Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering 1A 7th

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
About Professor Coulson......Page 12
About Professor Richardson......Page 14
Preface to Seventh Edition......Page 16
Preface to Sixth Edition......Page 18
Preface to Fifth Edition......Page 20
Preface to Fourth Edition......Page 22
Preface to Third Edition.pdf......Page 24
Preface to Second Edition......Page 26
Preface to First Edition......Page 28
Acknowledgements......Page 32
Introduction......Page 34
Introduction......Page 36
Systems of Units......Page 37
The Metre-Kilogram-Second (mks) System and the Système International d'Unités (SI)......Page 39
The Foot-Pound-Second (fps) System......Page 40
Noncoherent System Employing Pound Mass and Pound Force Simultaneously......Page 41
Derived Units......Page 42
Thermal (Heat) Units......Page 43
Molar Units......Page 44
Conversion of Units......Page 45
Dimensional Analysis......Page 48
Buckingham's Pi Theorem......Page 52
Scale Up......Page 58
Vector and Scalar Quantities......Page 61
Warning......Page 62
Nomenclature......Page 63
Further reading......Page 64
Internal Energy......Page 66
Types of Fluid......Page 70
The Ideal Gas......Page 71
Isothermal processes......Page 73
Isentropic processes......Page 74
The Nonideal Gas......Page 75
Joule-Thomson effect......Page 80
The Fluid in Motion......Page 81
Continuity......Page 82
Momentum Changes in a Fluid......Page 83
Energy of a Fluid in Motion......Page 86
Kinetic energy......Page 87
Pressure and Fluid Head......Page 89
Separation......Page 90
Compressible Fluids......Page 91
Isentropic process......Page 92
Irreversible process......Page 93
Rotational or Vortex Motion in a Fluid......Page 94
The Forced Vortex......Page 95
Application of the forced vortex-The centrifuge......Page 97
The Free Vortex......Page 98
Nomenclature......Page 99
Further Reading......Page 101
Introduction......Page 102
The Nature of Fluid Flow......Page 103
Flow Over a Surface......Page 105
Shearing Characteristics of a Newtonian Fluid......Page 106
Pressure Drop for Flow of Newtonian Liquids Through a Pipe......Page 108
Shear stress in fluid......Page 109
Resistance to flow in pipes......Page 110
Calculation of pressure drop for liquid flowing in a pipe......Page 113
Effect of roughness of pipe surfaces......Page 115
Reynolds Number and Shear Stress......Page 124
Pipe of circular cross-section......Page 125
Volumetric rate of flow and average velocity......Page 127
Kinetic energy of fluid......Page 128
Flow between two parallel plates......Page 130
Flow through an annulus......Page 131
The Transition From Laminar to Turbulent Flow in a Pipe......Page 133
Mean velocity......Page 135
Kinetic energy......Page 136
Noncircular ducts......Page 138
Miscellaneous Friction Losses......Page 139
Sudden enlargement......Page 140
Sudden contraction......Page 142
Pipe fittings......Page 143
Laminar flow down an inclined surface......Page 147
Uniform flow......Page 149
Specific energy of liquid......Page 152
Velocity of transmission of a wave......Page 154
Hydraulic jump......Page 156
Non-Newtonian Fluids......Page 159
Steady-State Shear-Dependent Behaviour......Page 161
Time-Dependent Behaviour......Page 170
Viscoelastic Behaviour......Page 172
Characterisation of Non-Newtonian Fluids......Page 175
Dimensionless Characterisation of Viscoelastic Flows......Page 177
Relation Between Rheology and Structure of Material......Page 178
Power-law fluids......Page 179
Bingham-plastic fluids......Page 182
Flow in the annular region (s>rc)......Page 184
Total flow through the pipe......Page 185
General equations for pipeline flow......Page 191
Use of parameters nʹ and k'......Page 192
Generalised Reynolds number......Page 193
Velocity-pressure gradient relationships for fluids of specified rheology......Page 194
Turbulent flow......Page 196
The Transition From Laminar to Turbulent Flow......Page 199
Nomenclature......Page 201
References......Page 203
Further Reading......Page 205
Flow of Gas Through a Nozzle or Orifice......Page 206
Isothermal Flow......Page 208
Maximum flow conditions......Page 209
Nonisothermal Flow......Page 210
Maximum flow conditions......Page 211
Velocity of Propagation of a Pressure Wave......Page 217
Converging-Diverging Nozzles for Gas Flow......Page 219
Maximum Flow and Critical Pressure Ratio......Page 220
The Pressure and Area for Flow......Page 221
Effect of Backpressure on Flow in Nozzle......Page 223
Flow in a Pipe......Page 224
Energy Balance for Flow of Ideal Gas......Page 225
Isothermal Flow of an Ideal Gas in a Horizontal Pipe......Page 226
Maximum flow conditions......Page 227
Flow with fixed upstream pressure and variable downstream pressure......Page 231
