The book focuses on the chemical societies established all over Europe and the process and further development of the these societies before World War I, and in exceptional cases up to 1930, During the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century chemical societies were established all over Europe. The book focuses on this process and further development of the European chemical societies before World War I and in exceptional cases up to 1930. It comprises chapters based on a common set of questions and an extensive concluding chapter that provides a comparative analysis of the early development of the European chemical societies. The book offers unique historical material showing the social, intellectual and political circumstances in which the chemical societies were constituted and function, their relations to universities and chemical industries, everyday lives, international contacts, etc. The analysis of data explores how networks in chemistry and professional autonomy were constituted, and investigates the process of demarcation that inevitably takes place when a social institution of a scientific discipline is formed. The reader gets answer to the important question of what chemistry was and was not in the latter half of nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century. Various aspects of creating scientific societies have been of much interest to historians of science in recent years. Nevertheless, histories of scientific societies are mostly occasional publications written to celebrate their jubilees. This volume represents a first international comparative analysis on the beginnings of chemical societies in Europe based on a detailed historical research done by a group of renowned historians of chemistry from several countries. As such it is an entirely new contribution to the history of chemistry in Europe and European scientific societies in general and a unique source for chemists and historians. Its ambition is to become a reference work in history of chemistry, set the standard for similar studies in other disciplines, and serve European chemical societies to provide a context for their complex histories and relationships. The book can be read by miscellaneous audiences and various types of readers with diverse intentions who will benefit differently from it: - A member of a national chemical society will find there narrative on his "own" society's establishment and early history and the opportunity to compare it with societies from other countries - Historically interested chemists will find in the book details as well as wider perspectives on the institutional history of their discipline - Historians of chemistry will get a thoroughly documented and scholarly book on the early history of chemical societies in Europe, written by acknowledged colleagues. The individual chapters will offer additional literature and sources for their research into history of chemistry. - Historians of science will get material for comparative studies on scientific institutions on the roles of learned societies on national and international level. They can be inspired to create similar studies related to other scientific disciplines. The underlying common set of guidelines can provide methodological assistance. - Teachers of history of chemistry and history of science will find in the book additional reading material and literature. - Social and general historians will be given a well-edited and reliable source on a number of social institutions that played versatile roles in local/national settings. The establishment of chemical societies can be compared with other kinds of learned, professional, and amateur societies in the same period. They also will get data and information about some aspects of the scientific boom in the second half of the nineteenth century and pre-WW1 period Read more... Content: Chapter 1: AUSTRIA Austrian Chemical Societies in the Last Decades of the Habsburg Monarchy until 1914 -- Chapter 2: BELGIUM From Industry to Academia: the Belgian Chemical Society, 1887-1914 -- Chapter 3: CZECH REPUBLIC Chemical Societies as Multifunctional Social Elements in the Czech Lands 1866-1919 -- Chapter 4: DENMARK Creating a Danish Identity in Chemistry Between Pharmacy and Engineering, 1879-1914 -- Chapter 5: FRANCE The Chemical Society of France in its Formative Years, 1857-1914: Disciplinary Identity and the Struggle for Unity -- Chapter 6: GERMANY Discipline -- Industry -- Profession. German Chemical Organizations, 1867-1914 -- Chapter 7: GREAT BRITAIN Chemical Societies and the Demarcation of the British Chemical Community, 1870-1914 -- Chapter 8: HUNGARY Scientific Community of an Emancipating Nation: Chemical Societies in Hungary Before 1914 -- Chapter 9: THE NETHERLANDS Keeping the Ranks Closed: The Dutch Chemical Society, 1903-1914 -- Chapter 10: NORWAY A