COVID-19, Tourist Destinations and Prospects for Recovery: Volume Three: A South African and Zimbabwean Perspective

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Background and Introduction
Chapter 1: COVID-19 Tourism Impact, Recovery and Resilience: South African and Zimbabwean Experience
1.1 Introduction and Background
1.2 COVID-19 Impact, Recovery and Resilience in South Africa
1.3 Zimbabwe Travel Trends and COVID-19 Recovery
1.3.1 COVID-19 Impact, Recovery and Resilience of Zimbabwe’s Tourism Destinations
1.4 Book Conceptualisation and Structure
1.4.1 Study Area
1.4.2 Key Methodological Approaches
1.5 Book Outline
References
Part II: Impacts of COVID-19 on Tourist Destinations in Zimbabwe and South Africa
Chapter 2: Impacts of COVID-19 on Hotels and Lodges in Tourism Destination Areas in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Methodology
2.2.1 Study Area
2.2.2 Sampling
2.2.3 Data Collection
2.2.4 Data Analysis
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.3.1 Findings on Impacts of COVID-19 on Hotels/Lodges in Bulawayo Urban
2.3.2 Findings on Strategies Employed by Hotels and Lodges in Bulawayo Urban to Combat COVID-19 Impacts
2.3.3 Lessons Learnt by Hotels and Lodges in Bulawayo Urban
2.3.4 Recommendations by Respondents
2.3.5 Sector-Wide Response Strategies
2.3.6 Technology Advancement and Maintenance of Health Protocols
2.3.7 Diversify Incomes
2.3.8 Staff Development and Training
2.3.9 Educate the Guests
2.3.10 Changes in Marketing Strategies
2.3.11 Insurance Policy and Risk Management Plan
2.4 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: The Impacts of Covid-19 on the Traditional African Food and Beverage Expo at the Amagugu International Heritage Centre, Zimbabwe
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Overview of the Food and Beverage Expo as a Cultural Tourism Destination
3.2.1 History of the Expo
3.2.2 Growth of the Expo as a Tourist Destination
3.3 Methodology
3.4 Findings
3.4.1 Restrictions
3.4.2 Loss of Revenue
3.4.3 Infrastructure
3.4.4 Employment
3.4.5 Activities Conducted During Lockdown
3.4.6 Sustainable Recovery Plans
3.4.7 Discussion
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Tourism Sector in Harare and Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Literature Review
4.2.1 Global and Local Overview of the Impact of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry
4.2.2 Emerging Strategies in the Global Tourism Industry to Cope with the COVID-19 Pandemic
4.2.2.1 Virtual Tourism
4.2.2.2 Government Support
4.2.2.3 Support from the Financial Sector
4.2.2.4 Safety and Security
4.3 Theoretical Framework
4.4 Research Methodology
4.4.1 Data Collection Methods
4.5 Data Analysis
4.6 Findings and Discussion
4.6.1 Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdown Restriction on the Zimbabwean Travel and Tourism Industry
4.6.1.1 Business Shutdown (Travel Restrictions and Shutdown of Places of Tourism)
4.6.1.2 Job Losses
4.6.1.3 Government Support to the Travel and Tourism Sector During Lockdown Restrictions
4.6.1.4 Health Implications
4.6.2 Emerging Sustainability Strategies During and Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic
4.6.2.1 Diversifying Travel and Tourism Activities
4.6.2.2 Cost-Cutting Measures
4.6.2.3 Increased Healthy and Safety Measures
4.6.2.4 Capacity Building
4.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Impact of COVID-19 on Nature-Based Tourism Electric Energy Emissions in South African National Parks
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Literature Review
5.2.1 Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism Emissions
5.2.2 COVID-19 Impacts on Energy Demand, Consumption and Emissions
5.2.3 Impact of COVID-19 on Energy Transition and Renewables
5.3 Materials and Methods
5.4 Results
5.4.1 Energy Consumption and Emissions Before and During Lockdown
5.4.2 SANParks Staff Versus Tourism Energy Carbon Emissions Before and During COVID-19
