Coulson and Richardson's Chemical Engineering: Volume 2A: Particulate Systems and Particle Technology, Sixth Edition, has been fully revised and updated to provide practitioners with an overview of chemical engineering, including clear explanations of theory and thorough coverage of practical applications, all supported by case studies. A worldwide team of contributors has pooled their experience to revise old content and add new content. The content has been updated to be more useful to practicing engineers. This complete reference to chemical engineering will support you throughout your career, as it covers every key chemical engineering topic.
Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer has been developed from the series’ volume 1, 6th edition. This volume covers the three main transport process of interest to chemical engineers: momentum transfer (fluid flow), heat transfer and mass transfer and the relationships between them. Particulate Systems and Particle Technology has been developed from the series’ volume 2, 5th edition. This volume covers the properties of particulate systems, including the character of individual particles and their behavior in fluids. Sedimentation of particles, both singly and at high concentrations, flow in packed and fluidized beads and filtration are then examined. Separation Processes has been developed from the series’ volume 2, 5th edition. This volume covers distillation and gas absorption, which illustrate applications of the fundamental principles of mass transfer. Several techniques—adsorption, ion exchange, chromatographic and membrane separations, and process intensification—are described. Chemical and Biochemical Reactors and Reaction Engineering has been developed from the series’ volume 3, 3rd edition.
Author(s): R. P. Chhabra, Basavaraj Gurappa
Edition: 6
Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 853
Cover......Page 1
Coulson & Richardson’s Chemical Engineering Series......Page 3
Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering,
Volume 2A: Particulate Systems and Particle Technology......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contributors......Page 6
About Professor Coulson......Page 7
About Professor Richardson......Page 8
Preface to the Sixth Edition......Page 10
Preface to the Fifth Edition......Page 12
Preface to the Fourth Edition......Page 14
Note to Fourth Edition-Revised Impression 1993......Page 15
Preface to the 1983 Reprint of the Third Edition......Page 17
Preface to Third Edition......Page 18
Preface to Second Edition......Page 20
Preface to First Edition......Page 22
Introduction......Page 23
Bonding in Solids......Page 25
Classification of Solids......Page 28
Small and large deformations......Page 32
Failure......Page 34
Characteristics of Particles......Page 35
Agglomeration and Sintering......Page 38
Examples From Industrial and Consumer Applications......Page 42
Particles in Environment and the Resultant Pollution......Page 48
Energy Sector: Coal and Petroleum......Page 51
Particle Systems of the Future......Page 52
Scope and Objectives of This Book......Page 53
Introduction......Page 57
Single Particles......Page 58
Measurement of Particle Size......Page 59
Sieving (>50μm)......Page 60
Sedimentation and elutriation methods (>1μm)......Page 63
Laser diffraction analysers......Page 65
Submicron particle sizing......Page 66
Digital image processing......Page 67
Particle Size Distribution......Page 68
Mean Particle Size......Page 69
Mean sizes based on volume......Page 70
Mean sizes based on surface......Page 71
Mean dimensions based on length......Page 72
Shape Descriptors......Page 77
Shape characterisation using digital image processing......Page 78
Particle Density and Hardness......Page 81
Sampling of Solids......Page 82
Static Sampling......Page 83
Dynamic Sampling......Page 84
Nomenclature......Page 87
Scope and General Characteristics......Page 91
Frictional Nature of Bulk Materials......Page 92
Voidage, Bulk Density and Flowability......Page 96
Agglomeration......Page 98
Angle of Repose......Page 99
Coulomb Yield Criterion......Page 102
Concept of Stress and Mohr Circle......Page 103
Mohr-Coulomb Yield Criterion......Page 113
Measurement of the Coefficient of Friction and Cohesion......Page 116
Flow of Solids Through Orifices......Page 118
Does the Free-Fall Arch Exist?......Page 122
Flow Through Sidewall Orifice......Page 124
