This is the third book to be produced by members of the Gambling Research Group - associated with Tilburg University's Faculty of Law concerning issues closely connected with the debate on the gambling policies that the European Union and its Member States are pursuing. The first book - Alan Littler and Cyrille Fijnaut (eds), "The Regulation of Gambling: European and National Perspectives" (Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007) - mainly considers the legal aspects of gambling regulation, at both European Union and Member State level. The second book - Tom Coryn, Cyrille Fijnaut and Alan Littler (eds), "Economic Aspects of Gambling Regulation: EU and US Perspectives" (Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008) - looks at research conducted in the United States and the European Union into the costs and benefits involved in the regulation of gambling.The contributions to this third book turn the spotlight on two social problems: crime and addiction, both of which play a significant part in the institutional debate in the European Union concerning whether gambling should be treated as a service that - like other services - should be subject to the laws universally applicable to the internal market. This volume is primarily devoted to the research that has been conducted in several Member States into the problems of gambling-related crime and addiction. It also examines developments at EU level: what policy is the European Commission currently pursuing and what stance does the European Court of Justice take these days. Crime and addiction problems that can arise in the context of online gambling and at possible ways of keeping them under control are also examined.
Author(s): Toine Spapens, Alan Littler, Cyrille Fijnaut
Year: 2009
Language: English
Pages: 254
Preface (Cyrille Fijnaut)......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
List of Abbreviations......Page 14
2.1. From Schindler to Zenatti......Page 16
2.2. Gambelli and Lindman......Page 18
2.2. The Defence of Justice Minister Piet Hein Donner......Page 19
2.3. Commissioner McCreevy's Unbelieving Response......Page 20
2.4. The Defence of Justice Minister Ernst Hirsch Ballin......Page 21
2.5. Placanica, or Unexpected Help from the European Court of Justice......Page 23
2.6. The Questions Referred by the Dutch Council of State for a Preliminary Ruling......Page 25
2.7. Crime and Addiction in the Proposed New Betting and Gaming Act......Page 27
3.1. Developments on Various Fronts in the European Union......Page 29
3.2. The Developments in a Number of Member States: the Netherlands, France, Germany and the United Kingdom......Page 30
1. Introduction......Page 34
2. Illegal Forms of Gambling on Offer......Page 36
2.1. Petty Gambling on the Street or in Bars and Eating Establishments......Page 37
2.2. Illegal Sports Betting and Totes......Page 39
2.3. Illegal Lotteries and Lottos......Page 42
2.4. Illegal Casinos......Page 43
2.5. Illegal Electronic Gambling Machines......Page 46
2.6. Online Gambling......Page 47
2.7. Loan Sharking......Page 49
3.1. The Mafia in Las Vegas......Page 50
3.2. The Electronic Gambling Machine Sector in the Netherlands......Page 53
3.3. The Problem of Unknown Beneficial Owners......Page 54
4. Improper Use of Gambling for Illegal Activities......Page 55
4.1. Match Fixing......Page 56
4.2. Predatory Crime......Page 58
4.3. Using Gambling for Money laundering Purposes......Page 59
5.1. Crime Committed by Gambling Addicts......Page 62
5.2. Casino-related Crime......Page 67
6. Concluding Remarks......Page 69
2.1. Secondary Legislation......Page 70
2.2. The European Commission's 2006 Study on Gambling Services in the Internal Market......Page 71
3.1. Approach 1 – Harmonisation and Something about the Relevant Secondary Legislation......Page 72
3.1.1. The Need for Clear Definitions......Page 76
3.1.2. The Need for a Clear Scope......Page 77
3.2. Approach 2 – Infringement Proceedings and National Restrictions......Page 78
