Radar and communication systems play an important role in civil and military applications. They are always under development and new versions continually come to the market. Though the basic operation principles have stayed nearly the same over the last 100 years, new technology has allowed for advancements in the development of components, and new systems find specific applications. Superconducting materials are widely used, for example in motors, magnets, cavities, and transformers, and are sometimes also used for typical components of radar and communication systems, like antennas, filters, and logical elements. Superconducting components significantly change the operation of whole systems, and thorough understanding of operational principles is of paramount importance for correct design. In this book, the recent developments of cryogenic receivers over the last 20 years are outlined. Special attention is given to the very specialized technologies, like Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) logics, or electrically small active antennas based on SQUID/bi-SQUID/SQIF operational principles. The classical applications, like superconducting filters or cryogenically cooled Low Noise Amplifiers (LNA), are considered in detail. Though the book is considered as a review on recent developments of cryogenic receivers to facilitate an understanding of operational principles, many examples with estimations are given. The reliability of cryogenic receivers strongly depends on the mechanical and cryogenic designs, and many practical examples and solutions are also presented. Future trends or possible research areas are considered as well. This book will be helpful for graduate students as well as engineers working with cryogenic, radar and communication systems.
Author(s): Sergiy Putselyk
Series: Physics Research and Technology
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 208
City: New York
Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1. General
1.2. Goals of Present Work
References
Chapter 2
Review on State-of-the-Art of Receiver Systems with Superconducting Electronic Components
2.1. Some National and European Programs
2.2. Systems with Superconducting Filters and Cold LNA
2.2.1. Superconducting Technology Inc. (STI)
2.2.2. HYPRES Inc.
2.2.3. Tsinghua University
2.2.4. Cryoelectra GmbH with other European and Chinese Institutions
2.2.5. Tianjin Hi-tech Developments Inc.
2.2.6. Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science
2.2.7. Toshiba Corporation: Communication System
2.2.8. NTT DoCoMo Inc.
2.2.9. University of Birmingham
2.2.10. Chung-Shan Institute of Science, Taiwan
2.2.11. Radars and Communication Systems for Space Applications
2.3. Array Antenna with SC Filters and Other Cold Elements
2.3.1. S-Band 8 Element Transceiver Module with Cold Bandpass Filter and LNA
2.3.2. 16 Element Transceiver Module with Cold Limiter, Bandpass Filter and LNA
2.3.3. X-Band 16 Element Transceiver Module with Cold Bandpass Filters and LNA
2.3.4. X-Band 16 Element Transceiver Module with Cold Phase Shifters, 16 Way Divider/Combiner, Tx-Rx Switch, Limiter and LNA
2.3.5. Superconducting Antenna, Filter and CMOS-Based LNA
2.4. Chapters 2.2 and 2.3: Lessons Learnt, Future Trends and Research Activities
2.4.1. Future Work, Trends and Research Activities
2.5. HYPRES Inc. Systems with SC Electronics Based on RSFQ Logic
2.5.1. General Description
2.5.2. First Generation
2.5.3. Second Generation
2.5.4. Third Generation
2.5.5. Fourth Generation
2.5.6. Most Critical Components
2.5.6.1. ADC
2.5.6.1.1. Flash-Type ADC
2.5.6.1.2. Phase Modulation-Demodulation (PMD) Oversampling ADC
2.5.6.1.3. Bandpass Δ-Σ ADC
2.5.6.1.4. Time-to-Digital Converters (TDC)