Flow of Solids in Hoppers......Page 125
Flowrate of Solids Through Hoppers......Page 127
Measurement of Flowrate and Level of Bulk Solids......Page 128
Conveying of Solids......Page 130
Mixing of Bulk Solids......Page 131
Degree of Mixing......Page 132
Rate of Mixing......Page 136
Segregation in Bulk Solids......Page 141
Causes and Consequences of Segregation......Page 142
Mechanisms of Segregation......Page 144
Segregation Reduction Techniques......Page 148
Nomenclature......Page 151
References......Page 153
Introduction......Page 157
The settling tank......Page 160
The Spitzkasten......Page 161
The mechanical classifier......Page 162
The hydraulic jig......Page 165
Centrifugal Separators......Page 167
The Hydrocyclone or Liquid Cyclone......Page 170
General principles and applications in solids classification......Page 171
Design considerations......Page 174
Liquid-liquid separations......Page 176
Sieves or Screens......Page 177
Magnetic Separators......Page 180
High gradient magnetic separation......Page 181
Electrostatic Separators......Page 183
Froth flotation......Page 184
The Denver DR flotation machine......Page 185
Electroflotation......Page 188
Introduction......Page 190
Gravity separators......Page 193
Centrifugal separators......Page 195
Inertia or momentum separators......Page 203
Fabric filters......Page 204
Electrostatic precipitators......Page 207
Liquid Washing......Page 210
Recent Developments in Size and Shape Separation of Particles......Page 214
Size-Based Particle Separation Using Drying Drops......Page 215
Separation by Density Gradient Sedimentation......Page 218
By exploiting depletion interactions......Page 221
References......Page 224
Further Reading......Page 226
Introduction......Page 228
Mechanism of Size Reduction......Page 229
Energy requirements......Page 233
Energy utilisation......Page 236
Methods of Operating Crushers......Page 237
Nature of the Material To Be Crushed......Page 239
Coarse Crushers......Page 240
The Dodge jaw crusher......Page 241
Other coarse crushers......Page 242
The edge runner mill......Page 243
The hammer mill......Page 245
The pin-type mill......Page 246
Crushing rolls......Page 248
The buhrstone mill......Page 251
Centrifugal attrition mills......Page 252
The Szego grinding mill......Page 259
The ball mill......Page 261
Factors influencing the size of the product......Page 263
Advantages of the ball mill......Page 265
The Hardinge mill......Page 266
The sand mill......Page 267
The planetary mill......Page 268
The vibration mill......Page 269
Colloid mills......Page 270
Fluid energy mills......Page 271
Specialised techniques......Page 272
Agglomeration and Granulation......Page 273
Growth Mechanisms......Page 274
Size Enlargement Processes......Page 276
Introduction......Page 279
Representation of Particles......Page 280
Breakage Functions and Aggregation Efficiency......Page 282
Number balance for breakage......Page 285
Number balance for aggregation......Page 286
Specifying the Breakage and Aggregation Kernels......Page 288
Solution of Population Balance Equation......Page 291
Discrete Breakage Equation......Page 295
Estimation of Breakage Function From Laboratory Milling Data......Page 297
Nomenclature......Page 299
References......Page 301
Further Reading......Page 303
Flow Past a Cylinder and a Sphere......Page 304
Drag Coefficients......Page 307
Region (a) (10-4Region (d) (Re>2x105)......Page 310
Terminal Falling Velocities......Page 313
Effect of Boundaries......Page 321
Behaviour of Very Fine Particles......Page 322
Effect of Motion of the Fluid......Page 323
Effect of Particle Shape and Orientation on Drag......Page 324
Terminal Falling Velocities......Page 326
Motion of Bubbles and Drops......Page 329
Power-Law Fluids......Page 330
Static equilibrium......Page 333
Drag force......Page 334
General Equations of Motion......Page 336
Motion of a Sphere in the Stokes Law Region......Page 339
Vertical Motion (General Case)......Page 341
Motion of Particles in a Centrifugal Field......Page 348
Nomenclature......Page 351
References......Page 354
Further Reading......Page 357
Introduction......Page 358
Specific Surface and Voidage......Page 359
Streamline flow-Carman-Kozeny equation......Page 362
Streamline and turbulent flow......Page 365
Dependence of K on bed structure......Page 368
Non-Newtonian Fluids......Page 372
Molecular Flow......Page 374
Dispersion......Page 375