5.4.3 Future Electricity Energy Savings in Short to Medium Term (2021–2026)
5.5 Discussion
5.5.1 Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission Before and During Lockdown
5.5.2 SANParks Staff Versus Tourism Emissions Before and During COVID-19
5.5.3 Renewable Energy Changes Due to COVID-19
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: The Impact of COVID-19 on Rural Tourism Enterprises and Their Future Growth Prospects in Zimbabwe
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Literature Review
6.3 Research Design
6.4 Ethical Considerations
6.5 Findings/Results
6.5.1 Product Offering
6.5.2 Impact of Covid-19 on Business Performance
6.5.3 Other Social Impacts of the Pandemic
6.5.4 Recovery Support from Government
6.5.5 Marketing Coping Mechanisms
6.6 Discussion
6.6.1 Impact of COVID-19 on Tourist Arrivals
6.7 Future Growth Prospects of Rural Tourism Enterprises
6.8 Study Implications
6.9 Conclusion
6.10 Recommendations
References
Part III: Management of COVID-19  in Tourist Destinations in Zimbabwe and South Africa
Chapter 7: Women’s Participation in Community-Based Tourism During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case of Sengwe Community in Zimbabwe
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature Review
7.2.1 Participatory Techniques in CBT
7.2.2 Passive Participation
7.2.3 Participation by Giving Information
7.2.4 Participation by Consulting
7.2.5 Participation by Material Incentives
7.2.6 Interactive Participation
7.2.7 Self-Mobilisation
7.3 Materials and Methods
7.3.1 Study Setting
7.3.2 Methods
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 Women’s Participation in CBT Before the Outbreak of COVID-19
7.4.2 Participation During the COVID-19 Pandemic
7.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Towards a Management Intervention Framework for Mahenye Ecotourism Biophysical Resources to Cope and Recover from COVID-19 Pandemic Shocks
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Literature Review
8.3 Materials and Methods
8.3.1 Study Area
8.3.2 Data Collection and Analysis
8.4 Results and Discussion
8.4.1 Perceived Shocks Emanating from the COVID-19 Pandemic on Biophysical Resources
8.4.1.1 Biodiversity Losses
8.4.1.2 Heightened Risk of Wild Animals Contracting COVID-19 from Humans
8.4.2 Coping and Recovery Strategies for Biophysical Resources
8.4.3 Management Intervention Framework Towards the Sustainable Recovery of Ecotourism Biophysical Resources Following the COVID-19 Pandemic
8.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Locking in Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic for Tourism Destinations: A Case Study of Wildlife Destinations
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Tourism and the Global Sustainable Development Agenda
9.1.2 The Nexus of Tourism and the COVID-19 Pandemic
9.2 Methodology
9.2.1 Research Design
9.2.2 Case Study
9.2.3 Methodological Approach
9.2.4 Data Interpretation
9.3 Discussions
9.3.1 Promoting Tourism as a Tool for Conserving the Planet’s Ecosystem
9.3.2 Cultural Heritage Promotion and Conservation
9.3.3 Wildlife Tourism Destination’s Embracement of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
9.3.4 Role of Public-Private Partnerships in Promoting Wildlife Tourism
9.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Online Training: An Adaptive Strategy to Revive Tourism in South Africa Post-COVID-19
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Literature Review
10.2.1 Staff Turnover Rates in the Tourism Industry Prior to and During COVID-19
10.2.2 Strategies to Reignite Travel and Tourism Post-COVID-19
10.2.3 Online Training and Staff Development as a Strategy to Revive Tourism Post-COVID-19
10.2.4 Adaptation-Level Theory to Staff Development as a Strategy to Revive Tourism Post-COVID-19
10.3 Methodology
10.4 Results and Discussion
10.5 Implications of the Study
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Domestic Leisure Tourism: Lessons Learnt from Township Business Operators During the COVID-19 Pandemic Era
