In 1213, Pope Innocent III issued his letter "Vineam Domini", thundering against the enemies of Christendom — the "beasts of many kinds that are attempting to destroy the vineyard of the Lord of Sabaoth" — and announcing a General Council of the Latin Church as redress. The Fourth Lateran Council, which convened in 1215, was unprecedented in its scope and impact, and it called for the Fifth Crusade as what its participants hoped would be the final defense of Christendom. For the first time, a collection of extensively annotated and translated documents illustrates the transformation of the crusade movement.
"Crusade and Christendom" explores the way in which the crusade was used to define and extend the intellectual, religious, and political boundaries of Latin Christendom. It also illustrates how the very concept of the crusade was shaped by the urge to define and reform communities of practice and belief within Latin Christendom and by Latin Christendom's relationship with other communities, including dissenting political powers and heretical groups, the Moors in Spain, the Mongols, and eastern Christians. The relationship of the crusade to reform and missionary movements is also explored, as is its impact on individual lives and devotion. The selection of documents and bibliography incorporates and brings to life recent developments in crusade scholarship concerning military logistics and travel in the medieval period, popular and elite participation, the role of women, liturgy and preaching, and the impact of the crusade on western society and its relationship with other cultures and religions.
Intended for the undergraduate yet also invaluable for teachers and scholars, this book illustrates how the crusades became crucial for defining and promoting the very concept and boundaries of Latin Christendom. It provides translations of and commentaries on key original sources and up-to-date bibliographic materials.
Author(s): Jessalynn Bird, Edward Peters, James M. Powell (eds.)
Series: The Middle Ages Series
Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Press
Year: 2013
Language: English
Pages: XXII+512
Editors' Note xi
Maps xiii
1. The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Thirteenth Century
2. Areas of the Albigensian Crusade and the Inquisition in Southern France
3. The Fourth Crusade's Route to Constantinople
4. The Damietta Region of Egypt
5. Progress of the Reconquista in Iberia
6. The Mediterranean Region
Note on Abbreviations and Translation xix
Introduction: Crusade and Christendom, 1187–1291 1
1. Gregory VIII, "Audita tremendi", 1187 4
Part I. The Pope, Crusades, and Communities, 1198–1213 24
2. Innocent III, "Post miserabile", 1198 28
3. Innocent III, "Multe nobis attulit", 1199 38
4. The Lambrecht Rite for Taking the Cross, ca. 1200 42
5. Innocent III's Response to the Questions of Hubert Walter, 1200–1201 47
6. Facets of the Fourth Crusade, 1202–1204 52
7. The Albigensian Crusade, 1209–1229 66
8. Roman Intercessory Processions, 1212 82
9. The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, 1212 85
10. The Children's Crusade, 1212–1213 95
Part II. Crusade and Council, 1213–1215 106
11. Innocent III, "Quia maior", 1213 107
12. Innocent III, "Pium et sanctum", 1213 112
13. An Anonymous Crusade-Recruiting Sermon, ca. 1213–1217 114
14. Innocent III's Response to the Questions of Conrad of Speyer, "Quod iuxta verbum", 1213 119
15. Roger Wendover on the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215 121
16. The Fourth Lateran Council, Canon 71, "Ad liberandam", 1215 124