Heat Transfer in Packed Beds......Page 381
Packed Columns......Page 382
General Description......Page 384
Packings......Page 386
Pressure drop......Page 392
Loading and flooding points......Page 394
The generalised pressure drop correlation......Page 396
Liquid distribution......Page 397
Economic Design of Packed Columns......Page 399
Vacuum Columns......Page 400
Pressure Drop in Fibrous Porous Systems......Page 403
Nomenclature......Page 404
References......Page 406
Further Reading......Page 409
Introduction......Page 410
Experimental Studies......Page 411
Height of suspension......Page 414
Concentration of suspension......Page 415
Shape of vessel......Page 416
Introduction......Page 418
The electrical double layer......Page 419
Interactions between particles......Page 420
Kinetics of coagulation......Page 422
Effect of polymers on stability......Page 424
The Kynch Theory of Sedimentation......Page 425
The Thickener......Page 430
Thickening zone......Page 433
Overflow......Page 435
Underflow......Page 436
Suspensions of Uniform Particles......Page 443
Solids Flux in Batch Sedimentation......Page 450
Comparison of Sedimentation With Flow Through Fixed Beds......Page 453
Model Experiments......Page 455
Particles of different size but same density......Page 458
Particles of equal terminal falling velocities......Page 460
Sedimentation of Suspensions of Rod-Like Particles or Fibrous Systems......Page 462
Nomenclature......Page 463
References......Page 467
Further Reading......Page 470
General Behaviour of Gas Solids and Liquid Solids Systems......Page 471
Effect of Fluid Velocity on Pressure Gradient and Pressure Drop......Page 474
Minimum Fluidising Velocity......Page 477
Minimum Fluidising Velocity in Terms of Terminal Falling Velocity......Page 483
Bed Expansion......Page 485
Non-uniform Fluidisation......Page 490
Segregation in Beds of Particles of Mixed Sizes......Page 492
Binary mixtures-particles differing in both size and density......Page 493
Liquid and Solids Mixing......Page 497
General Behaviour......Page 499
Particulate Fluidisation......Page 500
Bubbling Fluidisation......Page 501
Categorisation of solids......Page 502
The effect of pressure......Page 503
Tapered beds......Page 504
Properties of Bubbles in the Bed......Page 505
Turbulent Fluidisation......Page 510
Flow pattern of solids......Page 512
Flow pattern of gas......Page 513
Transfer Between Continuous and Bubble Phases......Page 514
Beds of Particles of Mixed Sizes......Page 518
The Centrifugal Fluidised Bed......Page 519
The Spouted Bed......Page 520
Gas-Liquid-Solids Fluidised Beds......Page 522
Minimum Liquid Fluidisation Velocity-With Gas Flow......Page 523
Phase Holdups......Page 524
Bed porosity correlations......Page 525
Liquid-Solids Systems......Page 527
Gas-Solids Systems......Page 531
Mechanism of heat transfer......Page 532
Effect of pressure......Page 535
Mass Transfer Between Fluid and Particles......Page 537
Heat Transfer Between Fluid and Particles......Page 541
Analysis of Results for Heat and Mass Transfer to Particles......Page 547
Heat transfer......Page 552
Summary of the Properties of Fluidised Beds......Page 556
Fluidised Bed Catalytic Cracking......Page 558
Applications in the Chemical and Process Industries......Page 560
Fluidised Bed Combustion......Page 561
Polymerisation of Olefins......Page 564
Industrial Applications of Three-Phase Fluidised Bed Reactors......Page 565
Nomenclature......Page 567
References......Page 570
Further Reading......Page 576
Introduction......Page 577
Introduction......Page 579
Relation Between Thickness of Cake and Volume of Filtrate......Page 581
Flow of Liquid Through the Cloth......Page 583
Flow of Filtrate Through the Cloth and Cake Combined......Page 584
Compressible Filter Cakes......Page 585
Blocking Filtration......Page 589
Delayed Cake Filtration......Page 591
Crossflow Filtration......Page 592
Preliminary Treatment of Slurries Before Filtration......Page 593
Washing of the Filter Cake......Page 594
Filter Selection......Page 595
Bed Filters......Page 596
Bag Filters......Page 597
The plate and frame press......Page 598
Washing......Page 601
The recessed plate filter press......Page 605
Disadvantages of the filter press......Page 606
Pressure Leaf Filters......Page 608
Cartridge filters......Page 610
Batch type vacuum filters......Page 614
Horizontal continuous filters......Page 616
Horizontal belt or band filters......Page 620
