Creative Complex Systems

Preface
Contents
Part I Toward the Study of Creative Complex Systems: From the Foundation of IRU-ICSS
1 David Pines and Me
1.1 Meeting David Pines
1.2 Complex System Research at Kyoto University
1.3 Measures to Raise the Level of Science and Mathematics Education
1.4 Education in Osaka City
1.5 Farewell to David
References
2 To Err is Human: The Complex Nature of Human Reproduction and Prenatal Development
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Many Fertilized Human Ova Die in Utero
2.3 Developmental Abnormalities Occur Frequently Early in Development
2.4 Intrauterine Fate of Normal and Abnormal Human Embryos and Fetuses
2.5 Causes of Developmental Anomalies in Humans
2.6 Mutation as a Cause of Developmental Abnormalities
2.7 Spontaneous Mutation and Its Impact on Human Health and Survival
2.8 Conclusion
References
3 Short Notes on Theories of Species Diversity
3.1 Fitness-Dependent Theories (with Species Interactions)
3.1.1 Random Network
3.1.2 Food Web
3.1.3 Mutualism
3.1.4 Competition
3.1.5 Multiple Types of Interactions
3.1.6 Multiplex Ecological Networks
3.2 Fitness-Independent Theories (Without Species Interactions)
3.2.1 Niche Apportionment Models
3.2.2 Neutral Theory
3.3 Tests of Theories
3.3.1 Evaluation of Metrics of Community Structure
3.3.2 Goodness-of-Fit Test of SADs
3.3.3 Labeled SADs
3.4 Conclusions
References
4 Museum Workshop: Evolution of Human Intelligence and Education
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Children Are Getting Hooked in Science Workshops
4.1.2 Why Do Science Workshops Stimulate Participants Emotions?
4.1.3 Environmental Conditions for Our Ancestors
4.1.4 Biga (Two-Horse Chariot) Mode of Science Activity
4.1.5 Dispassionate Cycle
4.1.6 Emotional Cycle
4.1.7 Seeing is Not Always Believing and Three Men Do Not Make a Wise Man
4.1.8 Common Mistakes in the Observation Stage
4.1.9 Oversight
4.1.10 False-Belief
4.1.11 Poor Discussion Ability: Three Men Do Not Make a Wise Man
4.1.12 Self-reflection
4.1.13 Depth of Participant Reflection
4.2 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Part II Creative Complexity in Mathematical Sciences: The Power of Analogy in Multidisciplinary Studies
5 Anomalous Behavior of Random Walks on Disordered Media
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Bond Percolation on the Lattice
5.1.2 The Erdős-Rényi Random Graph
5.1.3 Two-Dimensional Uniform Spanning Tree
5.2 RW on the Lattice and Brownian Motion on mathbbRd
5.3 RW on Fractal Graphs and Brownian Motion on Fractals
5.4 SRW on the Percolation Cluster
5.4.1 Supercritical Case
5.4.2 Critical Case
5.5 SRW on the Erdős-Rényi Random Graph
5.6 SRW on the 2-Dim UST
5.7 Conclusions
References
6 Pollution, Human Capital, and Growth Cycles
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Model
6.2.1 Utility Maximization
6.3 Equilibrium
6.3.1 Dynamical System
6.3.2 Steady State
6.3.3 Dynamics of h and k
6.4 Numerical Analysis
6.5 Conclusion
Appendix
References
7 Productive Consumption in a Two-Sector Model of Economic Development
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Model
7.3 Local Dynamics
7.4 Concluding Remarks
Appendix: Existence and Uniqueness of a Steady State
References
8 Time and Mnemonic Morphism
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Functor and Sheaf
8.3 Past-Present-Future as Objects of a Temporal Site
8.4 Conclusion
References
9 Universality and the Role of Limitations Influencing Interdisciplinary Scientific and Cultural Advances
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Universality and Limitations of a Selected Property Assumed to be Present for a Family of Entities
9.3 An Abstract Nonexistent Entity as the Universal Reference
9.4 Mathematics Taken as the Universal Language of Science
9.5 Some Universality of Inertia of Organizational Traditions
9.5.1 Slow Adoption of the Steam Engine by the Royal Navy
9.5.2 Resistance to Change at Traditional Universities
9.6 Summary
Appendix
References
10 Some Conceptual Principles with Mathematical Background for Interdisciplinary Developments in the Sciences and Beyond
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Recognition of Inherent Fuzziness and a Fuzzy Set and Fuzzy Logic Approach to Interdisciplinarity