Part III. The Fifth Crusade, 1213–1221 130
17. Roger Wendover on Signs and Portents, 1217 131
18. Letters of Gervase of Prémontré, 1216–1217 133
19. James of Vitry's Sermon to Pilgrims, 1229–1240 141
20. The Rhineland Crusaders, 1220 154
21. Oliver of Paderborn, "The Capture of Damietta", ca. 1217–1222 158
22. Roger Wendover, Three Letters from the East, 1221–1222 225
23. Two Recruiters in Marseilles, 1224 231
24. Ibn Wasil on the Frankish Surrender, ca. 1282 235
Part IV. The Emperor's Crusade, 1227–1229 237
25. Roger Wendover on the Crusade of Frederick II, ca. 1230 238
26. Philip of Novara on the Crusade of Frederick II, ca. 1230 247
27. Frederick II, Letter to Henry III of England, 1229 250
28. Ibn Wasil (ca. 1282) and Ibn al-Jauzi (ca. 1250) on the Loss of Jerusalem 253
29. The Letter of Gerold on Antichrist, ca. 1230 261
Part V. The Barons' Crusade, 1234–1245 266
30. Gregory IX, "Rachel suum videns", 1234 269
31. Gregory IX to the Mendicant Orders, "Pium et sanctum", 1234 276
32. Matthew Paris on Mendicant Preaching, 1234–1236 277
33. Lyrics of Thibaut IV of Champagne, ca. 1234–1239 281
34. Gregory IX to Frederick II, "Considerantes olim", 1238 287
35. Matthew Paris: Richard of Cornwall on Crusade, 1245 289
36. Matthew Paris on Crusade Financing, 1241 297
37. Matthew Paris: The Sack of Jerusalem, 1244 298
38. The First Council of Lyons, 1245 302
Part VI. The Mongol Crusades, 1241–1262 306
39. Henry of Saxony to the Duke of Brabant, 1241 311
40. Frederick II to the Christian Princes, 1241 313
41. Gregory IX to King Bela of Hungary, "Vocem in excelso", 1241 319
44. A Thirteenth-Century English Liturgical Response to the Mongol Threat 325
45. Matthew Paris on Archbishop Peter and the Mongol Threat, 1244 327
46. The First Council of Lyons, 1245 330
47. The Master of the Temple to the Preceptor of Templar Houses in England, 1261 332
48. Alexander IV on the Tartar Threat, "Clamat in auribus", 1261 337
49. Letter from Hülagü, Il-Khan of Persia, to Louis IX, 1262 342
Part VII. The Saint's Crusades, 1248–1270 348
50. Jean de Joinville's Preparations for Departure on Crusade, 1248 350
51. John Sarrasin's Letter on the Capture of Damietta, 1249 354
52. Ibn Wasil (ca. 1282) and al-Maqrizi (ca. 1440) on Louis's Defeat 360
53. Louis's Letter to the People of France, 1250 366
54. The "Pastoureaux", 1251 374
55. The Register of Eudes Rigaud, 1260–1269 385
56. Rutebeuf, "Lament of the Holy Land", ca. 1266 389
Part VIII. The Italian Crusades, 1241–1268 394
57. Gregory IX to John of Civitella, "Cum tibi duxerimus", 1241 397
58. Matthew Paris on Staufer Italy, 1245–1269 398
59. Urban IV to Louis IX on Manfred, "Ecce fili carissime", 1264 410
60. Salimbene of Parma on Staufer Italy, ca. 1285 412
61. The Chronicle of Pedro III of Aragon (1283–1288) 424
Part IX. Living and Dying on Crusade 428
62. Ticket-Scalping on a Crusade Ship, 1248 429
63. Contract of Crusade Service, 1270 430
64. Lawsuit for Breach of Contract, 1250 432
65. Traveling in Style and at Risk, 1216–1217 434
66. The Last Will and Testament of Barzella Merxadrus, 1219 439
67. The Codicil of Count Henry of Rodez, 1222 442
68. The Archbishop of York on Ignoble Pilgrims, 1275 445
Part X. The Road to Acre, 1265–1291 448
69. Gilbert of Tournai on Reform and Crusade, ca. 1272–1274 453
70. Humbert of Romans, "Opusculum tripartitum", ca. 1272–1274 455
71. Gregory X and the Second Council of Lyons, 1274 465
72. The Templar of Tyre on the Fall of Acre, 1291 473
73. Abu l-Fida' and Abu l-Mahasin on the Fall of Acre, 1291 486
Index 493
Acknowledgments 511
