COVID-19: Tackling Global Pandemics through Scientific and Social Tools

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COVID-19: Tackling Global Pandemics through Scientific and Social Tools
COVID-19: Tackling Global Pandemics through Scientific and Social Tools
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Contributors
Contents
1 - Application of CRISPR-Based Diagnostic Tools in Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Infection
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CURRENT STATUS OF WIDELY APPLIED DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR DETECTING SARS-COV-2 INFECTION
2.1 Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection
2.2 LAMP/RT-LAMP-Based Detection
2.3 Serologic Immune Assay-Based Detection
2.4 Imaging-Based Detection and Confirmation
3. CRISPR-CAS SYSTEM AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
3.1 CRISPR-Cas Systems
3.1.1 Type II: CRISPR-Cas9 system
3.1.2 Type V: CRISPR-Cas12 system
3.1.3 Type VI: CRISPR-Cas13 system
3.2 Application of the CRISPR-Cas System in Infectious Diseases Before the Emergence of SARS-CoV-2
3.3 Application of the CRISPR-Cas System in SARS-CoV-2 Detection
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
2 - COVID-19 Pandemic: Animal Cross Talk and Comparison Between nSARS-CoV-2 and Animal Coronaviruses
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CORONAVIRUSES: TAXONOMY, CLASSIFICATION, AND STRUCTURES
3. TRANSMISSION OF CORONAVIRUSES
4. ANIMAL CORONAVIRUSES
4.1 Coronaviruses in Ruminants
4.2 Coronaviruses in Companion Animals
4.3 Coronaviruses in Laboratory and Wild Animals
4.4 Coronaviruses of Poultry and Other Birds
5. NSARS-COV-2 AND OTHER HUMAN CORONAVIRUSES
6. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SARS-COV-2 AND ANIMAL CORONAVIRUSES
7. ORIGIN, ANIMAL LINKS OF NSARS-COV-2, AND CONTROVERSY REGARDING ZOONOSES
8. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
3 - Vaccine Development Through Reverse Vaccinology Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Approach
1. INTRODUCTION
2. FROM TRADITIONAL VACCINOLOGY TO REVERSE VACCINOLOGY
3. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-BASED ALGORITHMS IN REVERSE VACCINOLOGY
4. IMMUNOINFORMATICS TOOLS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-BASED ALGORITHMS AND CLASSIFIERS
4.1 B-Cell Epitope Prediction
4.2 Major Histocompatibility Complex-Binding Peptide and T-Cell Epitope Prediction
4.3 Allergen Prediction Tools
4.4 Tools for In Silico Vaccination
4.5 Commercial Software and Tools
5. IMPLEMENTING REVERSE VACCINOLOGY IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT ENDEAVORS
6. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
4 - Riddle of Herd Immunity in SARS-CoV-2-Induced Viral Terrorism: Science to Society
1. HERD IMMUNITY
2. NETWORK AMONG THE MICROBIOME, NUTRIENTS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCES IMMUNE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Impact of Microbiome—The Second Brain to Mature the Immune System
2.2 Effect of Nutrients
2.3 Environmental Factors, Microbiome, and Vaccine Efficacy
3. VACCINE CANDIDATE AND ROUTE OF IMMUNIZATION DETERMINE THE FATE OF HERD IMMUNITY
4. POTENTIAL ENGROSSMENT OF THE MICROBIOME FROM INDIVIDUAL VACCINATION TO COMMUNITY IMMUNITY
4.1 Variable Expression of Microbiota Defines the Outcome of Vaccination
4.2 Exacerbation of the Vaccination Process Because of Environmental Enteropathy
4.3 Counterintuition Between Probiotics and Antibiotics on the Efficacy of Vaccination