3.3. Justification and Evidence – Which Problem – What Evidence?......Page 79
4. Final Observations......Page 82
1. Introduction......Page 84
2. Existing EU Case Law......Page 86
2.2.1. Suitability......Page 88
2.2.2. Proportionality......Page 89
3.1. The Facts......Page 90
3.2. Disagreement Within the Italian Case Law......Page 91
3.3. The Court's Reply......Page 92
3.3.2. Tender Procedure: Listed Companies......Page 93
4.1. Problematic Justification: Reducing Gambling Opportunities......Page 94
4.2. Possible Justification: Combating Crime......Page 95
4.3. Proportionality: Licences from Other Member States......Page 98
5.1. The Objectives of National Legislation and the Goal of the European Court of Justice......Page 99
5.2. Belgium......Page 101
5.3. The Netherlands......Page 103
5.4. France......Page 105
6. Conclusion......Page 106
1. Introduction......Page 108
2. The Theory With Regard to Regulation......Page 109
3. Gambling Policy in the Netherlands......Page 111
4. Illegal Casinos in the Netherlands......Page 114
5. Legal Casinos in the Netherlands......Page 117
6. Repression and Regulation......Page 120
7. Concluding Remarks......Page 122
1. Introduction......Page 124
2. Gambling Addiction: Diagnosis, Taxonomy, and Risk Factors......Page 125
3.1. Methodology......Page 129
3.2. Results of the Study......Page 131
4. Prevention of Gambling Addiction......Page 135
4.1. Measures Directed Towards the Game......Page 136
4.2. Measures Directed Towards the Players......Page 137
4.3. Measures Directed Towards the Environment......Page 139
5. General Conclusion......Page 141
1. Introduction......Page 142
2.1. The Traditional Approach of French Gambling Policy......Page 143
2.2. The Government's Creation: Three Distinct Sectors......Page 144
2.4. The Ministries Exercise Sole Jurisdiction......Page 146
2.5. Towards a New Policy......Page 148
3.1.2. In Relation to Lotteries......Page 149
3.1.4. In Relation to Slot Machines......Page 150
3.1.5. In Relation to Casinos......Page 151
3.3. Internet – New Games – Many Conflicts and the 'Psychodrama' between France and the European Commission......Page 152
5. Conclusion......Page 154
1. Introduction......Page 156
2. Problems with a Legally Oriented Segmentation of the Market......Page 157
3. Sales Figures in the Various Segments of the Gambling Market......Page 160
4. Payout Ratio......Page 165
5. The Market for Sport Betting......Page 167
6. State Revenue and State Revenue Spending......Page 169
7. The Number of and Spending of Players for the Various Game of Chance Formats......Page 173
8. Pathological Gambling in Germany and the Regulation of the Gambling Market......Page 176
9. Conclusions......Page 179
2. The Legacy of the 1968 Gaming Act......Page 180
4. The National Lottery......Page 182
5. Late 20th Century Trends......Page 183
5.5. Increased Expenditure......Page 184
6. Problem Gambling in Britain......Page 185
6.2. New Types of Games......Page 186
6.3. Adolescent Gambling......Page 187
6.4. Crime......Page 188
7.1. The Purpose of the Act......Page 189
7.2. The Reception of the Act......Page 190
7.4. Vulnerable Groups, Social Responsibility and Consumer Protection......Page 192
8. Concluding Comments......Page 193
1. Introduction......Page 196
2. The Expansion and Popularity of Internet Gambling......Page 200
3. The Causes of Problem Gambling......Page 206
4. The Containment of Underage Gambling......Page 212
6. Responsible Gambling: Developing a Comprehensive Approach......Page 216
7. Regulation and Protecting Consumers......Page 218
8. The Social Responsibility of Operators......Page 220
9. Responsible Gambling: What Does it Entail?......Page 222
10. Why was the Legislation in the UK Changed?......Page 223
11. The Challenge of Internet Ethics......Page 224
12. Conclusion......Page 227
Concluding Remarks (Cyrille Fijnaut)......Page 232
Appendix......Page 236
About the Authors......Page 256
Index......Page 260
