
References
Chapter 2
Cryptographic Systems
2.1 UNKEYED CRYPTOSYSTEMS
2.1.1 Random Generators
2.1.2 Random Functions
2.1.3 One-Way Functions
2.1.4 Cryptographic Hash Functions
2.2 SECRET KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMS
2.2.1 Pseudorandom Generators
2.2.2 Pseudorandom Functions
2.2.3 Symmetric Encryption
2.2.4 Message Authentication
2.2.5 Authenticated Encryption
2.3 PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMS
2.3.1 Key Establishment
2.3.2 Asymmetric Encryption Systems
2.4 FINAL REMARKS
References
Part I UNKEYEDC RYPTOSYSTEMS
Chapter 3 Random Generators
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 REALIZATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS
3.2.1 Hardware-Based Random Generators
3.2.2 Software-Based Random Generators
3.2.3 Deskewing Techniques
3.3 STATISTICAL RANDOMNESS TESTING
References
Chapter 4 Random Functions
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 IMPLEMENTATION
4.3 FINAL REMARKS
Chapter 5 One-Way Functions
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 CANDIDATE ONE-WAY FUNCTIONS
5.2.1 Discrete Exponentiation Function
5.2.2 RSA Function
5.2.3 Modular Square Function
5.3 INTEGER FACTORIZATION ALGORITHMS
5.3.1 Special-Purpose Algorithms
5.3.2 General-Purpose Algorithms
5.3.3 State of the Art
5.4 ALGORITHMS FOR COMPUTING DISCRETE LOGARITHMS
5.4.1 Generic Algorithms
5.4.2 Nongeneric (Special-Purpose) Algorithms
5.4.3 State of the Art
5.5 ELLIPTIC CURVE CRYPTOGRAPHY
5.6 FINAL REMARKS
References
Chapter 6
Cryptographic Hash Functions
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 MERKLE-DAMGARD CONSTRUCTION
6.4 EXEMPLARY HASH FUNCTIONS
6.4.1 MD4
6.4.2 MD5
6.4.3 SHA-1
6.4.4 SHA-2 Family
6.4.5 KECCAK and the SHA-3 Family
6.5 FINAL REMARKS
Part II SECRET KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMS
Chapter 7 Pseudorandom Generators
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 EXEMPLARY CONSTRUCTIONS
7.3 CRYPTOGRAPHICALLY SECURE PRGs
7.3.1 Blum-Micali PRG
7.3.2 RSA PRG
7.3.3 BBS PRG
7.4 FINAL REMARKS
References
Chapter 8 Pseudorandom Functions
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 SECURITY OF A PRF
8.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRGs AND PRFs
8.3.1 PRF-Based PRG
8.3.2 PRG-Based PRF
8.4 RANDOM ORACLE MODEL
8.5 FINAL REMARKS
References
Chapter 9 Symmetric Encryption
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.1.1 Block and Stream Ciphers
9.1.2 Attacks
9.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
9.3 PERFECTLY SECURE ENCRYPTION
9.3 PERFECTLY SECURE ENCRYPTION
9.4 COMPUTATIONALLY SECURE ENCRYPTION
9.5 STREAM CIPHERS
9.5.1 LFSR-Based Stream Ciphers
9.5.2 Other Stream Ciphers
9.6 BLOCK CIPHERS
9.6.1 DES
9.6.2 AES
9.7 MODES OF OPERATION
9.7.1 ECB
9.7.2 CBC
9.7.3 CFB
9.7.4 OFB
9.7.5 CTR
9.8 FINAL REMARKS
References
Chapter 10 Message Authentication
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 INFORMATION-THEORETICALLY SECURE MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION
10.3 COMPUTATIONALLY SECURE MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION
10.3.1 MACs Using A Symmetric Encryption System
10.3.2 MACs Using Keyed Hash Functions
10.3.3 Carter-WegmanMACs
10.4 FINAL REMARKS
References
Chapter 11 Authenticated Encryption
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 AEAD CONSTRUCTIONS
11.2.1 CCM
11.2.2 GCM
11.3 FINAL REMARKS
References
Part III PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMS
Chapter 12
Key Establishment
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 KEY DISTRIBUTION
12.2.1 Merkle’s Puzzles
12.2.2 Shamir’s Three-Pass Protocol
12.2.3 Asymmetric Encryption-Based Key Distribution Protocol
12.3 KEY AGREEMENT
12.4 QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
12.4.1 Basic Principles