Rotary drum filters......Page 623
Rotary disc filters......Page 637
Precoat filters......Page 638
The Tube Press......Page 641
Nomenclature......Page 644
References......Page 646
Further Reading......Page 647
Introduction......Page 648
Shape of the Free Surface of the Liquid......Page 649
Separation of Immiscible Liquids of Different Densities......Page 651
Sedimentation in a Centrifugal Field......Page 654
Filtration in a Centrifuge......Page 659
Mechanical Design......Page 663
Liquid-liquid separation centrifuges......Page 664
Simple Bowl Centrifuges......Page 665
Disc Centrifuges-General......Page 666
Disc Centrifuges-Various Types......Page 668
Decanting Centrifuges......Page 669
Pusher-Type Centrifuges......Page 671
Tubular-Bowl Centrifuge......Page 673
The Gas Centrifuge......Page 674
Nomenclature......Page 675
References......Page 676
Further Reading......Page 677
Introduction......Page 678
Design of Particulate Products......Page 681
The Role of the Chemical Engineer......Page 682
Green Chemistry......Page 684
New Processing Techniques......Page 685
Introduction......Page 686
Principles and Advantages of Process Intensification......Page 687
Experimental tests and results......Page 690
Experimental tests and results......Page 696
Introduction......Page 699
Experimental studies......Page 700
Results......Page 701
Performance characteristics......Page 706
Microreactors......Page 708
Cross-corrugated multi-functional membranes......Page 710
References......Page 711
Further Reading......Page 713
Sources of Model Colloidal Particles......Page 714
Commercial Availability......Page 715
Stöber process for silica (SiO2) colloids......Page 717
Metal oxide particles by forced hydrolysis......Page 718
Polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles by polymerisation......Page 719
Settling of Particles......Page 720
Brownian Motion and Stokes-Einstein Equation......Page 721
Stability of Colloidal Dispersions......Page 722
Electrostatic Stabilisation and Electrical Double Layer......Page 723
Steric Stabilisation......Page 726
Particle Density and Specific Surface Area......Page 727
Grafting Density......Page 729
Zeta Potential and Surface Charge Density......Page 730
Surface Heterogeneity......Page 732
Molecular/Atomic Interactions......Page 734
Hard Sphere Interactions......Page 735
DLVO Interactions......Page 736
The van der Waals interactions......Page 737
Electrical double layer interaction......Page 738
Depletion Interactions......Page 739
Steric Interactions......Page 742
Destabilisation of Charge-Stabilised Colloids......Page 743
Settling of Aggregates......Page 745
Structure of Aggregates......Page 747
Settling of Spherical Aggregates......Page 749
Viscosity of Colloidal Dispersions......Page 751
Nomenclature......Page 754
References......Page 756
Further Reading......Page 758
Introduction......Page 759
Health Hazards and Risks of Dust and Fine Powders......Page 761
The Respiratory System and Health Effects......Page 763
Dust Explosions......Page 764
Types of Dust......Page 766
Experimental Methods......Page 769
Influencing Factors......Page 770
Process Modifications......Page 778
Management of Ignition Sources......Page 779
Inertion......Page 780
References......Page 783
Further Reading......Page 784
Shape anisotropic particles......Page 785
Surface anisotropic particles......Page 786
Volume and surface anisotropic particles......Page 787
Effect of Particle Shape on Packing Characteristics......Page 788
Particles as Surfactants......Page 790
Wettability of Particles at Interfaces......Page 792
Energy to Detach Particles From Interfaces......Page 794
Microgels......Page 795
Drops and Bubbles......Page 796
Micelles and Vesicles......Page 798
Particle Separation Using Microfluidic Devices......Page 800
Inertia and dean flow fractionation......Page 802
Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD)......Page 803
Dielectrophoresis......Page 804
Phoretic Motion: Response of Particles to External Fields......Page 805
Basic Theory of Electrophoresis......Page 807
Applications of Phoretic Motion......Page 809
References......Page 810
Problems......Page 813
B......Page 832
C......Page 833
D......Page 836
E......Page 837
F......Page 838
H......Page 840
J......Page 841
L......Page 842
M......Page 843
N......Page 844
P......Page 845
R......Page 847
S......Page 848
V......Page 851
Z......Page 852
Back Cover......Page 853