Heat flow required to maintain isothermal conditions......Page 235
Adiabatic Flow of an Ideal Gas in a Horizontal Pipe......Page 236
Analysis of conditions for maximum flow......Page 239
Flow of Nonideal Gases......Page 241
Shock Waves......Page 242
Nomenclature......Page 247
Further Reading......Page 249
Introduction......Page 250
Introduction......Page 252
Horizontal flow......Page 253
Vertical flow......Page 255
Hold-Up......Page 256
Pressure, Momentum, and Energy Relations......Page 258
Practical methods for evaluating pressure drop......Page 259
Critical flow......Page 260
Non-Newtonian flow......Page 262
Erosion......Page 266
Introduction......Page 267
Flow Patterns......Page 268
Average Holdup......Page 272
Pressure Gradient......Page 273
Introduction......Page 274
Homogeneous Nonsettling Suspensions......Page 275
Hold-up and slip velocity......Page 278
Predictive methods for pressure drop......Page 281
The two-layer model......Page 285
Transport of coarse particles in heavy and shear-thinning media......Page 289
Coarse Solids in Vertical Flow......Page 291
General Considerations......Page 295
Flow patterns......Page 296
Suspension mechanisms......Page 297
Energy requirements for dilute phase conveying......Page 298
Determination of solid velocities......Page 299
Pressure drops and solid velocities for dilute phase flow......Page 300
Electrostatic charging......Page 305
Vertical Transport......Page 306
Practical Applications......Page 307
Nomenclature......Page 312
References......Page 314
Further Reading......Page 319
Introduction......Page 320
Static Pressure......Page 321
Pressure Measuring Devices......Page 322
Pressure Signal Transmission-The Differential Pressure Cell......Page 327
Intelligent Electronic Pressure Transmitters......Page 328
Impact Pressure......Page 330
Measurement of Fluid Flow......Page 332
The Pitot Tube......Page 333
Measurement by Flow Through a Constriction......Page 334
The Orifice Meter......Page 337
The Nozzle......Page 346
The Venturi Meter......Page 347
Pressure Recovery in Orifice-Type Meters......Page 348
Variable Area Meters-Rotameters......Page 350
Rectangular notch......Page 354
Triangular notch......Page 356
Hot-wire anemometer......Page 357
The magnetic flowmeter......Page 359
The time-of-flight ultrasonic flowmeter......Page 360
The Coriolis meter......Page 361
Gas meters......Page 362
Liquid meters......Page 363
Nomenclature......Page 365
Further Reading......Page 367
Single-Phase Liquid Mixing......Page 368
Liquid-Solids Mixing......Page 369
Miscellaneous Mixing Applications......Page 370
Laminar Mixing......Page 371
Turbulent Mixing......Page 374
Scale-Up of Stirred Vessels......Page 375
Low Viscosity Systems......Page 378
High Viscosity Systems......Page 386
Flow Patterns in Stirred Tanks......Page 390
Rate and Time for Mixing......Page 395
Mechanical Agitation......Page 398
Impellers......Page 399
Propellers......Page 402
Extruders......Page 403
Static Mixers......Page 405
Mixing in Continuous Systems......Page 408
Nomenclature......Page 409
References......Page 410
Further Reading......Page 412
Introduction......Page 414
Pumping Equipment for Liquids......Page 415
The piston pump......Page 416
The diaphragm pump......Page 419
The metering pump......Page 420
The gear pump and the lobe pump......Page 422
The cam pump......Page 423
The vane pump......Page 425
The flow inducer or peristaltic pump......Page 426
The mono pump......Page 427
Screw pumps......Page 428
The Centrifugal Pump......Page 431
Virtual head of a centrifugal pump......Page 433
Criteria for similarity......Page 436
Operating characteristics......Page 437
Suction head......Page 439
Pumping of non-Newtonian fluids......Page 444
Fans and Rotary Compressors......Page 447
Centrifugal and Turbocompressors......Page 449
The Reciprocating Piston Compressor......Page 450
Power Required for the Compression of Gases......Page 451
Clearance volume......Page 455
Multistage compressors......Page 457
Compressor efficiencies......Page 461
The Air-Lift Pump......Page 464
Flow of a vertical column of aerated liquid......Page 468
Operation of the air-lift pump......Page 470
Vacuum Pumps......Page 471
Power Requirements for Pumping Through Pipelines......Page 473
Liquids......Page 474
Selection of pipe diameter......Page 478
Effect of fluctuations in flowrate on power for pumping......Page 480
Turbulent flow......Page 481
Gases......Page 482
Effect of Minor Losses......Page 484
Nomenclature......Page 491
References......Page 493
Further Reading......Page 494
Tables of Physical Properties......Page 496
Steam Tables......Page 518
Mathematical Tables......Page 530
Problems......Page 540
C......Page 564
F......Page 565
I......Page 566
M......Page 567
N......Page 568
P......Page 569
S......Page 570
W......Page 571