This book is the result of an elaborate project initiated by the Joint Technical Committee (JTC-1) of 1) the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2) the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment, 3) the International Society for Rock Mechanics, and 4) the International Geotextile Society, with the focus on natural slopes and landslides.
The framework of the book sets out the steps, based on recent disaster experiences in the twenty-first century, leading to the assessment of earthquake-induced landslide hazards. It contains: 1) important cases of landslides triggered by earthquakes around the world; 2) investigation into the characteristics of ground motion site response; 3) methods to determine landslide susceptibility and triggering thresholds and their comparative study; and 4) commentary on the production of earthquake-induced landslide hazard maps. All the contents are the result of the latest research on related areas. The book is a valuable resource for researchers, designers, consultants, academicians, government officials, and all others who are involved in the mitigation of coseismic landslides. The book contributes toward the development of a new chapter in disaster prevention and mitigation of landslides induced by earthquakes.
Author(s): Ikuo Towhata, Gonghui Wang, Qiang Xu, Chris Massey
Series: Springer Natural Hazards
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 679
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
Report on Landslides Triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake
1 Introduction
2 Geological and Tectonic Environments
3 Earthquake Characteristics
4 Slope Seismic Response Characteristics of the Aftershocks
5 Characteristics and Spatial Pattern of the Coseismic Landslides
5.1 Coseismic Landslide Inventory
5.2 General Characteristics and Distribution Pattern of Coseismic Landslides
6 Large-Scale Landslides Induced by the Wenchuan Earthquake
6.1 Characteristics and Distribution Pattern of Large-Scale Landslides
6.2 Daguangbao Landslide, the Largest Event Induced by the Wenchuan Earthquake
6.3 The Second Largest Landslide Induced by the Wenchuan Earthquake—Wenjiagou Landslide
7 Landslide Dams Induced by the Wenchuan Earthquake
7.1 Landslide Dam Inventory
7.2 Spatial Distribution of Landslide Dams
7.3 Simulation of Dam Breaching and Flood, and Prediction on the Tangjiashan Landslide Dam
8 Slope Instability After the Wenchuan Earthquake
8.1 Development of Landslides After the Wenchuan Earthquake
8.2 Major Debris Flow Events After the Wenchuan Earthquake
8.3 Catastrophic Debris Flows Triggered by the September 24, 2008 Rainfall in the Beichuan Area
8.4 Catastrophic Debris Flows Triggered by the 14 August 2010 Rainfall in the Yingxiu Area
8.5 Catastrophic Debris Flows Triggered by Rainfall on 10 July 2013 in the Wenchuan Area
9 Conclusion
References
Earthquake-Induced Landslides and Ground Failure in Chile: The Aysen 2007 and Maule 2010 Earthquakes
1 Introduction
2 Landslides Induced by the 2007 Aysen Earthquake, Patagonia
2.1 The April 21, 2007 Mw 6.2 Aysen Shallow Crustal Earthquake
2.2 Landslide Inventory and Distribution
3 Landslides Induced by the 2010 Maule Earthquake, Central-Southern Chile
3.1 The February 27, 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Megathrust Earthquake
3.2 Landslide Inventory and Distribution
4 Liquefaction During the 2010 Maule Earthquake
4.1 Description of Reported Liquefaction Cases
4.2 Liquefaction Effect on Bridges
5 Discussion and Concluding Remarks
References
Earthquake-Induced Landslides in the Nepal Himalaya
1 Introduction
2 The 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake (Mw = 8.1)
3 The 1980 Bajhang Earthquake—(ml = 6.5)
4 The 1988 Udayapur Earthquake (Mw 6.6)
5 The 2011 Sikkim/Nepal Border Earthquake (Mw = 6.2)
5.1 Hazard Zoning After the 2011 Sikkim/Nepal Border Earthquake
6 The 2015 Gorkha Earthquake
7 Classification of the Earthquake-Induced Landslides for the Nepal Himalaya
8 Conclusion
References
Landslides Triggered by the 2002 M 7.9 Denali Fault Earthquake, Alaska, USA
1 Introduction
2 Setting
3 The 2002 Denali Earthquake
3.1 Earthquake Effects
4 Landslides Triggered by the Denali Earthquake
4.1 Spatial Distribution
4.2 Landslide Size
4.3 Large Rock Avalanches
5 Conclusion
References
Recent Earthquake-Triggered Landslide Events in Central Asia, Evidence of Seismic Landslides in the Lesser Caucasus and the Carpathians
1 Introduction
2 Case Histories from Central Asia
2.1 1885 Belovodsk Earthquake
2.2 1911 Kemin Earthquake
2.3 1911 Sarez Earthquake
2.4 1949 Khait Earthquake
2.5 1989 Gissar Earthquake
2.6 1992 Suusamyr Earthquake
2.7 2004 Kainama Landslide—Delayed Effect of Local M = 4.5 Earthquakes?