Group of Chemists in the Polytechnic Society in Christiania. The Norwegian Chemical Society, 1893-1916 -- Chapter 11: POLAND Chemists in a Divided Country. The Long-lasting Genesis and Early History of the Polish Chemical Society 1767-1923 -- Chapter 12: PORTUGAL Tackling a Complex Chemical Equation: The Portuguese Society of Chemistry, 1911-1926 -- Chapter 13: RUSSIA The Formation of the Russian Chemical Society and its History until1914 -- Chapter 14: SWEDEN The Chemical Society in Sweden: Eclecticism in Chemistry 1883-1914 -- Chapter 15: Creating Networks in Chemistry -- Conclusions. Abstract: The book focuses on the chemical societies established all over Europe and the process and further development of the these societies before World War I, and in exceptional cases up to 1930, During the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century chemical societies were established all over Europe. The book focuses on this process and further development of the European chemical societies before World War I and in exceptional cases up to 1930. It comprises chapters based on a common set of questions and an extensive concluding chapter that provides a comparative analysis of the early development of the European chemical societies. The book offers unique historical material showing the social, intellectual and political circumstances in which the chemical societies were constituted and function, their relations to universities and chemical industries, everyday lives, international contacts, etc. The analysis of data explores how networks in chemistry and professional autonomy were constituted, and investigates the process of demarcation that inevitably takes place when a social institution of a scientific discipline is formed. The reader gets answer to the important question of what chemistry was and was not in the latter half of nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century. Various aspects of creating scientific societies have been of much interest to historians of science in recent years. Nevertheless, histories of scientific societies are mostly occasional publications written to celebrate their jubilees. This volume represents a first international comparative analysis on the beginnings of chemical societies in Europe based on a detailed historical research done by a group of renowned historians of chemistry from several countries. As such it is an entirely new contribution to the history of chemistry in Europe and European scientific societies in general and a unique source for chemists and historians. Its ambition is to become a reference work in history of chemistry, set the standard for similar studies in other disciplines, and serve European chemical societies to provide a context for their complex histories and relationships. The book can be read by miscellaneous audiences and various types of readers with diverse intentions who will benefit differently from it: - A member of a national chemical society will find there narrative on his "own" society's establishment and early history and the opportunity to compare it with societies from other countries - Historically interested chemists will find in the book details as well as wider perspectives on the institutional history of their discipline - Historians of chemistry will get a thoroughly documented and scholarly book on the early history of chemical societies in Europe, written by acknowledged colleagues. The individual chapters will offer additional literature and sources for their research into history of chemistry. - Historians of science will get material for comparative studies on scientific institutions on the roles of learned societies on national and international level. They can be inspired to create similar studies related to other scientific disciplines. The underlying common set of guidelines can provide methodological assistance. - Teachers of history of chemistry and history of science will find in the book additional reading material and literature. - Social and general historians will be given a well-edited and reliable source on a number of social institutions that played versatile roles in local/national settings. The establishment of chemical societies can be compared with other kinds of learned, professional, and amateur societies in the same period. They also will get data and information about some aspects of the scientific boom in the second half of the nineteenth century and pre-WW1 period
Author(s): Anita Kildebaek Nielsen; Sona Strbanova
Series: Special publication, v. 313
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Year: 2008
Language: English
Pages: 428
City: Cambridge
Tags: Химия и химическая промышленность;История химии;
Contents......Page 14
1.1 Chemistry Development and Chemical Education in Austria1......Page 26
1.3.1 Founding the Association......Page 28