10.3 Recognizing Analogy as a System of Similarities, and Approaches for Analyzing Analogies as Motivated by the Functor Model of Category Theory
10.4 Some General Conclusions
Appendix 1
Main Concepts and Definitions of Fuzzy Set Theory
Appendix 2
A Functorial Approach to Analogies
References
11 The Role of Paradox in the Development of Interdisciplinary Scientific and Cultural Advances
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Continuity–Discontinuity Paradox
11.2.1 Some of the Paradoxes in the History of the Development of Life on Earth
11.3 The De-quantization–Re-quantization Paradox
11.3.1 The Chemical Space, the Z Space (Nuclear Charge Space), and the Universal Molecule
11.4 Localization–Delocalization Paradox
11.4.1 Localized–Delocalized Areas of Science: Specific Disciplines and Interdisciplinarity
11.4.2 The Localization–Delocalization Paradox of the Location of Discovery and Utilization
11.4.3 Three Examples of the Localization–Delocalization Paradox in Chemistry
11.4.4 A Holographic Principle and the Localization–Delocalization Paradox
11.4.5 Individual Cultures–Multiculturalism
11.5 Sharp–Fuzzy Paradox
11.6 Summary
Appendix 1
Benefits of Clearly Defined but Not Well-Known Components as Temporary Tools for Advancement: A Witty Proof of the Theorem of Pythagoras
Appendix 2 Useful Complications Leading to Simplifications
References
Part III Emergent Dynamics in Complex Social and Physical Sciences: Exploring the Underlying Fluctuations in Collective Modes
12 Elucidation of Chaotic Market Hypothesis Based on Ergodic Theory
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Super Generalized Central Limit Theorem and its Generalization
12.3 Exactly Solvable Chaos and Stable Law to Test Universal Super Generalized Central Limit Theorem
12.4 Testing Efficient Market Hypothesis and Discovery of Novel Periodic Structure
12.5 Elucidation of Chaotic Market Hypothesis
12.6 Discussions
12.7 Conclusions
References
13 Itinerant-Electron Magnetism and Spin Fluctuations—Aspects of Theories and Experiments
13.1 Brief History of Magnetism
13.2 Itinerant-Electron Magnetism
13.3 Quantitative Aspects of SCR Theory of Spin Fluctuations
13.4 Takahashi’s Spin-Fluctuation Theory
13.5 Exotic Superconductivity and Spin Fluctuations
References
14 Quantum Size Effect Probed by NMR Measurements
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Nanoparticles
14.1.2 Quantum Size Effect
14.1.3 Previous Pt-NMR Studies
14.2 Experimental Results and Discussion
14.2.1 Pt-Nanoparticle Sample
14.2.2 Pt-NMR Measurements
14.3 Summary
References
15 Recent Topics on Organic Spin Liquid Candidates
15.1 Brief History of Organic Conductors
15.2 Introduction of κ-Type ET Salts
15.3 Spin-Liquid Behavior and Superconductivity in κ-Type ET Salts
15.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Aspects
References
Part IV Creative Dynamics of Complex “Living” Systems: From Molecules to Health and Disease in Life and Its Evolution
16 Impact of Reactive Oxygen Species and G-Quadruplexes in Telomeres and Mitochondria
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Telomere
16.1.2 Mitochondria
16.1.3 G-Quadruplex
16.2 Noncanonical Roles of Telomerase
16.2.1 Role of Telomerase in Regulating Mitochondrial Function
16.2.2 Telomere–Mitochondrial Aging Axis
16.2.3 TERT and TERC Shuttling
16.2.4 Telomerase Involvement in Oxidative Stress in Mitochondria
16.3 Implications of G-Quadruplex in Mitochondrial Genome and Gene Regulation
16.3.1 Role of Mitochondrial G4 in Transcription/Replication Switching
16.3.2 G-Quadruplex and Mitochondrial Gene Expression
16.3.3 G-Quadruplex and Mitochondrial/Cell Fate
16.3.4 Hypothetical Role of G4 DNA as Oxidative Stress Sensor in Determining Cell Fate
16.4 Therapeutic Approaches to Improve Mitochondrial Function
16.4.1 Gene Editing Tools for Targeting mtDNA Mutations
16.4.2 Small Molecule-Based Therapeutic Approaches for Treating Mitochondrial Disorders
16.4.3 Pyrrole–Imidazole Polyamide (PIP)-Based Therapeutic Approaches to Improve Mitochondrial Function
16.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
17 Evolution, Motor of the Changing Biosphere
