COVID-19 in Zimbabwe: Trends, Dynamics and Implications in the Agricultural, Environmental and Water Sectors

Contents
About the Editors and Contributors
Editors
Contributors
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1: COVID-19 and Its Implications on Agriculture, Environment, and Water Sectors
1.1 COVID-19 Trends and Dynamics in Africa
1.2 COVID-19 Implications for Agriculture
1.3 COVID-19 Global Food Supply and Food Security
1.4 COVID-19 and Its Implications on the Environment and Water Resources
1.5 Key Methodological Approaches
1.6 Book Outline
References
Part II: Agriculture and Food Security
Chapter 2: COVID-19 Plus: Addressing Food Security (SDG 2) and Malnutrition Within a Web of Disasters in the SADC Region
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Research Design
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 3: Covid-19 in Zimbabwe: Implications for the Commercial Agricultural Sector
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Literature Review
3.3 Materials and Methods
3.3.1 Description of the Study Country
3.3.2 Research Design
3.4 Findings
3.5 Discussion
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Strengthening Local Food Systems in the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons from Zimbabwe
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Literature Review
4.2.1 Understanding the Nature and Context of Local Food Systems
4.2.2 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Local Food Systems
4.2.2.1 Lost Income
4.2.2.2 Disruption of Food Supply Chains
4.2.2.3 Increasing Hunger and Malnutrition
4.2.3 Lessons from Other Countries on Strengthening Local Food Systems During COVID-19
4.3 Materials and Methods
4.4 Results
4.4.1 Online Survey
4.4.2 Key Informant Interviews
4.5 Discussion
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Contributions of Small Grains Grown in Zimbabwe’s Dryland Regions in Boosting Immunity and Combating COVID-19
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 The Connection Between Small Grains’ (Sorghum and Millets) Nutrients, Phytochemicals, and Bioactive Compounds and the Human Immune System
5.3.2 The Link Between the Minerals, Phytochemicals, and Bioactive Substances Found in Small Grains (Sorghum and Millets) and COVID-19 Therapy
5.3.3 Millets and Sorghum Nutrients, Underlying Conditions, and COVID-19 Prevention
5.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 6: The Determinants of Positive Food Procurement Practices in COVID-19 Affected Communities: A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in Chiredzi Zimbabwe
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methods
6.2.1 Ethical Consideration
6.2.2 Limitations of the Study
6.3 Findings
6.3.1 Perceived Self-Efficacy
6.3.2 Perceived Positive Consequences
6.3.3 Perceived Social Norms
6.4 Discussion
6.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Understanding the Dimensions of Resilience for Food and Nutrition Security Among Informal Traders During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Zimbabwe
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature Review
7.2.1 Clarifying the Key Terms
7.2.2 The Nature, Context, and Challenges of the Informal Sector in Zimbabwe
7.2.3 The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Informal Traders in Zimbabwe
7.2.4 The Regional and International Experiences Contexts
7.3 Materials and Methods
7.4 Results
7.5 Discussion
7.6 Conclusion
References
Part III: Livelihoods Sustainability
Chapter 8: COVID-19 and Agricultural Entrepreneurship in Zimbabwean Townships: A Systematic Literature Review
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.2.1 Research Strategy
8.2.2 Search Strategy
8.2.3 Bibliometric Analysis
8.2.4 Systematic Review
8.2.5 Themes
8.2.5.1 Challenges
8.2.5.2 Overall Impact of COVID-19 on Agricultural Activities
8.3 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 9: Humanistic Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Informal Sector in Zimbabwe
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Literature Review
9.2.1 Collective Five Finger Theoretical Framework
9.2.2 Humanistic and COVID-19 Pandemic
9.3 Research Methodology
9.4 Results and Discussion
9.4.1 Economic Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Informal Sector Employees
9.4.2 COVID-19 Effects on the Livelihood of Informal Sector Employees
9.4.3 Central Government Strategies for COVID-19 Pandemic
9.4.4 Strategies to Cushion Informal Sector Workers Against COVID-19 Effects
9.5 Discussions
9.5.1 Economic Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Informal Sector Employees
9.5.2 COVID-19 Effects on the Livelihood of Informal Sector Employees
9.5.3 Central Government Strategies for COVID-19 Pandemic
9.5.4 Strategies to Cushion Informal Sector Workers Against COVID-19 Effects
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: The Resilience of the Small-Scale Commercial Fishing Sector to Impacts of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials and Methods
10.2.1 Study Site
10.2.2 Data Collection
10.2.3 Data Analysis
10.3 Results and Discussions
10.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: COVID-19 and the Horticultural Sector: Dynamics and Implications for Vendors and Traders in the City of Masvingo, Zimbabwe
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Literature Survey
11.2.1 COVID-19 Impact on Small-Scale Businesses
11.2.2 COVID-19 and Vending