2.8 The Most Recent Large Earthquakes in the Tien Shan and Pamirs
3 Case Histories of Possible Earthquake-Triggered Landslides in the Lesser Caucasus (Armenia and Neighbouring Regions)
3.1 1679 Garni Earthquake
3.2 1840 Ararat Earthquake
4 Case Histories of Possible Earthquake-Triggered Landslides in the Carpathians (Romania)
4.1 Recent M > 7 Earthquakes
4.2 Ancient Possible M8+ events
5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Some Earthquake-Induced Rockslides in the Central Asia Region
1 Introduction
2 Some Landslides Triggered by the Historical Earthquakes
2.1 The 1887 Vernyi Earthquake
2.2 The 1911 Kemim Earthquake
2.3 The 1911 Sarez Earthquake
2.4 The 1946 Chatkal Earthquake
2.5 The 1949 Khait Earthquake
2.6 The 1992 Suusamyr Earthquake
3 Some Controversial Case Studies
4 Landslides and Paleo-Earthquakes in Xinjiang, China
5 Summary
References
Some Recent Coseismic Landslides in Japan
1 Introduction
2 Landslides Triggered by the Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004
3 Landslides Triggered by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake
3.1 Hanokidaira Landslide
3.2 Seismic Motion
3.3 Geotechnical Aspect
4 Landslides Triggered by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake
5 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake
6 Summary
References
Co-Seismic Landslides in Greece, a Review
1 Introduction
2 Tectonic Setting and Seismicity of Greece
3 Geological Setting of Greece
4 Past Records of Co-Seismic Landslides
5 Recent Co-Seismic Landlides
5.1 Earthquake-Induced Slope Failures in the Area of the Ionian Islands
5.2 The Case of Lefkada Island
5.3 Earthquake-Induced Landslides in Lefkada
5.4 Back Analysis of a Co-Seismic Landslide
5.5 Impact of Seismic Coefficient khE
5.6 The Case of Cephalonia Island
5.7 Earthquake-Induced Landslides
6 Records of Co-Seismic Rockfalls in Greece
7 Conclusions
References
Characteristics of Landslides and Cases of Severe Landslides on Gentle Slopes Triggered by the Chi-Chi Earthquake, Taiwan, 1999
1 Introduction
2 The Chi-Chi Earthquake
3 Landslides Triggered by the Chi-Chi Earthquake
4 Characteristics of the Earthquake-Induced Landslides
5 Three Large Landslides on Gentle Slopes Triggered by the Earthquake
5.1 Tsaoling Landslide
5.2 Chiufengerhshan Landslide
5.3 Huntsaiping Landslide
6 Conclusions
References
Landslides Triggered by Recent Earthquakes in Italy
1 Introduction
2 Seismic Sources and Ground Motion
2.1 August 24, 2016 Event
2.2 October 26 and 30, 2016 Events
3 Rainfall Before and During the Earthquake Sequence
4 Landslide Data
4.1 Landslides Following the August 24, 2016 Event
4.2 Landslides Following the 26 and October 30, 2016 Events
5 Landslide Detection During the 2016 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence Using Geodetic Methods
6 Relevant Case Histories
6.1 Nera Rockslide or Mount Sasso Pizzuto Rockfall
6.2 Slope Displacements in Pescara Del Tronto
6.3 Slope Displacements in Accumoli
References
Earthquake-Induced Landslides and Related Problems
1 Introduction
2 Review of Recent Landslide Disasters Induced by Earthquakes
2.1 Kobe Earthquake of Mw = 6.9 in 1995 in Japan
2.2 Chi-Chi Earthquake of Mw = 7.6 in 1999 in Taiwan
2.3 Izmit Earthquake of Mw = 7.6 in 1999 in Turkey
2.4 Niigata-Chuetsu Earthquake of Mw = 6.6 in 2004 in Japan
2.5 Kashmir Earthquake of Mw = 7.6 in 2005
2.6 Wenchuan Earthquake of Mw = 7.9 in 2008 in Sichuan Province of China
2.7 Cinchona Earthquake of Mw = 6.1 in 2009 in Costa Rica
2.8 Earthquakes in 2003 and 2008 in Tohoku District of Japan
2.9 Padang Earthquake of Mw = 7.5 in 2009 in Sumatra, Indonesia
2.10 2011 Christchurch Earthquake of Mw = 6.2 in New Zealand
2.11 2011 Tohoku Earthquake of Mw = 9.0 in Japan
2.12 Gorkha Earthquake of Mw = 7.9 in 2015 in Nepal
2.13 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence of Mw = 6.2 and 7.0 in 2016 in Japan
2.14 Kaikoura Earthquake of Mw = 7.8 in 2016 in South Island of New Zealand
2.15 Earthquakes in 2017 in Mexico
2.16 Eastern Iburi Earthquake of Mw = 6.6 in 2018 in Japan
2.17 Palu Earthquake of Mw = 7.5 in 2018 in Sulawesi, Indonesia
3 Effects of Distance on the Distribution of Earthquake-Induced Landslides
4 Effects of Topography and Properties of Local Geomaterials
5 Effects of Weathering and Deterioration of Materials
6 Long-Distance Flow of Landslide Mass