2.5.6.1.5. ADC with Current Measurements at Input
2.5.6.2. Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
2.5.6.3. Decimation Digital Filter (DDF)
2.5.6.4. Decerializer (Demultiplexer)
2.5.6.5. Correlation-Based Matched Filter
2.5.6.6. Digital Channelizer
2.5.6.7. Clock
2.5.6.8. DAC
2.5.6.9. Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) for Digital-RF Transmitter
2.5.6.10. Digital-RF (Asynchronous) Switch Matrix (Non-Blocking and Multicasting)
2.5.6.11. Data Transfer
2.5.7. Future Trends and Area of Possible Research Activities
2.6. Superconductor Antennas
2.6.1. General
2.6.2. Loop and Dipole Antenna
2.6.3. Microstrip Antenna
2.6.4. Array Antennas
2.6.5. Trends and Future Activities
2.7. Antenna Based On SQUID/SQIF Elements
2.7.1. General
2.7.2. SQIF/bi-SQUID Antenna Working at 4K Temperature Level
2.7.3. SQIF/bi-SQUID Antenna Working at 40-80K Temperature Level
2.7.4. Short Summary of Experimental Data
2.7.5. Trends and Future Activities
2.8. Filters
2.8.1. General
2.8.2. Non-Tunable Filters
2.8.3. Duplexer and Multiband Filters
2.8.4. Tunable Filters
2.8.5. High Power Filters
2.8.6. Trends and Future Activities
2.9. Power Limiters
2.10. Other Developments
2.10.1. Analogue SQUID
2.10.2. Digital SQUID and Digital DROS
2.10.3. Mixers Realized on Josephson Junction
2.10.4. Trends and Future Activities
References
Chapter 3
Overall Design of L-Band Phased Array Antenna System Based on Parallel Operations of Superconductor and Semiconductor (Conventional) Electronics
3.1. RF Parameters: Specification
3.2. RF Design: Advantages of “Conventional” Cryogenic Receiver
3.2.1. Superconducting Limiter
3.2.2. Superconducting Filter
3.2.3. LNA
3.2.4. Matching Network
3.2.5. Summary
3.3. Main Components and Estimation of Cold and Warm Receiver Noise Figures
3.4. Cold LNA
3.5. Superconducting Filters
3.6. Cold Antenna
3.6.1. Possible Choices of Cold Antenna
3.6.2. “RF-Unit-Cell” Design
3.6.2.1. RF-Unit-Cell with cold antenna
3.7. Warm Antenna
3.8. Comments to Chapter 3
References
Chapter 4
HF Design of Phased Array Antenna System Based on SC Electronics with Cold Antenna
4.1. Case 1: Superconducting Filter and Cold LNA
4.2. Case 2: Superconducting Antenna, Filter and Cold LNA
4.3. Case 3: Electrically Small Active Antenna Based on bi-SQUID/SQIF Elements at 77K or 4K
4.3.1. SQIF/bi-SQUID Antenna Working at 4K Temperature Level
4.3.2. SQIF/bi-SQUID Antenna Working at 40-80K Temperature Level
4.4. Case 4: Digital SQUID and Digital DROS
4.5. Case 5: Superconducting Filter and Antenna for High Power Operation
4.6. Case 6: SQUID-Based Downconverter
4.7. Case 7: Digital Receiver Based on HYPRES Inc. Development
4.7.1. Digital Receiver with Warm Antenna
4.7.2. Digital Receiver with bi-SQUID/SQIF Antenna at 4K Temperature Level
4.8. Case 8: Digital Transmitter (Direct Digital Synthesizer)
4.8.1. DAC
4.8.2. Some Prototypes Built
4.9. Case 9: SFQ-Based Computer
References
Chapter 5
Mechanical, Cryogenic and Vacuum Designs of Receiver
5.1. Requirements
5.2. Modular Cryostats with Separate Vacuum Vessel and Cryocooler
5.2.1. Modular Design of Cold Antenna and Electronics at 40-80K Temperature Level
5.2.2. Modular Design of Cold Antenna and Electronics at 4 K Temperature Level
5.3. Comments and Notes to Chapter 5
References
Conclusion
Appendix A: “Most Significant Change to Satellite Communications Worldwide in 30 Years”
Superconductivity: Applications in Wireless Communications
HTS Filters
All-Digital Receivers
“Most Significant Change to Satellite Communications Worldwide in 30 Years”
Issues and Recommendations
Appendix B: Application of 4th Generation ADR with Multiple Channels for Naval Radio Frequency Systems
Who
What
When
How
About the Author
Index
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