5. INNATE IMMUNITY SETS THE FOOTPRINTS FOR ANTIBODY TITER
6. INNATE IMMUNITY: FUNDAMENTAL FACTOR FOR SPECIFICITY OF HERD IMMUNITY
7. MONARCHY OF SOCIETY IMMUNITY CAN BE FOUNDED BY HETEROLOGOUS IMMUNITY
8. THE PREVALENCE OF HETEROLOGOUS IMMUNITY CORRELATES WELL WITH LOW SARS-COV-2 INFECTION RATE IN INDIA
8.1 Influence of Microbiota on Community Immunity in Coronavirus Infection
8.2 Microbiome: Novel Song in an Old Melody
8.3 Herd Immunity: Friends or Foes for COVID-19
8.4 Poliovirus Vaccine May Provide Heterologous Protection Against COVID-19
8.5 In silico Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 With OPV and BCG
9. PERSPECTIVES AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES
10. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
5 - Tackling COVID-19 Using Small-Molecule Drugs
1. REMDESIVIR
2. HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE AND CHLOROQUINE
3. FAVIPIRAVIR
4. GALIDESIVIR
5. RIBAVIRIN
6. PIRFENIDONE
7. NINTEDANIB
8. DEXAMETHASONE
9. BARICITINIB AND RUXOLITINIB
10. CHLORPROMAZINE
11. CAMOSTAT MESYLATE
12. BROMHEXINE
13. LOPINAVIR/RITONAVIR
14. FAMOTIDINE
15. OSELTAMIVIR
16. NICLOSAMIDE
17. NITAZOXANIDE
18. UMIFENOVIR
19. IVERMECTIN
20. SELINEXOR
21. SIROLIMUS (RAPAMYCIN)
22. VALSARTAN
23. CAPTOPRIL
REFERENCES
6 - Modeling of COVID-19 Outbreak in Reference to Physical Parameters
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Modeling on the Confirmed Cases About the Maximum Temperature
3.2 Modeling on the Confirmed Cases About the Minimum Temperature
3.3 Modeling on the Confirmed Cases About the Relative Humidity
3.4 Comparison Based on Empirical and Theoretic Data
4. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
7 - Tackling Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Nonpharmaceutical Interventions
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PART 1: THE ROLE OF NONPHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE WORLD POPULATION
2.1 Awareness and Knowledge Dissemination
2.2 Lockdown
2.3 Physical Distancing
2.4 Prohibition on Social Gathering
2.5 Restricting Mobility
2.6 Improved Hygiene Practices: Mask and Sanitizers
2.7 Adapting Online Mode of Living: Telemedicine, Online Class, and Work From Home
3. PART 2: INTERROGATING THE ROLE OF NONPHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS IN THE SAFETY OF HEALTH WORKERS
3.1 Infection Prevention and Control
3.1.1 Well-resourced dedicated hospital facility
3.1.2 Preventing intrahospital infection and transmission of COVID-19 in healthcare workers
3.1.3 Strategies to improve respiratory protection
3.1.4 Sample handling
3.1.5 Use of appropriate disinfectants
3.1.6 Food practices
3.1.7 Waste management
4. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
8 - Belief System, Deity, and Pandemics: A Sociological Analysis
1. INTRODUCTION
2. STUDIES FROM LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Coalescing Pandemic and Deity: A Religious Discourse
2.2 Beliefs Revolving Around COVID-19 Pandemic and Deity
3. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
9 - A Critical Study on Violation of a Decent Burial/Cremation Right of a Dead Person During COVID-19: Special Refe ...
1. INTRODUCTION
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3. RIGHT OF DECENT BURIAL/CREMATION UNDER INDIAN AND INTERNATIONAL LAWS
3.1 Indian Constitution
3.2 International Law
4. GUIDELINES ISSUED BY THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF DEAD BODIES AT THE BURIAL GROUND/CREMATORIUM DURING THE PA ...
