COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: The Science and Clinical Application of Conventional and Complementary Treatments

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Part I The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2
Chapter 1 Coronaviruses, History, Classification, and COVID–19
Introduction
Coronaviruses: Definition, History, and Classification
Understanding the Way a Virus Behaves
Tracing the Origin of nCoV-19
Nomenclature of a Novel Coronavirus and the Disease
Transmission of COVID-19
Symptoms Associated with COVID-19
Gradation of the Symptoms Associated with COVID-19
Classification Based on Disease Severity
Classification Based on CO-RADS
Reasons Behind the Severity of COVID-19
References
Chapter 2 SARS-CoV-2 Morphology, Genomic Organisation and Lifecycle
Introduction
The Basic Structure of SARS-CoV-2
Spike (S) Protein
Membrane (M) Protein
Envelope (E) Protein
Viral Envelope
The Viral Capsid and the Nucleocapsid (N) Protein
Genomic Organisation of SARS-CoV-2
The Lifecycle of SARS-CoV-2
Mechanism of Cell Entry
The Replication Cycle of SARS-CoV-2
Reconversion to Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA
Discontinuous Transcription of Antisense RNA
Assembly and Release of Viral Particles
Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System and SARS-CoV-2
ACE-2 and the Renin–Angiotensin System: The Connection
ACEIs, ARBs and Susceptibility to COVID-19
References
Chapter 3 Molecular Pathophysiology and the Clinical Presentation of COVID-19: The Comparison between Reductionistic and Holistic Approaches
Introduction
Understanding the Human Body: Reductionistic and Holistic Approaches
Functional Anatomy of Respiratory System: A Brief Overview
Molecular Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19: The Reductionistic Perspective of Conventional Medicine
Holistic Understanding of Pathophysiology: COVID-19/Influenza-like Illnesses/Severe Acute Respiratory Illnesses
References
Chapter 4 SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants: Definitions and Classifications
Introduction
Replication and Lifecycle of the Original SARS-CoV-2: A Quick Overview
Definition and Classification
Category 1: Variants of Interest
Category 2: Variants of Concern
Category 3: Variants of High Consequences
The World Health Organization’s Nomenclature of SARS-CoV-2 Variants
SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing for Public Health Emergency Response, Epidemiology, and Surveillance
Understanding the Specific Variants
B.1.1.7
B.1.351
P.1
SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Vaccine Efficacy
References
Part II Conventional Treatment Strategies for COVID-19 and Associated Public Health Concerns
Chapter 5 Epidemiology of COVID-19
Introduction
Virology
Epidemiology: Frequency of Symptoms
Transmission of the Disease
Prevalence of the Disease
Basic Reproduction Number (R0)
Mortality Rate
Vulnerable Groups
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Pharmacoepidemiology
Aspects of Prevention
Future Insights
Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Challenges and Innovations in Mathematical Modelling of COVID-19
Introduction
Mathematical Model
Single Group Multi-Compartment Model
Simulation results for model (2.1)
Two Group Multi-Compartment Model
Simulation Results for Model (2.2)
Mathematical Model for Vaccination
Discussions
References
Chapter 7 Immuno-Pathologic Basis of COVID-19 and the Management of Mild and Moderate Cases
Introduction
Immuno-Pathologic Basis of COVID-19
Immunopathophysiology: The Initial Viral Response Stage
Immunopathophysiology: The Inflammatory Response (Cytokine Storm) Stage
Immunopathophysiology: Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
General Management of Mild and Moderate COVID-19 Cases
Home Isolation of Mild and Moderate COVID-19 Patients
References
Chapter 8 Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Clinical Examination, Immunoassays, and Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
Introduction
Preliminary Physical Examination and Triage
Different types of Diagnostic Tests for COVID-19
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests
Rapid Antigen Detection Tests
Rapid Antibody Detection Tests or Serological Assays
Rapid IgM/IgG Detection