11.3 Materials and Methods
11.3.1 Study Area
11.3.2 Research Design, Sampling and Data Collection
11.4 Presentation of Findings
11.4.1 Value Chain Disruption
11.4.1.1 Disruption of Inbound Logistics
11.4.1.2 Disruption of Outbound Logistics
11.4.2 Product Quality Depreciation and Loss
11.4.3 Social Fabric Disruptions
11.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 12: Coping Strategies and Livelihood Sustainability for Rural Women in the Face of COVID-19: The Case of Mutoko District, Zimbabwe
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Literature Review
12.2.1 Framework and Approach
12.2.2 Rural Development, Sustainable Development, Livelihood and Livelihood Diversification
12.2.3 Impacts of COVID-19 on Rural Livelihoods
12.3 Materials and Methods
12.3.1 Study Area Description
12.3.2 Sampling Protocols
12.3.3 Measurement of Variables and Data Analysis
12.4 Findings
12.5 Discussion of Findings
12.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Part IV: Water, Sanitation and the Environment
Chapter 13: Trends and Dynamics of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe: Implications for Selected Sustainable Development Goals
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Literature Review
13.2.1 The Effect of Lockdown
13.3 Materials and Methods
13.3.1 Study Area and Experimental Design
13.3.2 Data Analysis
13.3.3 Computation of the Stringency Index
13.4 Results and Discussion
13.4.1 Trend of Daily Cases of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe from March 2020 to February 2022
13.4.2 COVID-19-Related Deaths in Zimbabwe (March 2020 to February 2022)
13.4.3 Lockdown Measures and Their Level of Restrictions
13.5 Correlation Between COVID-19 Reported Cases and Related Death
13.6 Spatial Trends of COVID-19 Waves
13.7 Implications of COVID-19 Measures on SDGs in Zimbabwe
13.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 14: COVID-19’s Impacts on Cities: Insights on the Provision of Safe Water, Sanitation and Waste Management in Zimbabwe
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Literature Review
14.2.1 The Impact of COVID-19 to Solid Waste Management
14.2.2 Institutional Impacts
14.3 Materials and Methods
14.4 Results and Discussions
14.4.1 Socioeconomic Impacts
14.4.2 Environmental Impacts
14.4.3 Macro-Economic Impacts
14.4.4 Impact of Spatial Planning and Design
14.4.5 Technical Incapacitation of Local Authorities
14.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: The Paradox of ‘Water Is Life’ in a Water Rationed City During the COVID-19 Pandemic
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Literature Review
15.2.1 Water Situation and Rationing in Masvingo City
15.2.1.1 Main Factors Responsible for Water Shortages in Masvingo
15.2.2 Water Rationing in Masvingo City
15.3 Materials and Methods
15.3.1 Selection of Residential Areas and Participants
15.3.2 Data Collection and Analysis
15.4 Results and Discussion
15.4.1 Policy of Forgetfulness: Response to COVID-19 and Implications on the Urban Water Situation
15.4.1.1 Policy (Mis)Match with Reality and Innovative Ways to Get Access to Water During the COVID-19 Pandemic
15.4.1.2 COVID-19 Lockdown and the City’s Vulnerable Groups
15.4.2 Surviving Together: Solidarity, Water Sharing and the Unlikely Good Samaritans
15.4.3 COVID-19 and the Entrenched Spatial Inequalities in Urban Development
15.5 Conclusions
References
Part V: Communication, Learning and Infodemic
Chapter 16: A CIPP-TOWS Evaluation of Blended Learning for the Sciences and Mathematics During COVID-19: The Case of Great Zimbabwe University
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Materials and Methods
16.2.1 Study Site
16.2.2 Research Paradigm
16.2.3 Research Design
16.2.4 Data Analysis
16.2.5 Ethical Considerations
16.3 Results
16.3.1 Socio-demographic Data
16.3.2 CIPP Analysis
16.3.3 Threats, Opportunities, Weaknesses, Strengths (TOWS)
16.4 Discussion
16.4.1 Socio-demography
16.4.2 CIPP/TOWS Model
16.4.3 Strategies to Improve Blended Learning
16.4.4 Limitations
16.4.5 Recommendations
16.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Fake News, Social Media, and the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Zimbabwean Experience
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Literature Review: Fake News and Global Pandemics
17.2.1 Concepts and Theories
17.3 Methodology
17.4 Presentation and Discussion of Findings
17.4.1 Fictitious Science News and the COVID-19 Pandemic
17.4.2 Fake News About COVID-19 in Zimbabwe
17.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Interviews
Chapter 18: COVID-19 Infodemic and Misinformation: A Global Review and Implications for Zimbabwe
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Materials and Methods
18.3 Presentation of Key Findings
18.3.1 Sources Misinformation
18.3.2 Responses to the COVID-19 Infodemic
18.3.3 Implications for Zimbabwe
18.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Part VI: Conclusion
Chapter 19: Conclusions and Policy Recommendations: The Emerging COVID-19 Trends, Dynamics and Implications
19.1 Introduction
19.2 COVID-19 Nexus with Water and Sanitation
19.3 COVID-19 Interaction with Agriculture and Food Systems
19.4 COVID-19 Impact on Informality
19.5 Emerging Key Findings
19.6 Agriculture and Food Security
19.7 Livelihoods Sustainability
19.8 Water, Sanitation and the Environment
19.9 Communication and Infodemic
19.10 Policy Recommendations
References
Index