7 Nalodo, a Long-Distance Flow of Earth in Sulawesi Island in 2018, and Roles Played by Ground Water
8 Mechanisms of Earthquake-Induced Landslides
9 Effects of Antecedent Rainfall and Compound Disaster
10 Compound Effects of Landslide and Other Types of Disasters
11 Landslide Dams Produced by Earthquake Action
12 Long-Term Instability of Mountain Slopes Affected by Strong Earthquakes
13 Effects of Fault on Long-Term Instability of Slopes
14 Discussion
15 Concluding Remarks
References
Characteristics of Sites Response of a Series of Monitored Slopes in Sichuan Mountain Area
1 Introduction
2 The PGA and HVSR Characteristics on Bedrock and Soil Sites
3 Polarization Effects of Mountain Top (Hilltop)
4 Dynamic Response Including Fault Zone in Mianzhu Monitoring Sites
5 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Post-earthquake Landscape Response
1 Introduction
2 Spatiotemporal Evolution of Post-earthquake Landslides
2.1 Pre-, Coseismic, and Post-seismic Landslide Inventory Mapping
2.2 Landslide Statistics
2.3 Evolution of Landslide Activity
3 Mechanism of Post-earthquake Debris Flows
3.1 Processes and Effects of the Debris Flows—Some Insights from Wenchuan
3.2 Triggering Rainfalls for Debris Flows
4 Controlling Factors for Post-earthquake Landslide Evolution
4.1 Quantitative Correlation of Landslide Locations
4.2 Controlling Factors
4.3 Implications for Landslide Susceptibility Assessments
5 Long-Term Effect After a Major Earthquake
5.1 Xinmo Landslide Event
6 Summary
References
Earthquake-Induced Landslide Susceptibility and Hazard Assessment Approaches
1 Introduction
2 Seismic and Slope Parameters for Susceptibility and Hazard Assessment
2.1 Strong Ground Motion Parameters and Site Effects
2.2 Geological and Geomorphological Parameters
2.3 Anthropic Parameters
3 Landslide Susceptibility and Hazard Mapping Methods
3.1 Geotechnical Engineering Approaches
3.2 Statistical and Computing Methods
3.3 Qualitative or Semi-quantitative Methods
3.4 Combined Methods
4 Landslide Related Hazards and Risk: Beyond the Susceptibility or Hazard Map
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Numerical Evaluation of the Effect of Drainage Wells on the Stability of the Ichiba No. 1 Landslide During an Mj6.7 Earthquake
1 Introduction
2 Field Investigation
3 Finite Element Seepage Analysis
3.1 Fundamental Flow Equation
3.2 Hydraulic Properties
3.3 Effect of Drainage Wells on Groundwater Level
4 Dynamic Finite Element Analysis
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Displacement Predictive Relationships for Earthquake-Triggered Landslides and Structural Vulnerability Models for Buildings Exposed to Co-seismic Ground Movements
1 Predictive Models for Co-Seismic Slope Displacements
2 Vulnerability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Subject to Co-Seismic Slope Displacement
2.1 Vulnerability Assessment Method
2.2 Derivation of Fragility Curves Based on Numerical Parametric Analysis
3 Assessment of Combined Vulnerability of Reinforcd Concrete Buildings to Ground Shaking and Co-Seismic Slope Displacement
4 Conclusion
References
A Prototype Earthquake-Induced Landslide Forecast Tool for New Zealand
1 Introduction
1.1 The Need for Such a Tool
1.2 Existing Landslide Forecast Tools and Products and Their Limitations
2 Methodology
2.1 Designing the Landslide Forecast Tool
2.2 The Landslide Model Used for the EIL Forecast Tool
2.3 The Prototype EIL Forecast Tool
3 Example Results
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Coseismic Landslide Susceptibility and Triggering Analyses
1 Introduction
2 Triggering Metrics
2.1 National- to Regional-Scale
2.2 Local- and Site-Specific Scale
3 Triggering Thresholds and Landslide Severity
4 National- to Regional-Scale Susceptibility Techniques
4.1 Statistical Methods
4.2 Statistical Method Inputs
4.3 Case Study 1: Logistic Regression
4.4 Case Study 2: Deep Learning
4.5 Model Performance
4.6 Deterministic Methods
4.7 Deterministic Method Inputs
4.8 Case Study 3: Multi-Modal Deterministic Method
4.9 Developments and Challenges of Regional-Scale Methods
5 Site-Scale Numerical Analysis Techniques
5.1 Desired Results
5.2 Input
5.3 Methods: Pseudostatic Analysis
5.4 Case Study 4: Pseudostatic
5.5 Methods: Permanent-Deformation Analysis
5.6 Case Study 5: Decoupled Permanent-Displacement
5.7 Methods: Stress-Deformation Analysis
5.8 Case Study 6: Dynamic DEM
6 Discussion
7 Summary and Conclusions
References