Non-Specific or Supportive Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures: Arterial Blood Gas and Biochemical Analysis
References
Chapter 9 Conventional Pharmacological Strategies, Investigational Drugs, and Immunotherapies for COVID–19
Introduction
Conventional Drug Designing strategies for COVID-19
Drugs Inhibiting the Receptor Binding Process
Antiviral Agent: Chloroquine and Its Analogs (Viral Entry Inhibitors)
Antiviral Agent: Hydroxychloroquine (Viral Entry Inhibitor)
Antiviral Agent: Umifenovir (Viral Entry Inhibitor)
Drugs Inhibiting Viral Genome Replication
Antiviral Agent: Remdesivir (GS-5734 – RdRp Inhibitor)
Antiviral Agent: Ribavirin (Guanine Analog – RdRp Inhibitor)
Antiviral Agent: Favipiravir (RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor)
Drugs Inhibiting Viral Protein Synthesis
Antiviral Agent: Lopinavir-Ritonavir (3CL Protease Inhibitor)
Antiviral Agent: Oseltamivir (Neuraminidase Inhibitor)
Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Tocilizumab (Interleukin-6 Inhibitor)
Interferons (Interferon-α or Interferon-β)
Plasma Therapy
Non-Antiviral/Adjunctive Agents
Azithromycin (Antibacterial Substance)
Corticosteroids (Cytokine Gene Expression Inhibitors)
Oxygen Therapy
Challenges in Drug Development for COVID-19
References
Chapter 10 Research and Development for COVID-19 Vaccines
Introduction
Vaccines for COVID-19: The Phases of Development
Pre-Clinical Stage
Clinical Stage
Approval Stage
COVID-19 Vaccines: Mechanism of Action
Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccines
AstraZeneca-Oxford University COVID-19 Vaccine
COVID-19 Vaccines: Ingredients and Components
Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, and AstraZeneca Vaccines
COVID-19 Vaccines: Administration, Safety Concerns, and Possible Adverse Reactions
Moderna Vaccines
Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccines
AstraZeneca-Oxford University Vaccines
COVID-19 Vaccines: Emergency Use Authorization, Normal Approval, and Future Considerations
References
Chapter 11 Mucormycosis: Post-COVID-19 Complications in Patients with Diabetes and the State of Immunosuppression
Introduction to the Present Situation
COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: The Disease Presentation
COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: Immunosuppression
COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: Diabetes or Hyperglycemia
COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: Host–Microbe Interaction
COVID-Associated Oral Manifestations: Rhino-Maxillary Mucormycosis
Diagnosis of COVID-Associated Mucormycosis
Prevention and Clinical Management of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis
References
Chapter 12 Impact of COVID–19 on Reproductive, Maternal and Child Health
COVID-19 and Reproductive Health: Introduction
Contraception and Family Planning During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Breastfeeding and COVID-19
Impact of COVID-19 on Newborn Health
Impact of COVID-19 on Children and Adolescents
COVID-19 Vaccination and Related Concerns for Pregnant Women and Children
References
Part III COVID-19 and Supportive, Complementary, and Alternative Treatment Strategies
Chapter 13 Ayurveda and COVID-19
Introduction
The Science of Living
Imbalance to Balance
Maintaining Balance
Evolution
Evolution According to Eastern Philosophy: A Paradigm Shift
Evolution, a Mammoth Software Development Program
Central Nervous System
Reflex Action
Conditioned Reflex
The Triune Brain
The Reptilian Brain
The Mammalian Brain
Neocortex
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The Immune System
Inherent Immune System
Adaptive Immune System
Sources of Immunity
Recap
Indian Philosophy
The World through the Eyes of the East
Panchamahabhuta, the Basic Building Blocks of the Universe
Dosha (Desai, 2018)
The Tridosha System of Classification
Prakruti
Ayurveda
Dinacharya: Daily Routine
Wake-Up Time
Hygiene
Exercise
Six Ss of Exercise (Desai, 2020)
Meal Timings
Ratricharya: Night Routine
Rutucharya: Seasonal Routine
Sadavrutta: Good or Proper Behaviour
Trayopastambha: Diet, Sleep, and Self-Restraint
Diet (Ahar)
Nidra: Sleep
Brahmacharya: Self-Restraint
Classification
Habit Building
Too Clean Is Not Really Good
Non-Communicable Diseases
Balance to Excellence
The Yogasutra of Patanjali (Yardi, 1996)