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Literature Review
11.2.1 The South African Domestic Leisure Tourism
11.2.2 The South African Township Tourism
11.2.3 The Impact of COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry
11.2.4 Theoretical Framework
11.3 Research Design and Methodology
11.3.1 The Study Area, Sample and Data Analysis
11.4 Results and Discussion
11.4.1 Impact of the Pandemic on Township Tourism Businesses
11.4.2 Impediments to Local Participation in Domestic Leisure Tourism
11.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 12: Redefining the Idea of Equal Distribution of the Benefits of Tourism in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Literature Review
12.3 Theoretical Framework
12.4 Materials and Methods
12.5 Results and Discussion
12.5.1 COVID-19 as an Induced Sustainable Tourism Challenge
12.5.2 Challenges Confronting Equal Tourism Distribution and Social and Economic Development
12.5.3 Equal Sharing of Tourism’s Benefits Versus Broader Engagement for Inclusive Growth
12.5.4 Alternative Tourism Business in the Era of the Pandemic
12.5.5 Prevailing Opportunities Towards Achieving Inclusive Growth Through Sustainable Tourism in the Era of COVID-19
12.6 Conclusion
12.7 Recommendations
References
Part IV: Tourism Recovery and Resilience in Zimbabwe and South Africa
Chapter 13: Examining COVID-19 Recovery and Resilience of Cape Town as a Tourist Destination
13.1 Background and Introduction
13.2 Literature Review
13.3 Study Area
13.4 Methodology
13.5 Results and Discussion
13.5.1 Nature-Based Tourism Recovery and Resilience
13.5.2 Sports Tourism Recovery in Cape Town
13.6 COVID-19 Recovery of Tourism at Key Selected Attractions in Cape Town
13.7 Discussion
13.8 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 14: Inclusive, Participatory Approaches to Tourism Rebuilding and Recovery of Coastal Tourism Destinations from the Impacts of COVID-19: The Case of iSimangaliso Wetland Park
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Literature Review
14.2.1 Adaptive Capacity of Tourism Destinations to React to Exogenous Shocks
14.2.2 Tourism Rebuilding and Recovery from the Impacts of COVID-19
14.2.3 Inclusive Participatory Approaches to Tourism Rebuilding and Recovery
14.3 Overview of the Study Area
14.4 Research Methods
14.5 Discussion of Findings
14.5.1 Adaptive Capacity of IWP to Exogenous Shocks
14.5.2 Participation in the Development of the Tourism Recovery Plan
14.5.3 The Role of the Government in Minimising the Impacts of COVID-19
14.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Incentive Travel Recovery: A Systematic Literature Review
15.1 Introduction and Background
15.2 Research Design
15.3 Presentation and Discussion of Findings
15.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Exploring COVID-19 Recovery Mechanisms of the Accommodation Sector in South Africa
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Literature Review
16.2.1 Effect of COVID-19 on Tourism
16.2.2 Mitigation and Recovery Strategies Used in Tourism
16.2.3 Mitigation and Recovery Strategies Used in the Accommodation Sector
16.3 Materials and Methods
16.4 Results and Discussions
16.4.1 Lockdown Levels and Mitigatory Recovery Measures
16.4.2 Occupancy and Revenue Generation Analysis
16.4.3 Recovery Strategies Employed by Hotel Groups in South Africa
16.5 Conclusions, Recommendations, and Implications of the Study
References
Chapter 17: A Resilient Tourism Future for Developing Countries: Conclusions and Recommendations
17.1 COVID-19 Occurrence, Context and Impact on Zimbabwe and South Africa
17.2 COVID-19 Troubled Recovery for Zimbabwe and South Africa Critical Issues
17.3 Tourism and Resilience Post-COVID-19
17.4 Tourism Resilience and Recovery Strategies in Zimbabwe’s Tourism Sector
17.5 Tourism Recovery Plans for the South African Tourism Sector
17.6 Policy Recommendations for Tourism Resilience in the SADC
17.7 Conclusion
References
Index