4.1 Importance of Guidelines Related to the Management of COVID-19 Dead Bodies
5. INCIDENTS OF VIOLATION OF DECENT BURIAL/CREMATION RIGHTS OF A DEAD PERSON DURING COVID-19
6. SUGGESTIONS
7. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
10 - Effects of Information Communication Technology on Da'wah Activities Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic
1. INTRODUCTION
2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
4. CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS
4.1 Da'wah
4.2 Information Communication Technology
4.3 COVID-19 Pandemic
5. RESEARCH DESIGN
5.1 Study Population
5.1.1 Religious affiliations of participants
5.2 Data Analysis and Presentation
5.3 Response Rate
5.3.1 The extent of the usage of ICT for Da'wah activities during COVID-19 pandemic
5.3.1.1 Summary of the study
5.3.1.1 Summary of the study
5.3.1.2 Findings of study
5.3.1.2 Findings of study
5.4 Recommendations from the Study
5.5 Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
11 - The Impact of Compensation Practices on Employees' Engagement and Motivation in Times of COVID-19
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Question
1.2 Research Aim and Objectives
1.3 Research Hypotheses
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Compensation
2.2 The Importance of Engagement and Motivation
2.3 Effective Compensation Packages
2.4 Motivation and Employee Engagement
2.5 Understanding Motivation Through the “Needs Theories”
2.5.1 The 1943 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
2.5.2 The 1959 Herzberg dual factor theory
2.5.3 The 1969 Clayton Alderfer theory
2.5.4 The 1985 self-determination theory
2.5.5 The 2002 four drive theory
2.6 Employee Engagement Definition
2.7 Employee Engagement Types
2.8 Performance and Engagement Strategies
2.9 Summary of the Literature Review
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Selecting the Research Design
3.2 Outcomes
4. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Findings
4.1.1 Answers of the first three managers
4.1.2 Answers of the fourth manager
4.1.3 Answers of the last manager
4.2 Analysis
4.2.1 Question 1: How do you motivate your employees? How do you perceive them to be motivated?
4.2.2 Question 2: How are they motivated? Are they motivated by internal or external factors?
4.2.3 Question 3: What are the compensation packages available at your organization?
4.2.4 Question 4: Do you use an incentive profile (security, recognition, rewards, responsibility, and so on) in order to know wh ...
4.2.5 Question 5: How do you approach employees concerning motivation, do you approach them differently because of age?
4.2.6 Question 6: Which reward system do you believe the employees prefer? Why?
4.2.7 Question 7: Do you believe the reward system at your organization has increased employees' motivation and performance? Why ...
4.2.8 Question 8: Is there any difference between the motivation of employees who have been working for your organization for a l ...
4.2.9 Question 9: Are your employees included in the decision-making process of the reward system?
4.2.10 Question 10: What strategies do you currently use to increase employees' engagement?
4.3 Summary of the Findings and Analysis
5. CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Limitations
5.3 Recommendations
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
12 - Examining the Impact of COVID-19 on Today's Businesses
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Question
1.2 Aims and Objectives
1.3 Overview
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 COVID-19-Induced Recessions and Layoffs
2.2 Types of Employee Layoffs
2.3 So Which Decisions can be Considered Good in Such Terrible Cases?
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4. FINDINGS
4.1 Cases
4.1.1 TheAmerican University of Beirut Medical Center mass firings
4.1.2 COVID-19 cases in Europe, the United States, or other countries affecting company performance
4.2 Interview Results
4.3 Pilot Study Results
4.4 Analysis
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
REFERENCES
13 - How COVID-19 Will Change the Future of Tourism Industry
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Positive Cases of Valorization: Tyre and Jbeil
2.2 Negative or Inexistent Cases of Valorization: Beirut and Others
3. METHODOLOGY
4. FINDINGS
4.1 Tourism and Coronavirus Disease 2019
4.2 Tourism and Recovery
5. FUTURE OF TOURISM
6. CONCLUSION
APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRE ADDRESSED TO 50 TRAVEL AGENCIES IN MALTA AND LEBANON
APPENDIX 2: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
APPENDIX 3: QUESTIONNAIRE ADDRESSED TO 100 EMPLOYEES IN THE TOURISM AND AVIATION SECTOR
REFERENCES
Index
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