Ashtanga Yoga
Yama: Abstinences
Niyama: Observances
Asana: Posture
Pranayama: Control of Breath
Pratyahara: Withdrawal of the Senses
Dharana: Commitment
Dhyan: Meditation
Samadhi: Balanced Awareness
Going Beyond Balance: Being Human
The Finger Pointing to the Moon
Maslow
Maclean
Genetics
Eastern Philosophy
Evolution
Marga: The Path
Choice
The Journey
The Secret of Happiness
The Science of Living
Healthcare
References
Chapter 14 Role of Homoeopathy in Prophylaxis and the Symptomatic Management of Influenza-Like Illnesses (COVID-19) Patients
Introduction
Homoeopathy: A Brief Overview of Fundamental Principles
Mechanism of Action of Homoeopathic Medications
Homoeopathy for COVID-19: Clinical Trials
Homoeopathy for COVID-19: Indicated Medicines According to Symptom Similarity
Homoeopathy for COVID-19: The Myths, Misinformation, and Concerns
Challenges and Future Research Possibilities
References
Homoeopathic Practice in the Midst of COVID-19: A Physician’s Clinical Experience
Chapter 15 Solving the Mystery of COVID-19: Holistic Medical Nutrition Therapy
Introduction
Unfolding the Mystery: Out of the Box Observation
Unfolding the Mystery: Analyzing the Observations
Prediction Number 1
Prediction Number 2
Implementing the Food as Medicine: The Three-Step Flu Diet
Day 1 (Liquid)
Day 2 (Fluid)
Day 3 (Solid)
Step Three
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Immunonutrition Therapy for COVID-19: Understanding the Immunomodulatory Effect of Vitamin D
Introduction
Vitamin D, Basic Chemistry, and Metabolism
Vitamin D and its Immunomodulatory Effects
Vitamin D Deficiency Induced Immune Dysfunction
Immunotherapeutic Effect of Vitamin D
Immunotherapeutic Effect of Vitamin D and ACE-2–Angiotensin Cascade
Serum Concentration of Vitamin D
References
Chapter 17 Role of Biochemic Cell Salts in Prophylaxis and Complementary Nutraceutical Therapy of Influenza-Like Illnesses or Respiratory Tract Complications (COVID-19)
Introduction
The Biochemic System of Medicine: A Brief Overview of Fundamental Principles
The 12 Fundamental Inorganic Cell Salts
Selective Biochemic Cell Salts for Influenza-Like Illnesses and Respiratory Tract Complications
Challenges and Future Research Possibilities
References
Index
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Part I The Molecular Biology of Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2
Chapter 1 Coronaviruses, History, Classification, and COVID–19
Introduction
Coronaviruses: Definition, History, and Classification
Understanding the Way a Virus Behaves
Tracing the Origin of nCoV-19
Nomenclature of a Novel Coronavirus and the Disease
Transmission of COVID-19
Symptoms Associated with COVID-19
Gradation of the Symptoms Associated with COVID-19
Classification Based on Disease Severity
Classification Based on CO-RADS
Reasons Behind the Severity of COVID-19
References
Chapter 2 SARS-CoV-2 Morphology, Genomic Organisation and Lifecycle
Introduction
The Basic Structure of SARS-CoV-2
Spike (S) Protein
Membrane (M) Protein
Envelope (E) Protein
Viral Envelope
The Viral Capsid and the Nucleocapsid (N) Protein
Genomic Organisation of SARS-CoV-2
The Lifecycle of SARS-CoV-2
Mechanism of Cell Entry
The Replication Cycle of SARS-CoV-2
Reconversion to Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA
Discontinuous Transcription of Antisense RNA
Assembly and Release of Viral Particles
Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System and SARS-CoV-2
ACE-2 and the Renin–Angiotensin System: The Connection
ACEIs, ARBs and Susceptibility to COVID-19
References
Chapter 3 Molecular Pathophysiology and the Clinical Presentation of COVID-19: The Comparison between Reductionistic and Holistic Approaches
Introduction
Understanding the Human Body: Reductionistic and Holistic Approaches
Functional Anatomy of Respiratory System: A Brief Overview
Molecular Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19: The Reductionistic Perspective of Conventional Medicine
Holistic Understanding of Pathophysiology: COVID-19/Influenza-like Illnesses/Severe Acute Respiratory Illnesses
References
Chapter 4 SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants: Definitions and Classifications
Introduction
Replication and Lifecycle of the Original SARS-CoV-2: A Quick Overview
Definition and Classification
Category 1: Variants of Interest