17.1 The Changing Biosphere
17.2 Organisms, Populations, and Species
17.3 Microevolution
17.4 Macroevolution
17.5 Conclusion
References
18 New Horizons in Brain Science
18.1 Rise of Functional Neuroimaging
18.2 Neurovascular Coupling: An Unexpected Convenience
18.3 Rise of the Global Signal Problem
18.4 Default Mode and Network Problems
18.5 Gray Matter in rs-fMRI
18.6 Current Status of Neurovascular and Neuro-BOLD Coupling
18.7 Perfusion-Related Structure in fMRI Data
18.8 Dissociation of Neurovascular Coupling from Neuro-BOLD Coupling
18.9 Complex System Within a Complex System
18.10 Future Directions
References
19 Evolutionary Perspective on Suffering: Murase’s Self–nonself Circulation Theory of Life Applied to PRISM (Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure)
19.1 Murase’s Self–nonself Circulation Theory of Life
19.2 PRISM (Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure)
19.3 Understanding Suffering in Medicine
19.4 Discussions: Application of the Self–nonself-Circulation-Theory on PRISM
References
Part V Integrated Complex Science: Theory and Its Application in Transdisciplinary Studies
20 Machine Learning for Metabolic Identification
20.1 Introduction
20.2 In Silico Fragmentation Tools to Aid Metabolic Identification
20.2.1 Rule-Based Methods
20.2.2 Combinatorial-Based Methods
20.2.3 Machine Learning-Based Methods
20.3 Machine Learning for Metabolic Identification
20.3.1 Supervised Learning for Predicting Substructures
20.3.2 Unsupervised Learning for Substructure Annotation
20.4 Conclusion
References
21 Ignorance, Creation, Destruction
21.1 Introduction
21.2 A Model of Knowledge Acquisition
21.2.1 Information Processing as Niche Construction
21.2.2 Categorization
21.2.3 The Evolution of Information Processing
21.2.4 The Present is Constructed by Interaction Between Past and Future
21.2.5 Knowledge Destruction and Replacement
21.2.6 Path Dependency
21.3 Some Characteristics of Western Scientific Information Processing
21.4 Troublesome Dichotomies Never Worry Eastern Philosophers
21.5 The Self–Nonself (or Endo–Exo) Circulation Theory
21.6 Discovery of Nothingness Leading to Infinity
21.7 How Can We Imagine Something that Thought Cannot Think?
21.8 Towards a New Synthesis
21.9 Ignorance is Necessary for Acquiring Knowledge
References
22 A Unified Theory and Practice of Creative Complex Systems: Challenging to the Systemic Problems Spanning the Inside and Outside World
22.1 Introduction to the Self–Nonself Circulation Theory of Life
22.1.1 Overview
22.1.2 The Self–Nonself Circulation Paradigm
22.1.3 Challenging Problem: What is Creativity?
22.1.4 Nothingness or Emptiness as the Mother of Infinity
22.1.5 Unintended Scenario of the World: Constructive Destruction
22.1.6 Limit of the Traditional Way of Thinking: Ever-Unsolved Problems of What is Life and What is Death?
22.1.7 Self-Consistency Principle: How to Challenge the Long-Standing Problems
22.2 What is a Creative Complex World?
22.2.1 The World is Full of Dichotomies: Too Many Oppositions and Too Few Synergies
22.2.2 Systemic Problems Inherent in Creative Complex World Require Systemic Thinking
22.3 Toward a Grand Unified Theory of Life: What is Creativity?
22.3.1 Reconciling Unidirectional Cause-And-Effect Physiology Typical of Western Science with Circular Hermeneutic Morphology Typical of Eastern Philosophy
22.3.2 Grammar, Emergent Wholeness, and Passion—Requirements for Creativity
22.3.3 A Grand Unified Theory
22.4 Introduction
22.5 Mandala as a Symbol of Life and Universe
22.6 The Mandala Nursing Theory
22.6.1 Overview of Dynamic Communication Between a Patient and a Nurse
22.6.2 A Mandala Nursing Theory
22.7 The Spirit of Hospital Art
22.8 Reasons for the Introduction of Hospital Art
22.9 Hospital Art is Not an Art Object, It is Hospital-Building that Involves the Artistic Process
22.10 Designing a System for the Circulation of Feelings and Thoughts
22.11 The Role of the Hospital Art Director
22.12 The Energy Cycle of the Camphor Tree and the Energy Cycle of the Hospital
22.13 Complementing the Paternalism of the Medical with the Maternalism of Art
22.14 Concluding Remarks: Let Us Invent Our Futures
References
Index