1.3.2 Management and Members......Page 29
1.3.3 Everyday Routines......Page 33
1.3.4 Various Activities......Page 35
1.3.5 International and National Contacts......Page 37
1.3.6 Publications......Page 39
1.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 43
Acknowledgements......Page 44
References......Page 45
CHAPTER 2: BELGIUM: From Industry to Academia: The Belgian Chemical Society, 1887–1914......Page 48
2.1 Chemical Education: A Kaleidoscope......Page 49
2.2 First Step to Union: Facing Disagreement......Page 51
2.3 Chemists, Among Other Things......Page 53
2.4 Extending to All Chemical Experts......Page 57
2.5 From Expert Chemists to Chemically Educated......Page 60
2.6 The Bulletin, the Organic Link......Page 63
2.7 Consensus versus Demarcation......Page 65
References......Page 66
3.1 General Historical Background......Page 68
3.2 Chemical Industry and Chemical Education in the Czech Lands......Page 69
3.3 The Changing Framework of the Czech Chemical Societies, 1866–1919......Page 70
3.3.1 Isis, 1866–1872......Page 71
3.3.2 Spolek chemiku˚ cˇesky´ch – Society of CzechChemists, 1872–1906......Page 75
3.3.3 Temporary Split: Spole cˇnost pro pru˚ mysl chemicky´v Kra´lovstvı´ cˇeske´m (Society for Chemical Industry in the Czech Kingdom), 1893–1906......Page 85
3.4 Reunification: C ˇ eska´ spolecˇnost chemick a´ pro veˇdua pru˚ mysl (Czech Chemical Society for Science and Industry), 1907–1919......Page 88
3.5 Other Professional Associations of Chemists in the Czech Lands......Page 91
3.6 Membership Profile and Demarcation of the Czech Chemical Societies......Page 92
3.7 Conclusion......Page 95
4.1 Introduction......Page 100
4.2 A Short History of Chemistry in Denmark in the Nineteenth Century......Page 101
4.3 Initiation and Early Years of the Danish Chemical Society......Page 104
4.4 Regular Routines and Events......Page 106
4.5 National and International Relations......Page 108
4.6 Profile, Demarcation and Power Balancing......Page 111
4.7 Conclusion......Page 113
References......Page 114
5.1 From Self-study Club to Scientific Society......Page 116
5.2 The Members......Page 121
5.3.1 Becoming a National Society......Page 124
5.3.2 Becoming an International Player......Page 126
5.4.1 A Campaign for the Second Chemical Revolution......Page 127
5.4.2 Between ‘‘Pure’’ and ‘‘Applied’’ Chemistry......Page 129
5.5 Professional Demarcation......Page 132
5.6 Conclusion......Page 134
References......Page 135
6.1 Introduction......Page 138
6.2.1 Foundation and Membership......Page 139
6.2.2 The Deutsche chemische Gesellschaft and the Chemical Industry in the Hofmann Era......Page 146
6.2.3 The Deutsche chemische Gesellschaft under Fischer, 1892–1914: Institutional Growth and New Publications......Page 147
6.3.1 A German Society for Applied Chemistry, 1887–1895......Page 149
6.3.2 A Professional Association for German Chemists: From Deutsche Gesellschaft fu¨r angewandte Chemie to Verein Deutscher Chemiker, 1896–1914......Page 151
6.3.3 Professionalization on a Broader Basis: Interaction with the Deutsche chemische Gesellschaft and Other Groups......Page 155
6.4 The German Chemical Societies and the International Structure of Chemistry to 1914......Page 157
6.5 Discipline and Profession in the German Chemical Societies before 1914: Conclusions......Page 158
Abbreviations......Page 159
References......Page 160
7.1 Introduction......Page 164
7.2.1 The First Society: The Chemical Society......Page 165
7.2.3 Chemists in Industry: The Society of Chemical Industry......Page 166
7.3.1 Numbers in the Three Societies......Page 168
7.3.2 Home and Abroad......Page 169
7.4.1 Education and Qualifications......Page 171
7.4.2 Occupations......Page 172
7.5.1 The Chemical Society in 1900......Page 174
7.5.2 The Institute of Chemistry in 1900......Page 176
7.5.3 The Society of Chemical Industry in 1900......Page 177
7.6 Chemists Outside the Chemical Societies......Page 178
7.7 Professional Demarcation......Page 181
References......Page 183
8.1 Introduction......Page 186
8.2.1 The Class of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)......Page 187
8.2.2 Kira´lyi Magyar Terme´szettudoma´nyi Ta´rsulat (KMTT) Ke´miai e´s A´sva´nytani Szakoszta´lya (KAS) – (Section of Chemistry, later Chemistry and Mineralogy of the Royal Hungarian Society for Natural Sciences)......Page 188
8.2.3 Vegye´szeti Gya´rosok Orsza´gos Egyesu¨lete (Association of Chemical Industrialists, VEGYOE)......Page 191
8.2.4 Section of Chemical Engineering of the Magyar Me´rno¨k- e´s E´pı´te´szegylet (Association of Hungarian Engineers and Architects, ME´ )......Page 193
8.3.1 The Establishment of the Hungarian Chemical Society, Arguments Justifying It and Its Initiators......Page 194
8.3.2 Members, Executives and Board; Numbers, Background and Positions......Page 196
8.3.3 Events Organized by MKE......Page 199
8.3.4 Relations of MKE with the Surrounding Society......Page 200