Category 2: Variants of Concern
Category 3: Variants of High Consequences
The World Health Organization’s Nomenclature of SARS-CoV-2 Variants
SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing for Public Health Emergency Response, Epidemiology, and Surveillance
Understanding the Specific Variants
B.1.1.7
B.1.351
P.1
SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Vaccine Efficacy
References
Part II Conventional Treatment Strategies for COVID-19 and Associated Public Health Concerns
Chapter 5 Epidemiology of COVID-19
Introduction
Virology
Epidemiology: Frequency of Symptoms
Transmission of the Disease
Prevalence of the Disease
Basic Reproduction Number (R0)
Mortality Rate
Vulnerable Groups
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Pharmacoepidemiology
Aspects of Prevention
Future Insights
Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Challenges and Innovations in Mathematical Modelling of COVID-19
Introduction
Mathematical Model
Single Group Multi-Compartment Model
Simulation results for model (2.1)
Two Group Multi-Compartment Model
Simulation Results for Model (2.2)
Mathematical Model for Vaccination
Discussions
References
Chapter 7 Immuno-Pathologic Basis of COVID-19 and the Management of Mild and Moderate Cases
Introduction
Immuno-Pathologic Basis of COVID-19
Immunopathophysiology: The Initial Viral Response Stage
Immunopathophysiology: The Inflammatory Response (Cytokine Storm) Stage
Immunopathophysiology: Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
General Management of Mild and Moderate COVID-19 Cases
Home Isolation of Mild and Moderate COVID-19 Patients
References
Chapter 8 Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Clinical Examination, Immunoassays, and Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
Introduction
Preliminary Physical Examination and Triage
Different types of Diagnostic Tests for COVID-19
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests
Rapid Antigen Detection Tests
Rapid Antibody Detection Tests or Serological Assays
Rapid IgM/IgG Detection
Non-Specific or Supportive Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures: Arterial Blood Gas and Biochemical Analysis
References
Chapter 9 Conventional Pharmacological Strategies, Investigational Drugs, and Immunotherapies for COVID–19
Introduction
Conventional Drug Designing strategies for COVID-19
Drugs Inhibiting the Receptor Binding Process
Antiviral Agent: Chloroquine and Its Analogs (Viral Entry Inhibitors)
Antiviral Agent: Hydroxychloroquine (Viral Entry Inhibitor)
Antiviral Agent: Umifenovir (Viral Entry Inhibitor)
Drugs Inhibiting Viral Genome Replication
Antiviral Agent: Remdesivir (GS-5734 – RdRp Inhibitor)
Antiviral Agent: Ribavirin (Guanine Analog – RdRp Inhibitor)
Antiviral Agent: Favipiravir (RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor)
Drugs Inhibiting Viral Protein Synthesis
Antiviral Agent: Lopinavir-Ritonavir (3CL Protease Inhibitor)
Antiviral Agent: Oseltamivir (Neuraminidase Inhibitor)
Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Tocilizumab (Interleukin-6 Inhibitor)
Interferons (Interferon-α or Interferon-β)
Plasma Therapy
Non-Antiviral/Adjunctive Agents
Azithromycin (Antibacterial Substance)
Corticosteroids (Cytokine Gene Expression Inhibitors)
Oxygen Therapy
Challenges in Drug Development for COVID-19
References
Chapter 10 Research and Development for COVID-19 Vaccines
Introduction
Vaccines for COVID-19: The Phases of Development
Pre-Clinical Stage
Clinical Stage
Approval Stage
COVID-19 Vaccines: Mechanism of Action
Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccines
AstraZeneca-Oxford University COVID-19 Vaccine
COVID-19 Vaccines: Ingredients and Components
Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech, and AstraZeneca Vaccines
COVID-19 Vaccines: Administration, Safety Concerns, and Possible Adverse Reactions
Moderna Vaccines
Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccines
AstraZeneca-Oxford University Vaccines
COVID-19 Vaccines: Emergency Use Authorization, Normal Approval, and Future Considerations
References
Chapter 11 Mucormycosis: Post-COVID-19 Complications in Patients with Diabetes and the State of Immunosuppression
Introduction to the Present Situation
COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: The Disease Presentation
COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: Immunosuppression
COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: Diabetes or Hyperglycemia
COVID-Associated Mucormycosis: Host–Microbe Interaction
COVID-Associated Oral Manifestations: Rhino-Maxillary Mucormycosis
Diagnosis of COVID-Associated Mucormycosis
Prevention and Clinical Management of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis
References
Chapter 12 Impact of COVID–19 on Reproductive, Maternal and Child Health
COVID-19 and Reproductive Health: Introduction
Contraception and Family Planning During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Breastfeeding and COVID-19
Impact of COVID-19 on Newborn Health
Impact of COVID-19 on Children and Adolescents
COVID-19 Vaccination and Related Concerns for Pregnant Women and Children
References
Part III COVID-19 and Supportive, Complementary, and Alternative Treatment Strategies
Chapter 13 Ayurveda and COVID-19
Introduction
The Science of Living
Imbalance to Balance
Maintaining Balance
Evolution
Evolution According to Eastern Philosophy: A Paradigm Shift
Evolution, a Mammoth Software Development Program
Central Nervous System
Reflex Action
Conditioned Reflex
The Triune Brain
The Reptilian Brain
The Mammalian Brain
Neocortex
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The Immune System
Inherent Immune System
Adaptive Immune System
Sources of Immunity
Recap
Indian Philosophy
The World through the Eyes of the East
Panchamahabhuta, the Basic Building Blocks of the Universe
Dosha (Desai, 2018)
The Tridosha System of Classification
Prakruti
Ayurveda
Dinacharya: Daily Routine
Wake-Up Time
Hygiene
Exercise
Six Ss of Exercise (Desai, 2020)
Meal Timings
Ratricharya: Night Routine
Rutucharya: Seasonal Routine
Sadavrutta: Good or Proper Behaviour
Trayopastambha: Diet, Sleep, and Self-Restraint
Diet (Ahar)
Nidra: Sleep
Brahmacharya: Self-Restraint
Classification
Habit Building
Too Clean Is Not Really Good
Non-Communicable Diseases
Balance to Excellence
The Yogasutra of Patanjali (Yardi, 1996)
Ashtanga Yoga
Yama: Abstinences
Niyama: Observances
Asana: Posture
Pranayama: Control of Breath
Pratyahara: Withdrawal of the Senses
Dharana: Commitment
Dhyan: Meditation
Samadhi: Balanced Awareness
Going Beyond Balance: Being Human
The Finger Pointing to the Moon
Maslow
Maclean
Genetics
Eastern Philosophy
Evolution
Marga: The Path
Choice
The Journey
The Secret of Happiness
The Science of Living
Healthcare
References
Chapter 14 Role of Homoeopathy in Prophylaxis and the Symptomatic Management of Influenza-Like Illnesses (COVID-19) Patients
Introduction
Homoeopathy: A Brief Overview of Fundamental Principles
Mechanism of Action of Homoeopathic Medications
Homoeopathy for COVID-19: Clinical Trials
Homoeopathy for COVID-19: Indicated Medicines According to Symptom Similarity
Homoeopathy for COVID-19: The Myths, Misinformation, and Concerns
Challenges and Future Research Possibilities
References
Homoeopathic Practice in the Midst of COVID-19: A Physician’s Clinical Experience
Chapter 15 Solving the Mystery of COVID-19: Holistic Medical Nutrition Therapy
Introduction
Unfolding the Mystery: Out of the Box Observation
Unfolding the Mystery: Analyzing the Observations
Prediction Number 1
Prediction Number 2
Implementing the Food as Medicine: The Three-Step Flu Diet
Day 1 (Liquid)
Day 2 (Fluid)
Day 3 (Solid)
Step Three
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Immunonutrition Therapy for COVID-19: Understanding the Immunomodulatory Effect of Vitamin D
Introduction
Vitamin D, Basic Chemistry, and Metabolism
Vitamin D and its Immunomodulatory Effects
Vitamin D Deficiency Induced Immune Dysfunction
Immunotherapeutic Effect of Vitamin D
Immunotherapeutic Effect of Vitamin D and ACE-2–Angiotensin Cascade
Serum Concentration of Vitamin D
References
Chapter 17 Role of Biochemic Cell Salts in Prophylaxis and Complementary Nutraceutical Therapy of Influenza-Like Illnesses or Respiratory Tract Complications (COVID-19)
Introduction
The Biochemic System of Medicine: A Brief Overview of Fundamental Principles
The 12 Fundamental Inorganic Cell Salts
Selective Biochemic Cell Salts for Influenza-Like Illnesses and Respiratory Tract Complications
Challenges and Future Research Possibilities
References
Index