12.4.2 Quantum Key Exchange Protocol
12.4.3 Historical and Recent Developments
12.5 FINAL REMARKS
References
Chapter 13 Asymmetric Encryption
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 PROBABILISTIC ENCRYPTION
13.2.1 Algorithms
13.2.2 Assessment
13.3 ASYMMETRIC ENCRYPTION SYSTEMS
13.3.1 RSA
13.3.2 Rabin
13.3.3 Elgamal
13.3.4 Cramer-Shoup
13.4 IDENTITY-BASED ENCRYPTION
13.5 FULLY HOMOMORPHIC ENCRYPTION
13.6 FINAL REMARKS
References
Chapter 14 Digital Signatures
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 DIGITAL SIGNATURE SYSTEMS
14.2.1 RSA
14.2.2 PSS and PSS-R
14.2.3 Rabin
14.2.4 Elgamal
14.2.5 Schnorr
14.2.6 DSA
14.2.7 ECDSA
14.2.8 Cramer-Shoup
14.3 IDENTITY-BASED SIGNATURES
14.4 ONE-TIME SIGNATURES
14.5 VARIANTS
14.5.1 Blind Signatures
14.5.2 Undeniable Signatures
14.5.3 Fail-Stop Signatures
14.5.4 Group Signatures
14.6 FINAL REMARKS
References
Chapter 15 Zero-Knowledge Proofs of Knowledge
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 ZERO-KNOWLEDGE AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOLS
15.2.1 Fiat-Shamir
15.2.2 Guillou-Quisquater
15.2.3 Schnorr
15.3 NONINTERACTIVE ZERO-KNOWLEDGE
15.4 FINAL REMARKS
References
Part IV
CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 16 Key Management
16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.1.1 Key Generation
16.1.2 Key Distribution
16.1.3 Key Storage
16.1.4 Key Destruction
16.2 SECRET SHARING
16.2.1 Shamir’s System
16.2.2 Blakley’s System
16.2.3 Verifiable Secret Sharing
16.2.4 Visual Cryptography
16.3 KEY RECOVERY
16.4 CERTIFICATE MANAGEMENT
16.4.1 Introduction
16.4.2 X.509 Certificates
16.4.3 OpenPGP Certificates
16.4.4 State of the Art
16.5 FINAL REMARKS
References
Chapter 17
Summary
17.1 UNKEYED CRYPTOSYSTEMS
17.2 SECRET KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMS
17.3 PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMS
17.4 FINAL REMARKS
Chapter 18 Outlook
18.1 THEORETICAL VIEWPOINT
18.2 PRACTICAL VIEWPOINT
18.3 PQC
18.3.1 Code-based Cryptosystems
18.3.2 Hash-based Cryptosystems
18.3.3 Lattice-based Cryptosystems
18.3.4 Isogeny-based Cryptosystems
18.3.5 Multivariate-based Cryptosystems
18.4 CLOSING REMARKS
References
Appendix A Discrete Mathematics
A.1 ALGEBRAIC BASICS
A.1.1 Preliminary Remarks
A.1.2 Algebraic Structures
A.1.3 Homomorphisms
A.1.4 Permutations
A.2 INTEGER ARITHMETIC
A.2.1 Integer Division
A.2.2 Common Divisors and Multiples
A.2.3 Euclidean Algorithms
A.2.4 Prime Numbers
A.2.5 Factorization
A.2.6 Euler’s Totient Function
A.3 MODULAR ARITHMETIC
A.3.1 Modular Congruence
A.3.2 Modular Exponentiation
A.3.3 Chinese Remainder Theorem
A.3.4 Fermat’s Little Theorem
A.3.5 Euler’s Theorem
A.3.6 Finite Fields Modulo Irreducible Polynomials
A.3.7 Quadratic Residuosity
A.3.8 Blum Integers
References
Appendix B Probability Theory
B.1 BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS
B.2 RANDOM VARIABLES
B.2.1 Probability Distributions
B.2.2 Marginal Distributions
B.2.3 Conditional Probability Distributions
B.2.4 Expectation
B.2.5 Independence of Random Variables
B.2.6 Markov’s Inequality
B.2.7 Variance and Standard Deviation
B.2.8 Chebyshev’s Inequality
References
Appendix C
Information Theory
C.1 INTRODUCTION
C.2 ENTROPY
C.2.1 Joint Entropy
C.2.2 Conditional Entropy
C.2.3 Mutual Information
C.3 REDUNDANCY
C.4 KEY EQUIVOCATION AND UNICITY DISTANCE
References
Appendix D
Complexity Theory
D.1 PRELIMINARY REMARKS
D.2 INTRODUCTION
D.3 ASYMPTOTIC ORDER NOTATION
D.4 EFFICIENT COMPUTATIONS
D.5 COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
D.6 COMPLEXITY CLASSES
D.6.1 Complexity Class P
D.6.2 Complexity Classes NP and coNP
D.6.3 Complexity Class PP and Its Subclasses
D.7 FINAL REMARKS
References
List of Symbols
Abbreviations and Acronyms
About the Author
Index