8.3.5 The Relations of MKE with Other Professional Societies at the National and International Level......Page 201
8.3.6 MKE’s Journal, Its Contents and Intended Audience......Page 202
8.3.7 Affairs of MKE......Page 205
8.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 207
References9......Page 208
9.1 Introduction......Page 211
9.2 The First Dutch Chemical Societies......Page 212
9.3 The Rise of Scientific Pharmacy......Page 215
9.4 Reforming the Educational and Scientific Institutions, 1863–1887......Page 216
9.5 The State of the Chemical Profession around 1890......Page 218
9.6 The Rise of Private Laboratories and Agricultural Stations......Page 221
9.7 The Rise of the Chemical Engineers from Delft......Page 222
9.8 Founding the Nederlandsche Chemische Vereeniging (NCV)......Page 224
9.9 The First Members of the Nederlandsche Chemische Vereeniging......Page 229
9.10 The First Ten Years of the Society......Page 234
9.11 Conclusion......Page 240
References......Page 241
10.1 Setting the Norwegian Scene......Page 248
10.2.1 Technical Schools and Military Schools......Page 249
10.2.2 The University in Christiania......Page 250
10.3.1 The Learned Societies in Norway......Page 251
10.3.3 The Polytechnical Society......Page 252
10.4.1 A Meeting Place for People Interested in Chemistry......Page 253
10.4.2 Chairmen......Page 254
10.4.4 Women as Members?......Page 255
10.4.5 Initiators......Page 256
10.4.8 Norwegian Journals for Chemistry......Page 257
10.5 Conclusion......Page 258
References......Page 259
11.1 Introduction......Page 261
11.2 Involvement of Chemists in General Science Societies......Page 262
11.3 Chemists in Societies of Naturalists......Page 264
11.4.1 Pharmaceutical Associations......Page 265
11.4.2 Museum of Industry and Agriculture......Page 266
11.5 Technological Societies......Page 267
11.6 The Warsaw Branch of the Society for the Promotion of Russian Industry and Commerce. The Chemistry Section......Page 268
11.7 Consolidation of Polish Communities of Chemists 1919–1924......Page 270
11.7.1 The Polish Chemical Society Comes into Being......Page 271
11.7.2 Membership......Page 272
11.7.3 Everyday Routines......Page 274
11.7.4 Publications......Page 276
11.9 Conclusions......Page 277
References......Page 280
CHAPTER 12: PORTUGAL: Tackling a Complex Chemical Equation: The Portuguese Society of Chemistry, 1911–1926......Page 282
12.1 Background: The Municipal Laboratory of Chemistry......Page 283
12.2 The Revista de Chimica Pura e Applicada(Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry)......Page 285
12.3 The Sociedade de Chimica Portugueza(Portuguese Society of Chemistry)......Page 290
12.3.1 Aims and Organization......Page 291
12.3.2 Membership......Page 295
12.3.3 The Appropriation of an Old Journal by the New Society......Page 297
12.4 Concluding Remarks......Page 300
References......Page 302
CHAPTER 13: RUSSIA: The Formation of the Russian Chemical Society and Its History until 1914......Page 306
13.1 Scientific Institutions in Russia during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries......Page 307
13.2 Chemistry in Russia during the First Half of the Nineteenth Century......Page 308
13.3 Early Attempts to Form a Russian Chemical Society......Page 310
13.4 The Formation of the Russian Chemical Society......Page 313
13.4.1 Structure and Membership......Page 314
13.4.2 Finances......Page 320
13.4.3 Publications......Page 321
13.4.4 Meetings and Other Functions......Page 323
References......Page 327
14.1 Introduction......Page 330
14.2 Scientific Organizations......Page 331
14.3 The Founding of Kemistsamfundet and Its First Activities......Page 334
14.4 The First Journal: Kemiska Notiser......Page 335
14.5 Relations between Kemistsamfundet and Teknologfo¨reningen......Page 336
14.6 Svensk Kemisk Tidskrift, a New Journal?......Page 338
14.7 Membership Development......Page 341
14.8.1 Its Journals Stayed Insignificant......Page 343
14.8.3 Unconventional Theories, etc.......Page 345
14.8.4 No One Used Kemistsamfundet for Strategic Reasons......Page 346
14.8.5 Social Significance......Page 347
14.9 Final Words......Page 349
References......Page 350
CHAPTER 15: Creating Networks in Chemistry – Some Lessons Learned......Page 353
15.1 Chronology of Founding......Page 354
15.2 Developments in Membership......Page 359
15.3 Roles of the Chemical Societies......Page 362
15.4 The Journals......Page 363
15.5 Financial Matters......Page 365
15.6 Professional Stratification and the Equilibrium between Pure and Applied Chemistry......Page 366
15.7 Foreign Relations......Page 368
15.8 Demarcation......Page 370
15.9 Other Potential Lines of Analysis – Ideas for the Future......Page 371
List of Contributors......Page 374
Notes on Contributors......Page 377
Index of Names......Page 383
Index of Institutions and Journals......Page 392
Subject Index......Page 415
